Papers by Zhou Zhao
Invoke Interfaces Only When Needed: Adaptive Invocation for Large Language Models in Question Answering (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a new metric is developed to pinpoint the moment of invocation when hallucinations arise in small LMs. |
| Approach: | They propose a metric that measures hallucinations during the generation process of small LMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed metric outperforms baselines in hallucination detection across multiple QA datasets. |
Prior Knowledge and Memory Enriched Transformer for Sign Language Translation (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for sign language translation do not explore all of them . visual and textual understanding and additional prior knowledge learning are challenging . |
| Approach: | They propose a method which integrates auxiliary information into vanilla transformer for SLT . they use visual-textual context information and additional auxiliary knowledge of a word . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the understanding of sign language videos with visual and textual understanding and additional prior knowledge learning. |
HSDreport: Heart Sound Diagnosis with Echocardiography Reports (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Zihan Zhao, Pingjie Wang, Liudan Zhao, Yuchen Yang, Ya Zhang, Kun Sun, Xin Sun, Xin Zhou, Yu Wang, Yanfeng Wang
| Challenge: | Existing methods for heart sound diagnosis are limited to a few fixed categories and do not utilize echocardiography reports, the gold standard in the diagnosis of related diseases. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that mandates the direct utilization of heart sounds obtained from auscultation to predict echocardiography reports. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods and existing multimodal LLMs in detecting key abnormalities in heart sounds. |
VoxpopuliTTS: a large-scale multilingual TTS corpus for zero-shot speech generation (2025.coling-main)
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Wenrui Liu, Jionghao Bai, Xize Cheng, Jialong Zuo, Ziyue Jiang, Shengpeng Ji, Minghui Fang, Xiaoda Yang, Qian Yang, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing multilingual TTS datasets are limited in speech generation fields due to lack of quality data. |
| Approach: | They propose to use 30,000 hours of high-quality speech data across 3 languages . they filter out low-quality text-text pairs and concatenate short transcripts . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset comprises 30,000 hours of high-quality speech data, across 3 languages with multiple speakers and styles, suitable for various speech tasks such as TTS and ASR. |
Encoding Spreadsheets for Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Haoyu Dong, Jianbo Zhao, Yuzhang Tian, Junyu Xiong, Mengyu Zhou, Yun Lin, José Cambronero, Yeye He, Shi Han, Dongmei Zhang
| Challenge: | Spreadsheets are characterized by their extensive two-dimensional grids, flexible layouts, and varied formatting options, which pose significant challenges for large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a structural-anchor-based compression, inverse index translation, and data-format-aware aggregation module to compress spreadsheets effectively. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the existing model in GPT4 and achieves a state-of-the-art 78.9% F1 score. |
Revisiting Automated Prompting: Are We Actually Doing Better? (2023.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Recent work demonstrates that Large Language Models are great few-shot learners, and prompting significantly increases their performance on a range of downstream tasks. |
| Approach: | They revisit techniques for automated prompting on six different downstream tasks and a larger range of K-shot learning settings. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms manual prompting on six different downstream tasks and a larger range of K-shot learning settings. |
CART: A Generative Cross-Modal Retrieval Framework With Coarse-To-Fine Semantic Modeling (2025.acl-long)
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Minghui Fang, Shengpeng Ji, Jialong Zuo, Hai Huang, Yan Xia, Jieming Zhu, Xize Cheng, Xiaoda Yang, Wenrui Liu, Gang Wang, Zhenhua Dong, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Cross-modal retrieval tasks are used to retrieve data from one modality or another based on a query from another modality. |
| Approach: | They propose a generative cross-modal retrieval framework based on coarse-to-fine semantic modeling . they propose combining K-Means and RQ-VAE to discretize multimodal data into token sequences that support autoregressive generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves excellent performance and efficiency in multimodal retrieval tasks. |
OpenSR: Open-Modality Speech Recognition via Maintaining Multi-Modality Alignment (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Speech Recognition often gets stuck in the lack of new domain utterances when training a model of new-domain speech. |
| Approach: | They propose a training system Open-modality Speech Recognition that enables zero-shot modality transfer . they use multi-modal alignment in phoneme space to maintain multi-modality alignment . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves zero-shot modality transfer compared to existing methods . it achieves state-of-the-art performance on audio-visual speech recognition and lip-reading with 2.7% and 25.0%, respectively. |
EXPLAIN, EDIT, GENERATE: Rationale-Sensitive Counterfactual Data Augmentation for Multi-hop Fact Verification (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to augment training data with counterfactuals fail to handle multi-hop fact verification due to their incapability to preserve complex logical relationships. |
| Approach: | They propose to augment training data with counterfactuals that alter causal features of the original data by preserving logical relationships. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the baselines and can generate linguistically diverse counterfactuals without disrupting their logical relationships. |
Dual-Axis Generative Reward Model Toward Semantic and Turn-taking Robustness in Interactive Spoken Dialogue Models (2026.acl-long)
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Yifu Chen, Shengpeng Ji, Zhengqing Liu, Qian Chen, Wen Wang, Ziqing Wang, Yangzhuo Li, Tianle Liang, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Reinforcement learning (RL) has improved text- and vision-language models, but its application in SDMs is hindered. |
| Approach: | They propose a dual-axis Generative Reward Model that provides semantic quality and interaction timing for SDMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on interaction-quality assessment across a wide spectrum of datasets. |
MSEarth: A Multimodal Benchmark for Earth Science Phenomenon Discovery with MLLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Xiangyu Zhao, Wanghan Xu, Bo Liu, Yuhao Zhou, Fenghua Ling, Ben Fei, Xiaoyu Yue, Lei Bai, Wenlong Zhang, Xiao-Ming Wu
| Challenge: | Existing datasets often rely on synthetic data or figure-caption pairs, failing to capture the depth and complexity of geoscientific reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal scientific dataset and benchmark curated from open-access publications. |
| Outcome: | MSEarth features over 289K figures with captions enriched by contextual discussions and reasoning from original papers. |
Autoregressive Speech Synthesis without Vector Quantization (2025.acl-long)
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Lingwei Meng, Long Zhou, Shujie Liu, Sanyuan Chen, Bing Han, Shujie Hu, Yanqing Liu, Jinyu Li, Sheng Zhao, Xixin Wu, Helen M. Meng, Furu Wei
| Challenge: | MELLE is a novel language modeling approach for text-to-speech synthesis that generates continuous tokens from text . authors demonstrate that it reduces the need for vector quantization and improves model robustness . |
| Approach: | They propose to autoregressively generate continuous mel-spectrogram frames directly from text condition, bypassing vector quantization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior performance across multiple metrics and is more streamlined. |
Low-Resource Comparative Opinion Quintuple Extraction by Data Augmentation with Prompting (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Comparative Opinion Quintuple Extraction (COQE) aims to predict comparative opinion quintuples from comparative sentences. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-resource approach to extract comparative opinion quintuples from comparative sentences . they propose augmentation using ChatGPT and a data-centric approach . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves the existing pipeline-based method and achieves state-of-the-art results. |
Unified Thinker: A General Reasoning Core for Image Generation (2026.acl-long)
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Sashuai Zhou, Qiang Zhou, Jijin Hu, Hanqing Yang, Yue Cao, Junpeng Ma, Yinchao Ma, Jun Song, Tiezheng Ge, Cheng Yu, Bo Zheng, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | generative models struggle with logic-intensive instruction following, exposing a persistent reasoning–execution gap. |
| Approach: | They propose a task-agnostic reasoning architecture for general image generation . they propose pixel-level feedback to ground the Thinker's policy in pixel feedback . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system significantly improves image reasoning and generation quality. |
How to Understand “Support”? An Implicit-enhanced Causal Inference Approach for Weakly-supervised Phrase Grounding (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on Weakly-supervised Phrase Grounding (WPG) largely ignore the implicit phrase-region matching relations, rendering it arduous to explore the semantic nature of phrases. |
| Approach: | They propose an Implicit-Enhanced Causal Inference approach to address the challenges of modeling the implicit relations and highlighting them beyond the explicit. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines on an implicit-enhanced dataset. |
The Elephant in the Room: Exploring the Role of Neutral Words in Language Model Group-Agnostic Debiasing (2025.findings-acl)
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Xinwei Guo, Jiashi Gao, Junlei Zhou, Jiaxin Zhang, Guanhua Chen, Xiangyu Zhao, Quanying Liu, Haiyan Wu, Xin Yao, Xuetao Wei
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into our daily lives, raising ethical concerns, especially about perpetuating stereotypes. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that incorporates a neutral word semantics-based loss function to alleviate the deterioration of the LMS during debiasing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method alleviates the deterioration of the Language Modeling Score (LMS) by incorporating a neutral word semantics-based loss function. |
GroupToM-Bench: Benchmarking Group Theory of Mind and Nonlinear Social Emergence in MLLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Weidong Tang, Jierui Li, Yueling Hou, Zihan Mei, Can Zhang, Xinyan Wan, Zhiyuan Liang, Pengfei Zhou, Yang You, Wangbo Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing models for general intelligence fail to model how mental states interact and crystallize into group-level outcomes. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal benchmark for group-level Theory of Mind (ToM) to probe nonlinear collective behavior. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs significantly below human levels, exposing blind spots in modeling social structures and nonlinear collective behavior. |
Shortcuts Arising from Contrast: Towards Effective and Lightweight Clean-Label Attacks in Prompt-Based Learning (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Prompt-based learning paradigms are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, requiring false activations and false data augmentation. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that uses triggers to create stronger shortcuts by leveraging activation values and data selection strategies to create the shortcuts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is based on the concept that a backdoor acts as a shortcut and can achieve high effectiveness and stealthiness at low poisoning rates. |
Semantic-conditioned Dual Adaptation for Cross-domain Query-based Visual Segmentation (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to visual segmentation from language queries require expensive labeling and degradation when deployed to an unseen domain. |
| Approach: | They propose a task to adapt a visual segmentation model from a labeled domain to an unseen domain. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves precise feature- and relation-invariant across domains via universal semantic structure. |
Cross Copy Network for Dialogue Generation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Despite the success of sequence-to-sequence models, dialogue logics are often ignored. |
| Approach: | They propose a network architecture to explore the current dialog context and similar dialogue instances’ logical structure simultaneously. |
| Outcome: | The proposed network architecture is superior to existing state-of-the-art models. |
v-HUB: A Benchmark for Video Humor Understanding from Vision and Sound (2026.acl-long)
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Zhengpeng Shi, Yanpeng Zhao, Jianqun Zhou, Yuxuan Wang, Qinrong Cui, Wei Bi, Song-Chun Zhu, Bo Zhao, Zilong Zheng
| Challenge: | Humor enriches our daily lives and appears in many forms, from jokes and cartoons to comedies and viral videos. |
| Approach: | They introduce a video humor understanding benchmark to test their ability to understand humor from visual cues. |
| Outcome: | The proposed video humor understanding benchmark is based on a collection of short videos . it features rich annotations and a study of environmental sound that can enhance humor . |
FOLIO: Natural Language Reasoning with First-Order Logic (2024.emnlp-main)
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Simeng Han, Hailey Schoelkopf, Yilun Zhao, Zhenting Qi, Martin Riddell, Wenfei Zhou, James Coady, David Peng, Yujie Qiao, Luke Benson, Lucy Sun, Alexander Wardle-Solano, Hannah Szabó, Ekaterina Zubova, Matthew Burtell, Jonathan Fan, Yixin Liu, Brian Wong, Malcolm Sailor, Ansong Ni, Linyong Nan, Jungo Kasai, Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Alexander Fabbri, Wojciech Kryscinski, Semih Yavuz, Ye Liu, Xi Lin, Shafiq Joty, Yingbo Zhou, Caiming Xiong, Rex Ying, Arman Cohan, Dragomir Radev
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for logical reasoning in large language models lack language naturalness or limited complexity. |
| Approach: | They propose to use first-order logic annotations to evaluate logical reasoning capabilities of large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset evaluates the FOL reasoning ability of supervised fine-tuning on medium-sized language models. |
MedQA-CS: Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)-Style Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Clinical Skills (2026.eacl-long)
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Zonghai Yao, Zihao Zhang, Chaolong Tang, Xingyu Bian, Youxia Zhao, Zhichao Yang, Junda Wang, Huixue Zhou, Won Seok Jang, Feiyun Ouyang, Hong Yu
| Challenge: | Current clinical LLM benchmarks fail to evaluate advanced clinical skills in AI and large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate large language models (LLMs) using two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework evaluates LLMs through two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios. |
WavRAG: Audio-Integrated Retrieval Augmented Generation for Spoken Dialogue Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing RAG frameworks rely on Automatic Speech Recognition to process speech input, which discards crucial audio information and increases computational overhead. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval augmented generation framework with native, end-to-end audio support that integrates audio and text into a unified knowledge representation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can perform 10x faster than current pipelines while delivering 10x acceleration. |
STARS: A Unified Framework for Singing Transcription, Alignment, and Refined Style Annotation (2025.findings-acl)
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Wenxiang Guo, Yu Zhang, Changhao Pan, Zhiyuan Zhu, Ruiqi Li, ZheTao Chen, Wenhao Xu, Fei Wu, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing automated singing annotation (ASA) methods tackle isolated aspects of the annotation pipeline. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that addresses transcription, alignment, and refined style annotations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework delivers comprehensive multi-level annotations encompassing: (1) precise phoneme-audio alignment, (2) robust note transcription and temporal localization, (3) expressive vocal technique identification, and (4) global stylistic characterization including emotion and pace. |
Towards Comprehensive Argument Analysis in Education: Dataset, Tasks, and Method (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing research on argument mining has proposed various argument annotation schemes and tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework comprising 14 fine-grained relation types to capture the interplay between argument components for a thorough understanding of argument structure. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework captures the interplay between argument components for a thorough understanding of argument structure. |
Rethinking Sample Polarity in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large reasoning models are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) positive and negative self-generated rollouts are used to update the model's policy . positive samples sharpen existing correct reasoning patterns, while negative samples encourage exploration of new reasoning paths. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that allocates advantage signals to key tokens across different polarities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the ability of large reasoning models to learn from their own generated rollouts. |
Manifold Learning-based Word Representation Refinement Incorporating Global and Local Information (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies show word embedding models underestimate similarities between similar words and overestimate similarities between distant words. |
| Approach: | They propose two new word embedding methods that align original and re-fined embeddable spaces to a new refined semantic space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods outperform state-of-the-art methods for word representation refinement. |
End-to-End Modeling via Information Tree for One-Shot Natural Language Spatial Video Grounding (2022.acl-long)
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Mengze Li, Tianbao Wang, Haoyu Zhang, Shengyu Zhang, Zhou Zhao, Jiaxu Miao, Wenqiao Zhang, Wenming Tan, Jin Wang, Peng Wang, Shiliang Pu, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for grounding video frames with dense annotations require enormous amount of human effort. |
| Approach: | They propose to ground natural language in video frames with only one frame labeled . they propose an end-to-end model that eliminates interference of irrelevant frames . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can ground natural language in all video frames with only one frame labeled . the proposed model eliminates interference of irrelevant frames based on branch search and cropping techniques . |
Enhancing Extractive Question Answering in Multiparty Dialogues with Logical Inference Memory Network (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for multiparty dialogue question answering (QA) do not consider logical inference relations in multiparty dialogs, leading to suboptimal performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a memory network with logical inference for extractive QA in multiparty dialogues. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on Molweni and FriendsQA benchmarks. |
SocAoG: Incremental Graph Parsing for Social Relation Inference in Dialogues (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on identifying entities' relations from the semantics of dialogues-they utilize either the attention mechanism or a refined token graph to locate informative words. |
| Approach: | They propose a sequential structure prediction task to incrementally parse SocAoG for dynamic inference upon any incoming utterance. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that the proposed model infers social relations more accurately than the state-of-the-art methods. |
Dropping Experts, Recombining Neurons: Retraining-Free Pruning for Sparse Mixture-of-Experts LLMs (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (SMoE) architectures require loading all expert parameters . previous work focused on expert pruning and merging but focused on neuron-level structure . |
| Approach: | They propose a task-agnostic framework for expert pruning and reconstruction . it prunes redundant experts using router statistics, then decomposes them into neuron-level expert segments . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces the number of experts and memory usage, making it easier to deploy. |
Revisiting Pruning vs Quantization for Small Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Compressing Small Language Models (SLMs) is particularly suited for resource-constrained devices, but their compression dynamics remain underexplored compared to Large Language Model (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They evaluated post-training pruning and quantization methods across six SLMs from 0.5 to 3.8B, seven languages, and seven downstream tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods outperform pruning and quantization on six SLMs from 0.5 to 3.8B, seven languages, and seven downstream tasks. |
CEAMC: Corpus and Empirical Study of Argument Analysis in Education via LLMs (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Yupei Ren, Hongyi Wu, Zhaoguang Long, Shangqing Zhao, Xinyi Zhou, Zheqin Yin, Xinlin Zhuang, Xiaopeng Bai, Man Lan
| Challenge: | Existing argument component classifications in education are simplistic and isolated, failing to capture the complete argument information. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate a manually annotated argument component classification dataset from authentic examination settings and to explore the performance of Large Language Models on CEAMC. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset can be used to analyze argumentative essays in education. |
SimulSpeech: End-to-End Simultaneous Speech to Text Translation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | SimulSpeech is an end-to-end simultaneous speech to text translation system . conventional approaches to simultaneous speech translation divide the translation process into two stages . |
| Approach: | They develop an end-to-end simultaneous speech to text translation system which translates speech in source language to text in target language concurrently. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves reasonable BLEU scores and lower delay compared to full-sentence translation model. |
ReportLogic: Evaluating Logical Quality in Deep Research Reports (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation frameworks that evaluate large language models for Deep Research largely ignore this requirement. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that quantifies report-level logical quality through a reader-centric lens of auditability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model quantifies logical quality through a reader-centric lens of auditability. |
Uncovering Scaling Laws for Large Language Models via Inverse Problems (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Arun Verma, Zhaoxuan Wu, Zijian Zhou, Xiaoqiang Lin, Zhiliang Chen, Rachael Hwee Ling Sim, Rui Qiao, Jingtan Wang, Nhung Bui, Xinyuan Niu, Wenyang Hu, Gregory Kang Ruey Lau, Zi-Yu Khoo, Zitong Zhao, Xinyi Xu, Apivich Hemachandra, See-Kiong Ng, Bryan Kian Hsiang Low
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. |
| Approach: | inverse problems can efficiently uncover scaling laws that guide the building of LLMs, authors argue . authors propose brute-force approaches to improve LLM training costs due to high costs . |
| Outcome: | This paper advocates that inverse problems can efficiently uncover scaling laws that guide the building of LLMs to achieve the desirable performance with significantly better cost-effectiveness. |
Language-Codec: Bridging Discrete Codec Representations and Speech Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Shengpeng Ji, Minghui Fang, Jialong Zuo, Ziyue Jiang, Dingdong Wang, Hanting Wang, Hai Huang, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing gaps between discrete acoustic codecs and downstream speech language models . initial channel of codebooks contains excessive information, making it difficult to generate tokens from weakly supervised signals such as text. |
| Approach: | They propose a discrete acoustic codec for generating acustic tokens from weakly supervised signals. |
| Outcome: | The proposed language-codec outperforms competing audio compression algorithms and validates on downstream speech language models. |
SDiaReward: Modeling and Benchmarking Spoken Dialogue Rewards with Modality and Colloquialness (2026.acl-long)
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Jingyu Lu, Yuhan Wang, Fan Zhuo, Xize Cheng, Changhao Pan, Xueyi Pu, Yifu Chen, Chenyuhao Wen, Tianle Liang, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | SDiaReward is an end-to-end spoken dialogue system that integrates paralinguistic nuances and spontaneous nature of human conversation. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end multi-turn reward model trained on SDiaReward-Dataset . it is a collection of episode-level preference pairs targeting modality and colloquiality gaps . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms general-purpose audio LLMs in episode-level evaluation. |
TexSmart: A System for Enhanced Natural Language Understanding (2021.acl-demo)
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Lemao Liu, Haisong Zhang, Haiyun Jiang, Yangming Li, Enbo Zhao, Kun Xu, Linfeng Song, Suncong Zheng, Botong Zhou, Dick Zhu, Xiao Feng, Tao Chen, Tao Yang, Dong Yu, Feng Zhang, ZhanHui Kang, Shuming Shi
| Challenge: | TexSmart supports fine-grained named entity recognition (NER) Large-scale fine-granular entity types are expected to provide richer semantic information for downstream NLP applications. |
| Approach: | They introduce TexSmart, a text understanding system that supports fine-grained named entity recognition (NER) and enhanced semantic analysis functionalities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system supports fine-grained named entity recognition (NER) and enhanced semantic analysis functions. |
CogKTR: A Knowledge-Enhanced Text Representation Toolkit for Natural Language Understanding (2022.emnlp-demos)
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Zhuoran Jin, Tianyi Men, Hongbang Yuan, Yuyang Zhou, Pengfei Cao, Yubo Chen, Zhipeng Xue, Kang Liu, Jun Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge-enhanced methods are limited to knowledge-intensive tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge-enhanced text representation toolkit for natural language understanding . it combines knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, knowledge injection and knowledge application . |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit supports knowledge acquisition, knowledge representation, knowledge injection, and knowledge application. |
B-APO: Bias-Targeted Adversarial Preference Optimization for Debiasing Multimodal Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing debiasing methods create biased responses by completely removing an entire modality, forming an extreme and static training environment. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to debiase multimodal large language models by masking one modality and then enlarge the margin between clean and adversarial responses. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves superior debiasing performance while maintaining general capabilities. |
SGG: Learning to Select, Guide, and Generate for Keyphrase Generation (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing keyphrase generation approaches synchronously generate present and absent keyphrases without explicitly distinguishing these two categories. |
| Approach: | They propose to deal with present and absent keyphrases separately with different mechanisms by using a hierarchical neural network with a pointing-based selector and a selection-guided generator. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines on four keyphrase generation tasks and shows extensibility in natural language generation tasks. |
F2RL: Factuality and Faithfulness Reinforcement Learning Framework for Claim-Guided Evidence-Supported Counterspeech Generation (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating evidence-supported counterspeech lack clear guidance with a core claim for organizing evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a Factuality and Faithfulness Reinforcement Learning framework for generating claim-guided and evidence-supported counterspeech (F2RL) they generate counter-claims based on hate speech and design a self-evaluation mechanism to select the most appropriate one. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves excellent performance on three benchmark datasets with strong factuality and faithfulness. |
Make-A-Voice: Revisiting Voice Large Language Models as Scalable Multilingual and Multitask Learners (2024.acl-long)
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Rongjie Huang, Chunlei Zhang, Yongqi Wang, Dongchao Yang, Jinchuan Tian, Zhenhui Ye, Luping Liu, Zehan Wang, Ziyue Jiang, Xuankai Chang, Jiatong Shi, Chao Weng, Zhou Zhao, Dong Yu
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have been used for general-purpose interfaces across multiple tasks and languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to use large language models as a general-purpose interface across multiple tasks and languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better on 200K hours of 6-language data for voice generation applications. |
TAVT: Towards Transferable Audio-Visual Text Generation (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing transfer learning techniques focus on uni-modal analysis and lack consideration of multi-modal content and cross-modal relation. |
| Approach: | They propose a transferable audio-visual text generation framework that incorporates two components: Audio-Visual Meta-Mapper and Dual Counterfactual Contrastive Learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods across multiple domains and modal settings. |
Probe Then Retrieve and Reason: Distilling Probing and Reasoning Capabilities into Smaller Language Models (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent research efforts have focused on distilling Large Language Models into Small Language Model (SLMs) however, the results of CoT distillation are inadequate for knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval-based framework which distills question probing and reasoning capabilities from Large Language Models into SLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves probing and reasoning capabilities of large language models in knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks. |
Revisiting Over-Smoothness in Text to Speech (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Non-autoregressive text to speech models ignore correlation in time and frequency domains, causing blurry results. |
| Approach: | They revisit the problem of over-smoothness in non-autoregressive text to speech models . they use methods that reduce complexity of data distributions and improve modeling methods . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models achieve better voice quality and faster inference speed than autoregressive models. |
Masked Text-to-Audio Flow-Matching and Reward Feedback Optimization (2026.findings-acl)
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Rongjie Huang, Dongchao Yang, Wenxiang Guo, Huadai Liu, Xize Cheng, Zehan Wang, Zhou Zhao, Xixin Wu, Helen M. Meng
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that Flow-matching generative models can scale training by increasing data, computational resources, and model size. |
| Approach: | They propose a flow-matching transformer with masked generative modeling for scaling text-to-audio inference-time prediction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model scales inference-time computations by masking generation and re-predicting them through iterative decoding. |
Diffusion-NAT: Self-Prompting Discrete Diffusion for Non-Autoregressive Text Generation (2024.eacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing non-autoregressive (NAR) text-to-text generation methods are unable to generate coherent and fluent texts due to discrete nature of text. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate discrete diffusion models (DDM) into NAR text-to-text generation and integrate BART to improve the performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms competing methods and surpasses autoregressive methods on 7 datasets. |
Factorized Learning Assisted with Large Language Model for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Previous Sign Language Translation methods have relied on gloss annotations to improve performance, but labeling high-quality glosses is labor-intensive and inefficient. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate Large Language Model (LLM) into SLT by factorizing learning into two stages to improve the learning curve. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves on three SLT datasets conducted under the gloss-free setting. |
RedCoder: Automated Multi-Turn Red Teaming for Code LLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Wenjie Jacky Mo, Qin Liu, Xiaofei Wen, Dongwon Jung, Hadi Askari, Wenxuan Zhou, Zhe Zhao, Muhao Chen
| Challenge: | Existing red-teaming approaches for code generation rely on extensive human effort and are prone to generating malicious code under adversarial environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a red-teaming agent that engages victim models in multi-turn conversations to elicit vulnerable code. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that RedCoder outperforms red-teaming methods in inducing vulnerabilities in code generation. |
Code-Switching Information Retrieval: Benchmarks, Analysis, and the Limits of Current Retrievers (2026.findings-acl)
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Qingcheng Zeng, Yuheng Lu, Zeqi Zhou, Heli Qi, Puxuan Yu, Fuheng Zhao, Hitomi Yanaka, Weihao Xuan, Naoto Yokoya
| Challenge: | a new study examines the performance of code-switching IR in monolingual contexts . code-witching is a pervasive linguistic phenomenon in global communication . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate code-switching IR in monolingual contexts . they propose CS-MTEB, which measures performance declines of up to 27% . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark shows that code-switching performance is degraded by 27% . the proposed benchmark is based on a dataset of mixed-language queries . |
EPiDA: An Easy Plug-in Data Augmentation Framework for High Performance Text Classification (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for data augmentation do not fully exploit the potential of DA in NLP. |
| Approach: | They propose an easy and plug-in framework for data augmentation to support effective text classification. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods in most cases, but not using agent networks or pre-trained generation networks. |
Bridging the Pose-Semantic Gap: A Cascade Framework for Text-Based Person Anomaly Search (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for person anomaly search fail to address the complexities of real-world security, authors say . Existing approaches fail to detect subtle semantic distinctions, authors argue . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that decouples retrieval into two stages . structure-aware coarse retrieval and detective squad interaction are proposed . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance by balancing efficiency and semantic reasoning. |
A Unified Framework for Synaesthesia Analysis (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Synaesthesia is a cognitive phenomenon structuring human thought and action, which makes understanding it challenging. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for annotating synaesthetic elements and exploring their relationship . they propose to include sensory modalities, cues and stimuli in the framework . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework yields state-of-the-art results, demonstrating its effectiveness. |
Debiased Contrastive Learning of Unsupervised Sentence Representations (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that contrastive learning improves pre-trained language models to derive high-quality sentence representations. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to punish false negatives and generate noise-based negatives to guarantee the uniformity of the representation space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves pre-trained language models while pushing apart irrelevant negatives to guarantee the uniformity of the representation space. |
Enhancing Chain-of-Thought Reasoning via Neuron Activation Differential Analysis (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on optimizing external components of CoT, but lack internal explanations for the quality of the model's outputs. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient method to identify reasoning-critical neurons by analyzing their activation patterns under reasoning chains of varying quality. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows that neurons in the feed-forward layers are critical in the generation of high-quality reasoning chains. |
An Empirical Study of LLM-as-a-Judge for LLM Evaluation: Fine-tuned Judge Model is not a General Substitute for GPT-4 (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have fine-tuned judge models based on open-source LLMs to evaluate the quality of other LLM. |
| Approach: | They propose to use open-source LLMs to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) their empirical results show that the models underperform GPT-4 in several dimensions . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform GPT-4 on several dimensions including generalizability, fairness and adaptability. |
MCIL: Multimodal Counterfactual Instance Learning for Low-resource Entity-based Multimodal Information Extraction (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to perform multimodal information extraction only investigated entity-based tasks under supervised learning with adequate labeled data. |
| Approach: | They propose to investigate the entity-based MIE tasks under the low-resource settings by decomposing the features into image, entity, and context factors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is able to perform on two public MIE benchmark datasets and the experimental results confirm it. |
RubricHub: A Comprehensive and Highly Discriminative Rubric Dataset via Automated Coarse-to-Fine Generation (2026.acl-long)
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Sunzhu Li, Jiale Zhao, Huimin Ren, Zhenlin Wei, Yang Zhou, Jingwen Yang, Shunyu Liu, Kaike Zhang, Chen Wei
| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating open-ended rubrics suffer from scalability bottlenecks and coarse criteria resulting in a supervision ceiling effect. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for automated Coarse-to-Fine Rubric Generation . their framework uses principle-guided synthesis, multi-model aggregation, difficulty evolution . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework produces comprehensive and highly discriminative criteria capable of capturing the subtle nuances. |
Evaluating Object Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large vision-language models (LVLMs) suffer from object hallucinations, i.e., they tend to generate objects inconsistent with the target images in the descriptions. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate powerful large vision-language models (LVLMs) they propose a polling-based query method to evaluate object hallucination . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can evaluate object hallucination in a more stable and flexible way. |
Weakly-Supervised Spoken Video Grounding via Semantic Interaction Learning (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on spoken video grounding challenges extracting semantic information from speech . previous studies focused on textual queries, but recent work focuses on spoken queries . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for weakly-supervised spoken video grounding to represent cross-modal semantics without expensive temporal annotations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is more efficient than existing methods. |
Inductive Relation Inference of Knowledge Graph Enhanced by Ontology Information (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to inference knowledge graphs lack ontology information, which is often too sparse. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge graph inductive inference method that fuses ontology information to learn the semantic information of entities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms large language models like ChatGPT on two benchmark datasets and improves the MRR metrics by 15.4% and 44.1%, respectively. |
Instance Regularization for Discriminative Language Model Pre-training (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have optimized independent strategies of ennoising or denosing . Existing methods treat training instances equally throughout the training process . |
| Approach: | They propose to use ennoising and denoising to train discriminative pre-trained language models . they propose to model the complexity of restoring the original sentences from corrupted ones . |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that the proposed method improves pre-training efficiency, effectiveness, and robustness. |
Muffin or Chihuahua? Challenging Multimodal Large Language Models with Multipanel VQA (2024.acl-long)
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Yue Fan, Jing Gu, Kaiwen Zhou, Qianqi Yan, Shan Jiang, Ching-Chen Kuo, Yang Zhao, Xinze Guan, Xin Wang
| Challenge: | Multipanel images are a common form of visual representations, and humans can achieve approximately 99% accuracy on these questions. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that tests multipanel visual reasoning models with 6,600 triplets of questions, answers, and multipanel images. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark features 6,600 triplets of questions, answers, and multipanel images that challenge state-of-the-art Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) human users can attain approximately 99% accuracy on these questions, compared with previous benchmarks. |
MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing (2026.acl-industry)
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Junbo Niu, Zheng Liu, Zhuangcheng Gu, Bin Wang, Linke Ouyang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Tao Chu, Tianyao He, Fan Wu, Qintong Zhang, Zhenjiang Jin, Guang Liang, Rui Zhang, Wenzheng Zhang, Yuan Qu, Zhifei Ren, Yuefeng Sun, Zirui Tang, Boyu Niu, Yuanhong Zheng, Dongsheng Ma, Ziyang Miao, Hejun Dong, Siyi Qian, Junyuan Zhang, Fangdong Wang, Jingzhou Chen, Xiaomeng Zhao, Liqun Wei, Wei Li, Shasha Wang, RuiLiang Xu, Yuanyuan Cao, Lu Chen, Qianqian Wu, Huaiyu Gu, Lindong Lu, Dechen Lin, null Shenguanlin, Xuanhe Zhou, Linfeng Zhang, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Jiaqi Wang, Bo Zhang, Lei Bai, Pei Chu, Weijia Li, Jiang Wu, Lijun Wu, Zhenxiang Li, Guangyu Wang, Zhongying Tu, Chao Xu, Kai Chen, Bowen Zhou, Dahua Lin, Wentao Zhang, Conghui He
| Challenge: | Document images are characterized by higher resolutions, denser content, and more complex structural layouts. |
| Approach: | They propose a 1.2B-parameter document parsing vision-language model that decouples layout analysis from local content recognition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses general-purpose and domain-specific models on multiple benchmarks while maintaining significantly lower computational overhead. |
AssistedDS: Benchmarking How External Domain Knowledge Assists LLMs in Automated Data Science (2025.findings-emnlp)
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An Luo, Xun Xian, Jin Du, Fangqiao Tian, Ganghua Wang, Ming Zhong, Shengchun Zhao, Xuan Bi, Zirui Liu, Jiawei Zhou, Jayanth Srinivasa, Ashish Kundu, Charles Fleming, Mingyi Hong, Jie Ding
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have advanced the automation of data science workflows, yet it remains unclear whether they can critically leverage external domain knowledge as human data scientists do in practice. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate how large language models handle external domain knowledge in tabular prediction tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model evaluates whether it can critically leverage external domain knowledge as human data scientists do in practice. |
Learning Temporally-Aware Sample Weights for Preference Optimization (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for preference optimization rely on static functions of instantaneous model states and ignore temporal learning dynamics. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that meta-learns adaptive weights using three temporal features: reward margin evolution, learning volatility, and reference deviation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves statistically significant improvements over baselines on models ranging from 7B to 70B parameters. |
PM2F2N: Patient Multi-view Multi-modal Feature Fusion Networks for Clinical Outcome Prediction (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods focused on time series data but ignored clinical notes . fusion of multi-modal features of patients from different views is not feasible due to the time series and clinical notes data being stored as time series. |
| Approach: | They propose to combine time series and clinical notes to fuse multi-modal features of patients from different perspectives using graph neural networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is superior to existing models on MIMIC-III benchmark. |
Reaction Miner: An Integrated System for Chemical Reaction Extraction from Textual Data (2023.emnlp-demo)
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Ming Zhong, Siru Ouyang, Yizhu Jiao, Priyanka Kargupta, Leo Luo, Yanzhen Shen, Bobby Zhou, Xianrui Zhong, Xuan Liu, Hongxiang Li, Jinfeng Xiao, Minhao Jiang, Vivian Hu, Xuan Wang, Heng Ji, Martin Burke, Huimin Zhao, Jiawei Han
| Challenge: | Reaction Miner is a system designed to extract chemical reactions from raw scientific PDFs. |
| Approach: | They propose a system that extracts chemical reactions directly from raw scientific PDFs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can extract chemical reactions from raw scientific PDFs. |
StructGPT: A General Framework for Large Language Model to Reason over Structured Data (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Experiments conducted on three types of structured data show that StructGPT greatly improves the performance of LLMs. |
| Approach: | They propose an iterative Reading-then-Reasoning framework to solve question answering tasks based on structured data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the reasoning ability of large language models over structured data under the few-shot and zero-shot settings. |
DIVKNOWQA: Assessing the Reasoning Ability of LLMs via Open-Domain Question Answering over Knowledge Base and Text (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Retrievalaugmented LLMs have been used to ground LLM in external knowledge . a gap exists in the current landscape regarding the effectiveness of grounding LLM on heterogeneous knowledge sources. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that uses symbolic language to generate symbolic queries . they use a dataset that is generated using predefined reasoning chains and human annotation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms previous approaches by a significant margin in QA tasks over text. |
P-FOLIO: Evaluating and Improving Logical Reasoning with Abundant Human-Written Reasoning Chains (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Simeng Han, Aaron Yu, Rui Shen, Zhenting Qi, Martin Riddell, Wenfei Zhou, Yujie Qiao, Yilun Zhao, Semih Yavuz, Ye Liu, Shafiq Joty, Yingbo Zhou, Caiming Xiong, Dragomir Radev, Rex Ying, Arman Cohan
| Challenge: | Existing methods on understanding the capabilities of LLMs in logical reasoning rely on binary entailment classification or synthetically derived rationales. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate a human-annotated dataset consisting of diverse and complex reasoning chains for a set of realistic logical reasoning stories also written by humans. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on understanding the capabilities of LLMs in logical reasoning by 10% or more. |
CR-GIS: Improving Conversational Recommendation via Goal-aware Interest Sequence Modeling (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to determine a goal item by sequentially tracking users’ interests ignore the rich goal-aware implicit interest sequence patterns in a dialog. |
| Approach: | They propose to model goal-aware implicit user interest sequence patterns in a dialog and a hierarchical Star Transformer to guide multi-turn utterances generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves more accurate recommendations with more fluent and coherent dialog utterances. |
Multi-Turn Response Selection for Chatbots with Deep Attention Matching Network (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for matching dialogue responses rely on semantic and functional dependencies . a recent study only uses the last utterance in context for matching a reply . |
| Approach: | They propose a model that matches a response with its multi-turn context using attention. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on two large-scale multi-turn response selection tasks. |
Small Pre-trained Language Models Can be Fine-tuned as Large Models via Over-Parameterization (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks, outperforming small PLMs by a large margin. |
| Approach: | They propose to scale up parameters of pre-trained language models only during fine-tuning to benefit from over-parameterization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can significantly boost the fine-tuning performance of small PLMs and even help small PDMs outperform 3 parameterized larger ones. |
Mixture-of-Minds: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Table Understanding (2026.acl-long)
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Yuhang Zhou, Mingrui Zhang, Ke Li, Mingyi Wang, Qiao Liu, Qifei Wang, Jiayi Liu, Fei Liu, Serena Li, Weiwei LI, Mingze Gao, Abhishek Kumar, Xiangjun Fan, Zhuokai Zhao, Lizhu Zhang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise on understanding and reasoning over tables, but current approaches remain limited. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent framework that decomposes table reasoning into three specialized roles: planning, coding, and answering. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decomposes table reasoning into three specialized roles: planning, coding, and answering. |
ChildMandarin: A Comprehensive Mandarin Speech Dataset for Young Children Aged 3-5 (2025.acl-long)
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Jiaming Zhou, Shiyao Wang, Shiwan Zhao, Jiabei He, Haoqin Sun, Hui Wang, Cheng Liu, Aobo Kong, Yujie Guo, Xi Yang, Yequan Wang, Yonghua Lin, Yong Qin
| Challenge: | Automatic speech recognition systems have advanced significantly with models like Whisper, Conformer, and self-supervised frameworks such as Wav2vec 2.0. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Mandarin speech datasets to analyze pronunciation and tone of children aged 3 to 5 and evaluate their models on speaker verification (SV) They find that the datasets are more robust than those used by adult speech recognition systems and are open-source and available for all academic purposes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes 41.25 hours of speech with carefully crafted manual transcriptions, collected from 397 speakers across various provinces in China, with balanced gender representation. |
QuZO: Quantized Zeroth-Order Fine-Tuning for Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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Jiajun Zhou, Yifan Yang, Kai Zhen, Ziyue Liu, Yequan Zhao, Ershad Banijamali, Athanasios Mouchtaris, Ngai Wong, Zheng Zhang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are quantized to lower precision to reduce memory cost and latency in inference. |
| Approach: | They propose a quantized zeroth-order framework for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) using low-precision forward passes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves comparable results to first-order methods in FP8 and superior accuracy in INT8 and INT4 training. |
Improving Alignment in LVLMs with Debiased Self-Judgment (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for aligning LVLMs rely on external datasets, human annotations or complex post-processing. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that generates a debiased self-judgment score for LVLMs . this self-evaluation metric is created internally by the model without external resources . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in reducing hallucinations and safety concerns. |
Large Language Models Fall Short: Understanding Complex Relationships in Detective Narratives (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets for narrative understanding fail to represent complexity and uncertainty of relationships in real-life social scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for extracting and analysing intricate character relation graphs from detective narratives using large-scale large-language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset extracts and analyses character relation graphs from detective narratives using advanced Large Language Models like GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Llama2 . |
Transparentize the Internal and External Knowledge Utilization in LLMs with Trustworthy Citation (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | citation generation and retrieval-augmented generation are still lacking in large language models due to hallucinations. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval-augmented citation generation task that requires models to generate citations considering both external and internal knowledge while providing trustworthy references. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves better performance across scenarios compared to baselines . retrieval quality, question types, and model knowledge influence trustworthiness . |
RMSSinger: Realistic-Music-Score based Singing Voice Synthesis (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for singing voice synthesis are limited to fine-grained music scores . manual adjustment destroys regularity of note durations, making fine-grain music scores "crushed" |
| Approach: | They propose a method to synthesize singing voices given realistic music scores . they use real-music-score-based Singing Voice Synthesis to generate high-quality voices . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method eliminates manual annotation and simplifies phoneme-level mel-note alignment. |
KG-Agent: An Efficient Autonomous Agent Framework for Complex Reasoning over Knowledge Graph (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to design the interaction strategy between large language models and knowledge graphs (KGs) are not effective for large language model (LLM)s to solve complex tasks due to the large volume and structured format of KG data. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-based agent framework that enables small LLMs to actively make decisions over knowledge graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods on in-domain and out-domain datasets using 10K samples. |
MIMIR: A Customizable Agent Tuning Platform for Enhanced Scientific Applications (2024.emnlp-demo)
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Xiangru Tang, Chunyuan Deng, Hanminwang Hanminwang, Haoran Wang, Yilun Zhao, Wenqi Shi, Yi Fung, Wangchunshu Zhou, Jiannan Cao, Heng Ji, Arman Cohan, Mark Gerstein
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have evolved into interactive agents capable of planning, tool use, and task execution across various tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a platform that leverages large language models to generate agent-tuning data for fine-tuneing smaller, specialized models. |
| Outcome: | MIMIR enables large models to simulate various roles and create interaction data, which can then be used to fine-tune open-source models like LLaMA2. |
Towards End-to-End Open Conversational Machine Reading (2023.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to the problem of open-retrieval conversational machine reading (OR-CMR) use two separate modules to approach the problem's two successive sub-tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to model OR-CMR as a unified text-to-text task in a fully end-to end style and propose to use a text-based approach to solve the problem. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on the ShARC and OR-ShARC dataset show that the proposed framework can generalize to different backbone models. |
Dissecting Human and LLM Preferences (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a recent study shows that human and Large Language Model preferences are important for model fine-tuning and evaluation. |
| Approach: | They dissect the preferences of human and 32 different Large Language Models to understand their quantitative composition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is compared with 32 different large language models using real-world user-model conversations. |
UniRPG: Unified Discrete Reasoning over Table and Text as Program Generation (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for question answering using knowledge resources are mixed-of-experts and semantic parsing-based. |
| Approach: | They propose a semantic-parsing-based approach to perform Unified discrete Reasoning over heterogeneous knowledge resources as Program Generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves interpretability and scalability over table and text . it achieves promising performance on the TAT-QA dataset without annotation . |
FedGUI: Benchmarking Federated GUI Agents across Heterogeneous Platforms, Devices, and Operating Systems (2026.findings-acl)
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WenHao Wang, Haoting Shi, Mengying Yuan, Yiquan Lin, Panrong Tong, Hanzhang Zhou, Guangyi Liu, Pengxiang Zhao, Yue Wang, Siheng Chen
| Challenge: | a lack of benchmarks capture real-world, cross-platform heterogeneity in GUI training . traditional methods to train GUI agents rely on centralized data collection and manual labeling . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for developing and evaluating federated GUI agents across mobile, web and desktop platforms. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that cross-platform collaboration improves performance and identify platform and OS as the most influential factors. |
Incorporating Global Information in Local Attention for Knowledge Representation Learning (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Graph Attention Networks (GATs) are a promising model that takes advantage of localized attention mechanism to perform knowledge representation learning (KRL) on graph-structure data. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate global information into the GAT family of models by using an attention-based global random walk algorithm. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results on KG entity prediction against the state-of-the-arts demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. |
APB: Accelerating Distributed Long-Context Inference by Passing Compressed Context Blocks across GPUs (2025.acl-long)
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Yuxiang Huang, Mingye Li, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Weilin Zhao, Sun Ao, Hao Zhou, Jie Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Long-context inference is crucial for advancing large language models, but its prefill speed remains a bottleneck. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient long-context inference framework that leverages multi-host approximate attention to enhance prefill speed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves speedups of 9.2, 4.2, and 1.6 without any degradation in performance. |
Hierarchical Attention Graph for Scientific Document Summarization in Global and Local Level (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for document summarization focus on one type of relation, neglecting the simultaneous effective modeling of both relations. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph neural network-based approach to local and global document summarization using hierarchical discourses. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves on two benchmark datasets and shows that hierarchical structures are important for document summarization. |
StructuThink: Reasoning with Task Transition Knowledge for Autonomous LLM-Based Agents (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | StructuThink framework enhances LLMs' ability to ground decisions in domain-specific scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge-structured reasoning framework that enhances LLM-based agents with explicit decision constraints. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves higher task success rates and more efficient action sequences than baseline methods. |
LayoutDIT: Layout-Aware End-to-End Document Image Translation with Multi-Step Conductive Decoder (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods struggle to capture the visual layout in complex document images. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate layout knowledge into document image translation by using a layout-aware encoder and a multi-step conductive decoder to achieve the translation step by step. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods with better parameter efficiency. |
DIDS: Domain Impact-aware Data Sampling for Large Language Model Training (2025.emnlp-main)
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Weijie Shi, Jipeng Zhang, Yaguang Wu, Jingzhi Fang, Shibo Zhang, Yao Zhao, Hao Chen, Ruiyuan Zhang, Yue Cui, Jia Zhu, Sirui Han, Jiajie Xu, Xiaofang Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing approaches for optimizing domain-level sampling strategies struggle with maintaining intra-domain consistency and accurately measuring domain impact. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Fisher-Information Matrix-guided metric to measure domain impact to ensure intra-domain consistency and accuracy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 3.4% higher average performance while maintaining comparable training efficiency. |
Video-Text Prompting for Weakly Supervised Spatio-Temporal Video Grounding (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods extract each candidate tube feature independently by cropping objects from video frame feature, discarding all contextual information such as position change and inter-entity relationship. |
| Approach: | They propose to use video-text prompts to construct candidate feature instead of cropping tube region from feature map . they also propose negative contrastive samples whose candidate object is erased instead of being highlighted . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods surpass existing weakly-supervised methods by a great margin . they draw visual markers over objects tubes as video prompts . |
MIND: From Passive Mimicry to Active Reasoning through Capability-Aware Multi-Perspective CoT Distillation (2026.acl-long)
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Jin Cui, Jiaqi Guo, Jiepeng Zhou, Ruixuan Yang, Jiayi Lu, Jiajun Xu, Jiangcheng Song, Boran Zhao, Pengju Ren
| Challenge: | Existing approaches restrict students to following a single golden rationale and treat different reasoning paths independently, causing suboptimal performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a capability-adaptive framework that transitions distillation from passive mimicry to active cognitive construction and employ a feedback-driven inertia calibration mechanism to align supervision with the student’s current adaptability. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that the proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on both in-distribution and out-of distribution benchmarks. |
A Study of Non-autoregressive Model for Sequence Generation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Non-autoregressive (NAR) models generate all tokens in parallel, resulting in faster generation speed compared to autoregressive models. |
| Approach: | They propose to use knowledge distillation and source-target alignment to bridge the gap between NAR and autoregressive models in various tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed techniques can speed up NAR models in some tasks but not all . the proposed techniques reduce target token dependency while allowing for faster inference . |
Active Learning Approaches to Enhancing Neural Machine Translation (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a limited human translation budget is required to train neural machine translation models. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate active learning into neural machine translation techniques . they propose a word frequency based acquisition function and an uncertainty based method . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms other acquisition functions on a limited human translation budget. |
Multimodal Prompt Learning with Missing Modalities for Sentiment Analysis and Emotion Recognition (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for multimodal sentiment analysis often fail due to equipment failure, data corruption, privacy issues and the like. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal Transformer framework using prompt learning to address the issue of missing modalities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods significantly across evaluation metrics. |
Parallelism and Generation Order in Masked Diffusion Language Models: Limits Today, Potential Tomorrow (2026.findings-acl)
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Yangyang Zhong, Yanmei Gu, Zhengqing Zang, Xiaomeng Li, Yuqi Ding, Xibei Jia, Yuting Shen, Zhenzhong Lan, Liwang Zhu, Weiping Liu, Junlin Zhou, Haisheng Liu, Zhong Xin Yu, Pengxin Luo, Donglian Qi, Yunfeng Yan, Junbo Zhao
| Challenge: | Autoregressive (AR) language models dominate modern natural language processing due to strong likelihood-based training objectives and reliable left-to-right decoding. |
| Approach: | They characterize MDLM behavior along two dimensions: parallelism strength and generation order . authors propose a Generate-then-Edit paradigm that mitigates dependency loss . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on tasks that require "backward information" the Generate-then-Edit paradigm improves parallel decoding efficiency while reducing dependency loss. |
MotivGraph-SoIQ: Integrating Motivational Knowledge Graphs and Socratic Dialogue for Enhanced LLM Ideation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have limitations in grounding ideas and mitigating confirmation bias during refinement. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates a Motivational Knowledge Graph with a Q-Driven Socratic Ideator to enhance LLM ideation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enhances LLM ideation by integrating a Motivational Knowledge Graph with a Q-Driven Socratic Ideator. |
From Hypothesis to Publication: A Comprehensive Survey of AI-Driven Research Support Systems (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Zekun Zhou, Xiaocheng Feng, Lei Huang, Xiachong Feng, Ziyun Song, Ruihan Chen, Liang Zhao, Weitao Ma, Yuxuan Gu, Baoxin Wang, Dayong Wu, Guoping Hu, Ting Liu, Bing Qin
| Challenge: | rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has inspired researchers to explore how AI can accelerate and enhance research. |
| Approach: | They organize the relevant studies into three main categories: hypothesis formulation, hypothesis validation, and manuscript publication. |
| Outcome: | The authors summarize the current state of research in three main areas: hypothesis formulation, hypothesis validation, and manuscript publication. |
M2PO: Multi-Perspective Multi-Pair Preference Optimization for Machine Translation (2026.acl-long)
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Hao Wang, Linlong Xu, Heng Liu, Yangyang Liu, Xiaohu Zhao, Bo Zeng, Liangying Shao, Yichen Dong, Xinwei Wu, Jiang Zhou, Tianyu Dong, Xiangxiang Zeng, Longyue Wang, Weihua Luo
| Challenge: | prevailing methods for machine translation are often hindered by misleading reward signals. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that aligns large language models to human preferences . they propose 'M2PO' to correct the bias towards partial errors . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms open-source models and achieves parity with proprietary models. |
FastDiff 2: Revisiting and Incorporating GANs and Diffusion Models in High-Fidelity Speech Synthesis (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that Generative adversarial networks sacrifice sample diversity for quality and speed, while diffusion models exhibit outperformed sample quality and diversity at a high computational cost. |
| Approach: | They propose to combine GANs and diffusion probabilistic models to achieve better sample quality and diversity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform GANs and diffusion models in speech synthesis . the proposed models enjoy an efficient 4-step sampling process and exhibit better sample diversity . |
DATA-CUBE: Data Curriculum for Instruction-based Sentence Representation Learning (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to improve sentence representation learning (SRL) ignore the potential interference problems across tasks and instances. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task instruction tuning method that arranges the order of multi- task data for training to minimize interference risks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can boost the performance of state-of-the-art methods. |
MixTEA: Semi-supervised Entity Alignment with Mixture Teaching (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to learn informative entity embeddings are insufficient for semi-supervised entity alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose a semi-supervised method which guides the model learning with an end-to-end mixture teaching of manually labeled mappings and probabilistic pseudo mappings. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is superior to existing methods on benchmark datasets and further analyses. |
TCSinger: Zero-Shot Singing Voice Synthesis with Style Transfer and Multi-Level Style Control (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models fail to generate singing voices rich in stylistic nuances for unseen singers due to multifaceted nature of singing styles. |
| Approach: | They propose a zero-shot SVS model for style transfer across cross-lingual speech and singing styles and multi-level style control. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that TCSinger outperforms baseline models in synthesis quality, singer similarity, and style controllability. |
VENUS: A VLLM-driven Video Content Discovery System for Real Application Scenarios (2025.emnlp-industry)
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Minyi Zhao, Yi Liu, Jianfeng Wen, Boshen Zhang, Hailang Chang, Zhiheng Ouyang, Jie Wang, Wensong He, Shuigeng Zhou
| Challenge: | Video Content Discovery (VCD) is to identify specific videos defined by a pre-specified text policy. |
| Approach: | They propose a Vision-Language Large Model-driven video content discovery system called VENUS to solve these problems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system generates high-quality, VCD-specific data for model training and extends it to support it better. |
DIFFA-2: A Practical Diffusion Large Language Model for General Audio Understanding (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Autoregressive (AR) large audio language models are expensive in data and computation . prior work shows diffusion-based LALMs can improve audio understanding under matched settings . |
| Approach: | They propose a diffusion-based LALM that upgrades the speech encoder and employs dual semantic and acoustic adapters. |
| Outcome: | a new model improves over existing autoregressive large language models and is competitive to strong AR models . the proposed model can make use of limited training data and improve inference efficiency . a recent study shows that diffusion-based models can improve audio understanding . |
Beyond the Last Frame: Process-aware Evaluation for Generative Video Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation frameworks often rely on single-frame assessments, which can lead to outcome-hacking. |
| Approach: | They propose a process-aware evaluation paradigm that uses a hierarchical rubric to evaluate the validity of the intermediate steps and the final result. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves POC@1.0 only about 20% and exhibits significant outcome-hacking. |
LoRA-drop: Efficient LoRA Parameter Pruning based on Output Evaluation (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is currently the most commonly used PEFT method for fine-tuning models with billions of parameters. |
| Approach: | They propose to use low-rank Adaptation to evaluate LoRA parameter features and then retain LoRA for important layers and the other layers share the same LoRA. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves comparable performance to full fine-tuning and LoRA while retaining 50% of the LoRA parameters on average. |
Video Dialog via Progressive Inference and Cross-Transformer (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing visual dialog methods use RNN to encode the dialog history as a vector representation . a new method for video dialog is proposed, which progressively updates query information based on dialog history and video content until the agent think the information is sufficient and unambiguous. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which progressively updates query information based on dialog history and video content until the agent thinks it is sufficient and unambiguous. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be used to infer video dialog answers on large-scale datasets. |
Generating Temporally-ordered Event Sequences via Event Optimal Transport (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for temporal event ordering and event infilling ignore the global semantics of events, and the model adopts a word-level objective to model events in texts. |
| Approach: | They propose a temporal event ordering and event infilling task using a model that uses maximum likelihood estimation to model events in texts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on all evaluation datasets. |
Locally Differentially Private In-Context Learning (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Large pretrained language models (LLMs) have shown surprising In-Context Learning ability. |
| Approach: | They propose a locally differentially private framework of in-context learning for LLMs that can be augmented with a private database for some specific task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can predict labels without additional parameter modifications without input-label pairs . |
Iterative Self-Correction for Text-Driven Person Re-Identification with Large Vision-Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for Person Re-Identification (ReID) adopt a static "one-pass" paradigm, converting images to text once for retrieval. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reformulates ReID as an iterative "Think-and-Refine" process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods in complex occlusion scenarios. |
MARS-RA: Rank Aggregation for Credit Assignment via Multimodal Comparisons in Embodied Multi-Agent Cooperation (2026.acl-long)
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Dawei Wang, Di Zhao, Xinyuan Liu, Marci Chi Ma, Xiaoyang Liu, Chengming Zhou, Gary Ushaw, Richard Davison
| Challenge: | Embodied AI systems are open, where agents may leave or enter mid-task due to hardware failures or task-related errors. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reformulates credit assignment as a rank aggregation problem using contribution-based pairwise comparisons among agents generated by large multimodal models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can guide agents toward effective cooperation in complex tasks of different types. |
LoraRetriever: Input-Aware LoRA Retrieval and Composition for Mixed Tasks in the Wild (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is an effective yet efficient solution for fine-tuning large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-rank Adaptation framework that retrieves and composes multiple LoRAs according to input prompts. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that LoraRetriever outperforms baselines in terms of performance and versatility. |
Learning Gender-Neutral Word Embeddings (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Word embeddings trained on human-generated corpora inherit strong gender stereotypes . prior studies show such embeddables exhibit social biases, such as gender stereotype . |
| Approach: | They propose a method to preserve gender information in certain dimensions of word vectors . they propose GN-GloVe, which is a gender-neutral variant of the word embedding model . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method preserves gender information in certain dimensions of word vectors while compelling other dimensions to be free of gender influence. |
Great~Truths~are ~Always ~Simple: A Rather Simple Knowledge Encoder for Enhancing the Commonsense Reasoning Capacity of Pre-Trained Models (2022.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to enhance pre-trained language models (PTMs) with a knowledge-aware graph neural network (GNN) encoder that models a commonsense knowledge graph (CSKG) can't explain how external knowledge resources improve the reasoning capacity of PTMs. |
| Approach: | They propose to use relation features from CSKGs to enhance the reasoning capacity of pre-trained language models (PTMs) by encoding a commonsense knowledge graph (CSKG) |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach reduces the parameters for encoding CSKGs and improves on five benchmarks. |
Knowledge Graph Enhanced Neural Machine Translation via Multi-task Learning on Sub-entity Granularity (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to integrate knowledge graph (KG) with neural machine translation (NMT) have two problems: knowledge under-utilization and granularity mismatch. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task learning method on sub-entity granularity to combine machine translation and knowledge reasoning tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms baseline models on translation tasks and handling the entities. |
Virtual Data Augmentation: A Robust and General Framework for Fine-tuning Pre-trained Models (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that powerful pre-trained language models can be fooled by small perturbations or intentional attacks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for fine-tuning PLMs using a masked language model and Gaussian noise to augment semantically relevant examples with sufficient diversity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the robustness of pre-trained language models and alleviates performance degradation under adversarial attacks. |
Low-Rank Interconnected Adaptation across Layers (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) method that learns weight updates W = AB for pretrained weights W through low-rank adapters A and B. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-rank interconnected adaptation across layers method that introduces an interconnected framework with locally shared A and globally shared B experts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves expressiveness across domains and modalities and enables higher-rank W with equal or fewer parameters. |
Neural Relation Classification with Text Descriptions (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | State-of-the-art methods for relation classification suffer from data sparsity issue greatly. |
| Approach: | They propose a new neural relation classification method which integrates entities’ text descriptions into deep neural networks models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves much better experimental results than other state-of-the-art methods on the SemEval 2010 dataset. |
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Head-driven phrase structure grammars have a uniform formalism representing rich contextual syntactic and even semantic meanings. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate constituent and dependency formal representations into head-driven phrase structure. |
| Outcome: | The proposed parser achieves state-of-the-art performance on Penn Treebank and Chinese Penn TreeBank. |
Pardon? Evaluating Conversational Repair in Large Audio-Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluations of large audio-language models focus on answer accuracy and robustness to acoustic perturbations, but they assume that inputs remain semantically answerable. |
| Approach: | They propose a repair-aware evaluation setting that explicitly distinguishes between answerable and unanswerable audio inputs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation setting distinguishes between answerable and unanswerable audio inputs. |
FlashAudio: Rectified Flow for Fast and High-Fidelity Text-to-Audio Generation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in latent diffusion models (LDMs) have markedly enhanced text-to-audio generation, yet their iterative sampling processes impose substantial computational demands, limiting practical deployment. |
| Approach: | They propose to learn straight flow for fast simulation by using flashAudio with rectified flows and immiscible flow to minimize the total distance of data-noise pairs in a batch vias assignment. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can learn straight flow for fast simulations and reduce noise distribution. |
MegaPairs: Massive Data Synthesis for Universal Multimodal Retrieval (2025.acl-long)
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Junjie Zhou, Yongping Xiong, Zheng Liu, Ze Liu, Shitao Xiao, Yueze Wang, Bo Zhao, Chen Jason Zhang, Defu Lian
| Challenge: | despite the growing demand for multimodal retrieval, there is a lack of training data. |
| Approach: | They propose a data synthesis method that leverages vision language models and open-domain images to generate high-quality data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baseline models on 70 more datasets and can scale up. |
CRSLab: An Open-Source Toolkit for Building Conversational Recommender System (2021.acl-demo)
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Kun Zhou, Xiaolei Wang, Yuanhang Zhou, Chenzhan Shang, Yuan Cheng, Wayne Xin Zhao, Yaliang Li, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | Existing studies on conversational recommender systems lack a unified and standardized implementation or comparison. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a unified framework and highly-decoupled modules to develop CRSs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework collects 6 commonly used human-annotated CRS datasets and implements 19 models that include advanced techniques such as graph neural networks and pre-training models. |
InterIntent: Investigating Social Intelligence of LLMs via Intention Understanding in an Interactive Game Context (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the potential to mimic human social intelligence, but most studies focus on static self-report or performance-based tests. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to assess LLMs' ability to understand and manage intentions by mapping their ability to infer the intentions of others in a game setting. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework assesses LLMs' ability to understand and manage intentions in a game setting. |
CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmark (2020.coling-main)
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Liang Xu, Hai Hu, Xuanwei Zhang, Lu Li, Chenjie Cao, Yudong Li, Yechen Xu, Kai Sun, Dian Yu, Cong Yu, Yin Tian, Qianqian Dong, Weitang Liu, Bo Shi, Yiming Cui, Junyi Li, Jun Zeng, Rongzhao Wang, Weijian Xie, Yanting Li, Yina Patterson, Zuoyu Tian, Yiwen Zhang, He Zhou, Shaoweihua Liu, Zhe Zhao, Qipeng Zhao, Cong Yue, Xinrui Zhang, Zhengliang Yang, Kyle Richardson, Zhenzhong Lan
| Challenge: | Existing language evaluation benchmarks for English are limited to English . lack of such benchmarks makes it difficult to replicate success in other languages . |
| Approach: | They introduce a large-scale Chinese language understanding evaluation benchmark . the benchmark uses a set of current state-of-the-art pre-trained Chinese models . |
| Outcome: | The first large-scale Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation (CLUE) benchmark is released . the benchmark evaluates models across a wide range of tasks on original Chinese text . existing language evaluation benchmarks are mostly limited to English . |
LSDC: An Efficient and Effective Large-Scale Data Compression Method for Supervised Fine-tuning of Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)
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Zhaoguang Long, Yuhao Zhou, Shangqing Zhao, Yupei Ren, Li Cai, Chenghao Jia, Zhe Chen, Zhe Fang, Yuxiang Song, Man Lan
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are expanding in scale and size, increasing computational costs . large-scale data compression techniques can reduce the size of training datasets while maintaining data integrity. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale data compression method to reduce the size of training data . they use a bifurcated quantization strategy to maximize the diversity of samples . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly reduces the size of training data while maximizing the submodular gain. |
Representation Purification for End-to-End Speech Translation (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to enhance speech translation focus on enhancing knowledge transfer . factors in speech that are not relevant to translation content, such as timbre and rhythm, often limit the efficiency of knowledge transfer. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that excludes content-agnostic perturbations from speech representations to mitigate their negative impact on ST. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves translation performance across all translation directions in three settings and achieves preeminent performance under a *transcript-free* setting. |
VISTA: Visualized Text Embedding For Universal Multi-Modal Retrieval (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for multimodal retrieval are mostly text-oriented, which lack the capability to process visual information. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-modal multi-text embedding model VISTA which extends a powerful text encoder with the image understanding capability by introducing visual token embedds. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior performance across a variety of multi-modal retrieval tasks in zero-shot and supervised settings. |
Fusing Highly Specialized Language Models for Comprehensive Expertise (2025.acl-long)
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Ning Ding, Yulin Chen, Ganqu Cui, Xingtai Lv, Weilin Zhao, Kaiyan Zhang, Ruobing Xie, Bowen Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing models that focus on language, programming code, and mathematical symbols are not able to achieve mastery of all three domains simultaneously. |
| Approach: | They propose to fuse highly-specialized models that are already sufficiently trained on different domains to achieve a highly-specific model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model could achieve mastery of the three crucial domains simultaneously. |
LongHeads: Multi-Head Attention is Secretly a Long Context Processor (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models struggle to process lengthy inputs due to limited length generalization and attention’s quadratic computational demands. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free framework that allows each head to attend to important context chunks instead of allowing each head a full sentence . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework unlocks multi-head attention's untapped potential by allowing each head to attend to important context chunks instead of the full sentence. |
ART: rule bAsed futuRe-inference deducTion (2023.emnlp-main)
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Mengze Li, Tianqi Zhao, Bai Jionghao, Baoyi He, Jiaxu Miao, Wei Ji, Zheqi Lv, Zhou Zhao, Shengyu Zhang, Wenqiao Zhang, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on language-based premises and deduce valid conclusions from visual observations. |
| Approach: | They propose a rule-based deductive reasoning task that uses video to deduce the correct future event . they use commonsense knowledge to annotate video and a strong baseline to conduct reasoning . |
| Outcome: | Empirical studies validate the rationality of ARTNet in deductive reasoning upon visual observations . ART is a method that rigorously follows a set of explicit constraints to deduce valid conclusions from empirical facts . |
ICLEval: Evaluating In-Context Learning Ability of Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation frameworks focus on language abilities and knowledge, often overlooking the assessment of ICL ability. |
| Approach: | They propose to evaluate the ICL ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) using the ICLEval benchmark. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark demonstrates that ICL ability is universally present in different LLMs and model size is not the sole determinant of ICL efficacy. |
Constructing Emotional Consensus and Utilizing Unpaired Data for Empathetic Dialogue Generation (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for dialogue empathy focus on the emotion flow in one direction, from context to response. |
| Approach: | They propose a dual-generative model to construct emotional consensus and use unpaired data to produce pseudo paired empathetic samples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models in producing coherent and empathetic responses. |
Learning to Decouple Relations: Few-Shot Relation Classification with Entity-Guided Attention and Confusion-Aware Training (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing few-shot relation classifiers struggle to distinguish them with few annotated instances due to high co-occurrence of some relations . |
| Approach: | They propose a few-shot relation classification model with two mechanisms to decouple easily-confused relations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves comparable and even better results to strong baselines in terms of accuracy. |
Remember Me, Refine Me: A Dynamic Procedural Memory Framework for Experience-Driven Agent Evolution (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing frameworks treat memory as a static append-only archive . Existing systems focus on passive accumulation, resulting in a 'passive accumulation' of memory. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for experience-driven agent evolution that integrates procedural memory with contextual information to create a high-quality experience pool. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on BFCL-V3 and AppWorld show that ReMe outperforms memoryless Qwen3-8B. |
MLDebugging: Towards Benchmarking Code Debugging Across Multi-Library Scenarios (2025.findings-acl)
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JinYang Huang, Xiachong Feng, Qiguang Chen, Hanjie Zhao, Zihui Cheng, Jiesong Bai, Jingxuan Zhou, Min Li, Libo Qin
| Challenge: | MLDebugging is a benchmark designed to assess debugging challenges within multi-library Python code. |
| Approach: | They propose to introduce a benchmark to assess debugging challenges within multi-library Python code using 126 Python libraries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark covers 126 Python libraries and a wide range of multi-library code issues. |
CiteLab: Developing and Diagnosing LLM Citation Generation Workflows via the Human-LLM Interaction (2025.acl-demo)
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| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for enabling Large Language Models to generate citations are lacking . however, they can still produce hallucinated responses that are non-factual or irrelevant to the input. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source and modular framework for enabling LLMs to generate citations in Question-Answering tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is extensible and paired with a visual interface, Citefix, facilitating case study and modification of existing citation generation methods. |
PsychEval: A Multi-Session and Multi-Therapy Benchmark for High-Realism AI Psychological Counselor (2026.findings-acl)
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Qianjun Pan, Junyi Wang, Jie Zhou, Yutao Yang, Junsong Li, Kaiyin Xu, Yougen Zhou, Yihan Li, JingYuan Zhao, Qin Chen, Ningning Zhou, Kai Chen, Liang He
| Challenge: | Existing models focus on a single therapy, but complex cases require flexible strategies among various therapies. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark . it is designed to address three key challenges: 1) can we train a highly realistic AI counselor? 2) How to systematically evaluate an AI counselor?" |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark is annotated with extensive professional skills and includes over 677 meta-skills and 4577 atomic skills. |
DISCO Balances the Scales: Adaptive Domain- and Difficulty-Aware Reinforcement Learning on Imbalanced Data (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Yuhang Zhou, Jing Zhu, Shengyi Qian, Zhuokai Zhao, Xiyao Wang, Xiaoyu Liu, Ming Li, Paiheng Xu, Wei Ai, Furong Huang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly aligned with human preferences through Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). |
| Approach: | a new study proposes a domain-informed self-consistency policy optimization extension to GRPO that addresses inter-group imbalance. |
| Outcome: | a new extension of GRPO addresses inter-group imbalance with two key innovations . the proposed method outperforms existing GR PO variants by 5% on Qwen3 models . |
On the Emotion Understanding of Synthesized Speech (2026.acl-long)
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Yuan Ge, Haishu Zhao, AoKai Hao, Junxiang Zhang, Bei Li, Xiaoqian Liu, Chenglong Wang, Jianjin Wang, Bingsen Zhou, Bingyu Liu, JingBo Zhu, Zhengtao Yu, Tong Xiao
| Challenge: | Existing models for emotion understanding do not capture fundamental features of synthesized speech. |
| Approach: | They evaluate emotion recognition models on synthesized speech using SER models and generative models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can't generalize to synthesized speech because of speech token prediction . generative models tend to infer emotion from textual semantics while ignoring paralinguistic cues. |
RexUIE: A Recursive Method with Explicit Schema Instructor for Universal Information Extraction (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Chengyuan Liu, Fubang Zhao, Yangyang Kang, Jingyuan Zhang, Xiang Zhou, Changlong Sun, Kun Kuang, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction (RE) models have limited success when extracting general schemas such as quadruples and quintuples. |
| Approach: | They propose a formal formulation that covers almost all extraction schemas and a Recursive Method with Explicit Schema Instructor for UIE. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows strong performance under full-shot and few-shot settings and achieves state-of-the-art results on the tasks of extracting complex schemas. |
ViFT: Towards Visual Instruction-Free Fine-tuning for Large Vision-Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Visual instruction tuning is the predominant technology in eliciting multimodal task-solving capabilities of large vision-language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a visual instruction-free fine-tuning framework for large vision-language models . they require only text-only instructions and image caption data during training . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is based on visual instruction tuning, but requires images as input . it can achieve state-of-the-art performance on several downstream benchmarks with less training data. |
AntiLeakBench: Preventing Data Contamination by Automatically Constructing Benchmarks with Updated Real-World Knowledge (2025.acl-long)
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Xiaobao Wu, Liangming Pan, Yuxi Xie, Ruiwen Zhou, Shuai Zhao, Yubo Ma, Mingzhe Du, Rui Mao, Anh Tuan Luu, William Yang Wang
| Challenge: | Existing studies solve this challenge by updating benchmarks with newly collected data, but they fail to guarantee contamination-free evaluation as the newly collected knowledge may contain pre-existing knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose an automated anti-leakage benchmarking framework that builds and updates benchmarks without human labor instead of using newly collected data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly reduces the cost of benchmark maintenance to accommodate emerging LLMs. |
TopKG: Target-oriented Dialog via Global Planning on Knowledge Graph (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing target-oriented dialogs take a local and greedy strategy for response generation, where global planning is absent. |
| Approach: | They propose a global planning method for target-oriented dialog on a commonsense knowledge graph to adjust local response generation towards the global target. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can reach the target with a higher success rate, fewer turns, and more coherent responses. |
POP-CEE: Position-oriented Prompt-tuning Model for Causal Emotion Entailment (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for emotion analysis in conversations ignore the specific semantic associations between emotions and cause utterances. |
| Approach: | They propose a position-oriented prompt-tuning model to solve the CEE task in an end-to-end manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on a benchmark dataset. |
Controllable Style Arithmetic with Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for linguistic style control lack fine-grained control, require extensive computation, or introduce significant latency. |
| Approach: | They propose a parameter-space approach that extracts style-specific representations by analyzing parameter differences between models trained on contrasting styles and incorporates them into a model with precise control over style intensity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves three key capabilities while achieving optimal computational efficiency. |
Bring Invariant to Variant: A Contrastive Prompt-based Framework for Temporal Knowledge Graph Forecasting (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for temporal knowledge graph forecasting are insufficient structural contexts to learn effective representations. |
| Approach: | They propose a Contrastive Prompt-based framework with Entity background information for TKG forecasting that brings time-invariant entity background information to time-variant structural information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is effective and stays competitive in inference with limited structural information. |
Augmentation, Retrieval, Generation: Event Sequence Prediction with a Three-Stage Sequence-to-Sequence Approach (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to predict event sequences are complex and ignore the knowledge of external events. |
| Approach: | They propose a statistical induction problem to generate a sequence of events by exploring the similarity between the given goal and known sequences of events. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on an event sequence prediction task. |
Rethinking Document-level Neural Machine Translation (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Neural machine translation models are weak enough for document-level translation . current models only translate sentences individually, resulting in poor document coherence . |
| Approach: | They propose to use the original Transformer model to test document-level neural machine translation . they find that the original transformer models can achieve strong results for document translation if trained properly . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms sentence-level models on nine datasets and two sentence- level datasets across six languages. |
Regularized Attentive Capsule Network for Overlapped Relation Extraction (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract relations from distant supervision contain low-quality instances with noisy words and overlapped relations. |
| Approach: | They propose a Regularized Attentive Capsule Network to better identify overlapped relations in informal sentences . they embed multi-head attention into the capsule network as the low-level capsules . |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments show that the proposed model improves relation extraction. |
RV-Syn: Rational and Verifiable Mathematical Reasoning Data Synthesis based on Structured Function Library (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating high-quality reasoning data are limited in quality and availability. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that constructs mathematical operations and generates verifiable graphs that are back-translated into complex problems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves a 6.3% performance gain over existing methods on LLaMA-3-8B and outperforms others with only half the training data (50k vs. 100k). |
AlignSTS: Speech-to-Singing Conversion via Cross-Modal Alignment (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to speech-to-singing voice conversion are difficult to learn in text-free situations. |
| Approach: | They propose an STS model which views speech variance as different modalities . it uses a novel rhythm adaptor to predict the target rhythm representation . they also use the predicted rhythm representation to re-align the content . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior performance in terms of objective and subjective metrics. |
Comprehensive Benchmarking of Long-Form Speech Generation in Diverse Scenarios (2026.findings-acl)
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Changhao Pan, Rui Yang, Han Wang, Zhuan Zhou, Xuming He, Wenxiang Guo, Ziyue Jiang, Ruiqi Li, Yu Zhang, Chenyuhao Wen, Ke Lei, Xiang Yin, Jingyu Lu, Zhiyuan Zhu, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation benchmarks for long-form speech are limited to limited domains, creating a significant gap with the diverse downstream applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that decomposes "long-form speech quality" into specific, disentangled dimensions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark decomposes “long-form speech quality” into specific, disentangled dimensions. |
CodeContests-O: Powering LLMs via Feedback-Driven Iterative Test Case Generation (2026.findings-acl)
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Jianfeng Cai, Jinhua Zhu, Ruopei Sun, Kangwen Zhao, Dongyun Xue, Mingxiao Feng, Wengang Zhou, Houqiang Li
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to synthesize test cases using Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on the model’s intrinsic generation capabilities without external feedback, resulting in insufficiently diverse cases. |
| Approach: | They propose a feedback-driven iterative framework that leverages Large Language Models to generate initial test cases, execute them against known correct and incorrect solutions, and utilizes the failed results as feedback to guide the LLM in refining the test cases toward high fidelity and discriminability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the existing codecontests and codecontests+ models by 4.30% and 8.78%. |
BMInf: An Efficient Toolkit for Big Model Inference and Tuning (2022.acl-demo)
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Xu Han, Guoyang Zeng, Weilin Zhao, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhengyan Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jun Zhang, Jia Chao, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Recent years, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit for big model inference and tuning which can support big model tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit can support big model inference and tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
T2A-Feedback: Improving Basic Capabilities of Text-to-Audio Generation via Fine-grained AI Feedback (2025.acl-long)
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Zehan Wang, Ke Lei, Chen Zhu, Jiawei Huang, Sashuai Zhou, Luping Liu, Xize Cheng, Shengpeng Ji, Zhenhui Ye, Tao Jin, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Text-to-audio (T2A) models still struggle to satisfy human preferences for prompt-following and acoustic quality when generating complex multi-event audio. |
| Approach: | They propose to use AI feedback learning to enhance basic capabilities of text-to-audio models . they use a large audio preference dataset to evaluate the model's capabilities . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves in simple and complex scenarios with AI feedback learning. |
Structured Attention for Unsupervised Dialogue Structure Induction (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Using structured attention, a model can learn dialogue structure in unsupervised fashion. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate structured attention layers into a Variational Recurrent Neural Network model with discrete latent states to learn dialogue structure in an unsupervised fashion. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model learns semantic structures similar to templates used to generate a dialogue corpus on two-party datasets and on multi-party dialogues, disentangling dialogues without human annotation. |
Speech-to-Speech Translation with Discrete-Unit-Based Style Transfer (2024.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to translate spoken utterances from one language to another are unable to preserve speaker timbre of source speech. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline with style-transfer capability on the basis of self-supervised speech representations and codec units. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves zero-shot cross-lingual style transfer on previously unseen source languages. |
GiLT: Augmenting Transformer Language Models with Dependency Graphs (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work focuses on syntactic tree structures of languages, in particular constituency tree structures. |
| Approach: | They propose a Graph-Infused Layers Transformer Language Model which leverages dependency graphs to augment Transformer language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves better syntactic generalization while maintaining competitive perplexity compared with baseline models. |
APB-V: Accelerating Long-Video Understanding via Sequence-Parallelism-aware Approximate Attention (2026.acl-long)
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Yuxiang Huang, Mingye Li, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Weilin Zhao, Ao Sun, Ziqi Yuan, Hao Zhou, Fandong Meng, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for long-video inference use compression or sparse attention . existing methods restrict LMMs from handling longer, more complex videos . |
| Approach: | They propose a sequence-parallel framework with optimized attention that accelerates long-video inference across multiple GPUs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework delivers speedups of 12.72x, 1.70x, and 1.18x over FlashAttn, ZigZagRing, and APB without significant performance loss. |
Landmark Embedding: A Chunking-Free Embedding Method For Retrieval Augmented Long-Context Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for retrieval augmentation work with chunked contexts, which leads to poor quality of semantic representation and incomplete retrieval of useful information. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for retrieval augmentation of long-context language modeling using landmark embedding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing retrieval methods with a notable advantage. |
Iterative Nearest Neighbour Machine Translation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for supervised domain adaptation of machine translation focus on fine-tuning, which is non-extensible. |
| Approach: | They propose to perform unsupervised domain adaptation in a non-parametric manner by using in-domain monolingual data and performing nearest neighbour inference on both forward and backward directions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly improves the in-domain translation performance and achieves state-of-the-art results among non-parametric methods. |
ChildTalk: A Multi-Dialect Chinese Child Speech Corpus with Full-Length Child–Caregiver Conversations for Speech Recognition (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for children remains challenging due to developmental variability and the scarcity of high-quality corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale Chinese child speech corpus that contains 112.5 hours of speech from 498 children and 500 caregivers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves in-domain and cross-domain performance on children's speech. |
From Script to Stage: Automating Experimental Design for Social Simulations with LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Xu et al., 2024): multi-agent simulations based on large language models are a new paradigm for social science research . traditional experimental design relies on interdisciplinary expertise and technical barriers . Xiaoping and Xin eli argue that LLM-driven agents are unreliable for rigorous experimental design due to hallucinations and limited verifiability. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for multi-agent experiment design based on script generation . Script Composition, Script Finalization, and Actor Generation are the core phases of the framework . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework lowers the barrier for social science experimental design and provides scientifically grounded decision support for policy-making. |
FR-Spec: Accelerating Large-Vocabulary Language Models via Frequency-Ranked Speculative Sampling (2025.acl-long)
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Weilin Zhao, Tengyu Pan, Xu Han, Yudi Zhang, Sun Ao, Yuxiang Huang, Kaihuo Zhang, Weilun Zhao, Yuxuan Li, Jie Zhou, Hao Zhou, Jianyong Wang, Maosong Sun, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Speculative sampling is an efficient way to accelerate the auto-regressive generation process of large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a frequency-ranked speculative sampling framework that optimizes draft candidate selection through vocabulary space compression. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that FR-Spec reduces LM Head computation overhead by 75% while ensuring the equivalence of the final output distribution. |
Mosaic-IT: Cost-Free Compositional Data Synthesis for Instruction Tuning (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Current instruction tuning relies on teacher models or human intervention to generate and refine the instructions and responses for training, which are costly, non-sustainable, and may lack diversity. |
| Approach: | They propose a human/model-free compositional data synthesis method that can create rich and diverse augmentations from existing instruction tuning data to enhance large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves performance over benchmarks and reduces training costs by 80% compared with original instruction tuning. |
Extracting and Combining Abilities For Building Multi-lingual Ability-enhanced Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work relies on training with multi-lingual ability-related data, which may not be available for low-resource languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-lingual ability-enhanced LLM that extracts language-agnostic ability-related weights from LLMs and combine them across different languages by simple addition and subtraction operations without training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach extracts language-agnostic ability-related weights from LLMs and combine them across different languages without training. |
Plan Dynamically, Express Rhetorically: A Debate-Driven Rhetorical Framework for Argumentative Writing (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Argumentative essay generation (AEG) is a complex task that requires advanced semantic understanding, logical reasoning, and organized integration of perspectives. |
| Approach: | They propose a debate-driven rhetorical framework for argumentative writing that integrates Bitzer’s rhetorical situation theory to improve logical depth, argumentative diversity, and rhetorical persuasiveness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves logical depth, argumentative diversity, and rhetorical persuasiveness over existing state-of-the-art models. |
YuLan-Mini: Pushing the Limits of Open Data-efficient Language Model (2025.acl-long)
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Hu Yiwen, Huatong Song, Jie Chen, Jia Deng, Jiapeng Wang, Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Jinhao Jiang, Zican Dong, Yang Lu, Xu Miao, Xin Zhao, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | prevailing pre-training approaches for large language models involve several complexities. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-cost training recipe and a robust optimization approach to mitigate training instability . they also propose synthesis, curriculum, and data selection pipelines to integrate data . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves top-tier performance among models with similar parameter scale . it is comparable to industry-leading models that require significantly more data . |
ProMediate: A Simulation Testbed for Evaluating Proactive Mediation in Multi-Party Negotiation (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into agentic frameworks to assist individual users in completing diverse tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a simulation environment with a plug-and-play proactive AI mediator . they use a socio-cognitive evaluation framework to measure consensus changes, intervention latency, mediator effectiveness and intelligence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms a generic baseline in multi-party negotiation scenarios while being 77% faster in response. |
Diversifying Dialogue Generation with Non-Conversational Text (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Neural network-based sequence-to-sequence models suffer from low diversity in open-domain dialogue generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a way to diversify dialogue generation by leveraging non-conversational text . they collect large-scale corpus from forum comments, idioms and book snippets . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model produces significantly more diverse responses without sacrificing relevance with context. |
Ask Question First for Enhancing Lifelong Language Learning (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to stream learning NLP tasks suffer from catastrophic forgetting and are exacerbated when the previous task’s pseudo data is insufficient. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a new data format to train pseudo questions of previous tasks to stream learning NLP tasks while retaining knowledge of previous ones. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is more robust to sufficient and insufficient pseudo-data when the task boundary is both clear and unclear. |
View-R1: Asymmetric Policy Optimization for Difficulty-Aware Multimodal Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are powerful at integrating diverse data but struggle with complex reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which separates responses into positive and negative groups to stabilize training and preserve knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model View-R1 achieves a 10.55% improvement in reasoning and outperforms larger models while maintaining and improving performance on general tasks. |
SAMP: A Model Inference Toolkit of Post-Training Quantization for Text Processing via Self-Adaptive Mixed-Precision (2023.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for quantization of models are too complicated and can cause performance damage. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-adaptive mixed-precision (SAMP) toolkit to automatically control quantization rate by a mixed-presence architecture to balance model accuracy and efficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit has a higher speedup than PyTorch and FasterTransformer while ensuring the required accuracy. |
WorldCuisines: A Massive-Scale Benchmark for Multilingual and Multicultural Visual Question Answering on Global Cuisines (2025.naacl-long)
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Genta Indra Winata, Frederikus Hudi, Patrick Amadeus Irawan, David Anugraha, Rifki Afina Putri, Wang Yutong, Adam Nohejl, Ubaidillah Ariq Prathama, Nedjma Ousidhoum, Afifa Amriani, Anar Rzayev, Anirban Das, Ashmari Pramodya, Aulia Adila, Bryan Wilie, Candy Olivia Mawalim, Cheng Ching Lam, Daud Abolade, Emmanuele Chersoni, Enrico Santus, Fariz Ikhwantri, Garry Kuwanto, Hanyang Zhao, Haryo Akbarianto Wibowo, Holy Lovenia, Jan Christian Blaise Cruz, Jan Wira Gotama Putra, Junho Myung, Lucky Susanto, Maria Angelica Riera Machin, Marina Zhukova, Michael Anugraha, Muhammad Farid Adilazuarda, Natasha Christabelle Santosa, Peerat Limkonchotiwat, Raj Dabre, Rio Alexander Audino, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Shi-Xiong Zhang, Stephanie Yulia Salim, Yi Zhou, Yinxuan Gui, David Ifeoluwa Adelani, En-Shiun Annie Lee, Shogo Okada, Ayu Purwarianti, Alham Fikri Aji, Taro Watanabe, Derry Tanti Wijaya, Alice Oh, Chong-Wah Ngo
| Challenge: | Vision Language Models struggle with cultural-specific knowledge, especially in languages other than English and in underrepresented cultural contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose a visual question answering (VQA) dataset with text-image pairs across 30 languages and dialects and a training dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better with correct location context, but struggles with adversarial contexts and predicting specific regional cuisines and languages. |
WebUIBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in WebUI-to-Code (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for large language models focus on webpage generation outcomes. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-view evaluation framework to evaluate MLLMs in four key areas: WebUI Perception, HTML Programming, WebUI-HTML Understanding, and WebUI to code. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework evaluates MLLMs in four key areas: WebUI Perception, HTML Programming, WebUI-HTML Understanding, and WebUI to code. |
Investigating Capsule Networks with Dynamic Routing for Text Classification (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Earlier efforts in text modeling have achieved limited success on word meanings . convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used to model higher level concepts and facts in texts . |
| Approach: | They propose three strategies to stabilize dynamic routing process to alleviate disturbance of noise capsules. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods achieve state-of-the-art on 4 out of 6 datasets . they show that capsule networks exhibit significant improvement over baseline methods . |
FinReporting: An Agentic Workflow for Localized Reporting of Cross-Jurisdiction Financial Disclosure (2026.acl-demo)
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Fan Zhang, Mingzi Song, Rania Elbadry, Yankai Chen, Shaobo Wang, Yixi Zhou, Xunwen Zheng, Yueru He, Yuyang Dai, Georgi Nenkov Georgiev, Ayesha Gull, Muhammad Usman Safder, Fan Wu, Liyuan Meng, Fengxian Ji, Junning Zhao, Xueqing Peng, Jimin Huang, YU Chen, Xue Liu, Preslav Nakov, Zhuohan Xie
| Challenge: | FinReporting is an agentic workflow for localized cross-jurisdiction financial reporting . existing approaches assume a single-market setting and overlook structural differences across jurisdictions . |
| Approach: | They propose a workflow that decomposes financial reporting into auditable stages . they use Large Language Models to extract and summarize corporate disclosures . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system decomposes reporting into auditable stages . it improves consistency and reliability under heterogeneous reporting regimes. |
SimANS: Simple Ambiguous Negatives Sampling for Dense Text Retrieval (2022.emnlp-industry)
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Kun Zhou, Yeyun Gong, Xiao Liu, Wayne Xin Zhao, Yelong Shen, Anlei Dong, Jingwen Lu, Rangan Majumder, Ji-rong Wen, Nan Duan
| Challenge: | Existing methods for sapping negatives from large document pool suffer from the uninformative or false negative problem. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to sample negatives from a large document pool using a new sampling probability distribution. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be used to sample more ambiguous negatives on four public and one industry datasets. |
Discourse Marker Augmented Network with Reinforcement Learning for Natural Language Inference (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to natural language inference focus on interaction architectures of sentences . but, we propose to transfer knowledge from discourse markers to augment the model . |
| Approach: | They propose to transfer knowledge from discourse markers to augment the quality of the NLI model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on large-scale datasets. |
AntCritic: Argument Mining for Free-Form and Visually-Rich Financial Comments (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Argument mining is a thriving task in natural language processing, but its generalization is limited by existing datasets. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dataset to help model argument mining . the dataset AntCritic supports both argument component detection and argument relation prediction tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can detect arguments and identify their relationships automatically. |
A Query-Response Framework for Whole-Page Complex-Layout Document Image Translation with Relevant Regional Concentration (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for document image translation rely on the vanilla encoder-decoder paradigm . a novel dynamic aggregation mechanism is designed to enhance the text semantics in query features toward translation. |
| Approach: | They propose a Query-Response DIT framework that reformulates the DIT task into a parallel response/translation process of multiple queries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves translation quality on four translation directions on three benchmarks. |
DORA: Dynamic Optimization Prompt for Continuous Reflection of LLM-based Agent (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown that reflection can enhance performance, but our investigation reveals an undesirable pattern in reflection framework: effective self-reflection occurs primarily at the beginning of iterations, with subsequent attempts failing to produce further improvements. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that generates task-adaptive reflection advice using an external open-source small language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework generates task-adaptive and diverse reflection advice in MiniWoB++ and Alfworld environments. |
Rhythm Controllable and Efficient Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Shortcut Flow Matching (2025.acl-long)
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Jialong Zuo, Shengpeng Ji, Minghui Fang, Mingze Li, Ziyue Jiang, Xize Cheng, Xiaoda Yang, Chen Feiyang, Xinyu Duan, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods focus on disentangling speakers and content, while others focus on preserving the source's prosody. |
| Approach: | They propose a rhythm-controllable and efficient zero-shot voice conversion model that transforms the source speaker’s timbre into an unseen one while retaining speech content. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model adapts the linguistic content duration to the desired speaking style, facilitating the transfer of the target speaker’s rhythm. |
GLIMPSE: Do Large Vision-Language Models Truly Think With Videos or Just Glimpse at Them? (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yiyang Zhou, Linjie Li, Shi Qiu, Zhengyuan Yang, Yuyang Zhao, Siwei Han, Yangfan He, Kangqi Li, Haonian Ji, Zihao Zhao, Haibo Tong, Lijuan Wang, Huaxiu Yao
| Challenge: | Existing video benchmarks often resemble image-based questions with scans of only a few key frames, without deep temporal reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a video benchmark to assess whether large vision-language models can genuinely think with videos rather than perform superficial frame-level analysis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark consists of 3,269 videos and over 4,342 highly visual-centric questions across 11 categories, including Trajectory Analysis, Temporal Reasoning, and Forensics Detection. |
Revisit Self-Debugging with Self-Generated Tests for Code Generation (2025.acl-long)
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Xiancai Chen, Zhengwei Tao, Kechi Zhang, Changzhi Zhou, Xinyu Zhang, Wanli Gu, Yuanpeng He, Mengdi Zhang, Xunliang Cai, Haiyan Zhao, Zhi Jin
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advances in code generation, but they still face challenges when tackling complex programming tasks beyond their basic capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate self-generated tests into the code generation process . they propose to use post-execution and in-exection self-debugging to mitigate test bias . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the performance of large language models in code generation tasks by leveraging execution feedback from tests. |
Sign2Vis: Automated Data Visualization from Sign Language (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to translate natural language descriptions into visualization queries focus on spoken languages, not sign languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a sign language interface that enables the DHH community to engage more fully with data analysis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed interface can be used by the deaf and hard-of-hearing community. |
Extremely Small BERT Models from Mixed-Vocabulary Training (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge distillation methods cannot be directly applied to train student models with reduced vocabulary and embedding dimensions. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to align teacher and student embeddings via mixed-vocabulary training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method compresses BERT-LARGE to a task-agnostic model with smaller vocabulary and hidden dimensions, which is an order of magnitude smaller than other distilled models. |
Contrastive Token-Wise Meta-Learning for Unseen Performer Visual Temporal-Aligned Translation (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | a novel generalization framework for visual temporal-aligned translation is proposed to transfer recognition skills to unseen performers . ambiguity in the visual sequence can hinder current methods for visual language translation . |
| Approach: | They propose a generalizable framework to transfer recognition skills to unseen performers . they use visual temporal-aligned translation to generate multiple words autoregressively . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is generalized to transfer recognition skills to unseen performers . it is compared with existing methods on lipreading and fingerspelling datasets . |
TimeR4 : Time-aware Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models for Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Temporal Knowledge Graph Question Answering (TKGQA) aims to answer temporal questions using knowledge in Temporal knowledge graphs (TKTs). |
| Approach: | They propose a Time-aware retrieve-rewrite-retrieve-rerank framework to integrate temporal knowledge from TKGs into Large Language Models (LLMs) to reduce temporal hallucination, they propose rewrite module to rew questions using background knowledge stored in TKG's, then implement a retrieve-rank module to retrieve semantically and temporally relevant facts from Tkgs and rerank them according to temporal constraints. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves relative gains of 47.8% and 22.5% on two datasets, underscoring its effectiveness in boosting the temporal reasoning abilities of LLMs. |
CogMG: Collaborative Augmentation Between Large Language Model and Knowledge Graph (2024.acl-demos)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to generating hallucinated content and often encompass factually inaccurate information. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages knowledge graphs to address the limitations of Large Language Models (LLMs) they identify and decompose required knowledge triples that are not present in the KG, enriching them and aligning updates with real-world demands. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces hallucinations and increases factual accuracy in QA scenarios while retaining the same quality of knowledge. |
Single-to-mix Modality Alignment with Multimodal Large Language Model for Document Image Machine Translation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Document Image Machine Translation (DIMT) faces generalization challenges due to limited training data and the complex interplay between visual and textual information. |
| Approach: | They propose a single-to-mix Modality alignment framework leveraging Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) this framework aligns an imageonly encoder with multimodal representations of an MLLM pre-trained on large-scale document image datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves translation quality in cross-domain generalization and challenging document image scenarios. |
VLN-MME: Diagnosing MLLMs as Language-guided Visual Navigation Agents (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across vision-language tasks, but their performance as embodied agents needs further exploration. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate multimodal large language models as zero-shot agents . they find that enhancing prevalent agents with Chain-of-Thought reasoning and self-reflection leads to an unexpected performance decrease. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables comparisons and component-level ablations across diverse MLLM architectures, agent designs, and navigation tasks. |
QiMeng-Attention: SOTA Attention Operator is generated by SOTA Attention Algorithm (2025.findings-acl)
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Qirui Zhou, Shaohui Peng, Weiqiang Xiong, Haixin Chen, Yuanbo Wen, Haochen Li, Ling Li, Qi Guo, Yongwei Zhao, Ke Gao, Ruizhi Chen, Yanjun Wu, Zhao Chen, Yunji Chen
| Challenge: | Existing LLMs cannot comprehend the complex data flow and computation process of the attention operator and utilize low-level primitive to exploit GPU performance. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-friendly Thinking Language (LLM-TL) that can decouple the generation of high-level optimization logic and low-level implementation on GPU and enhance LLMs’ understanding of attention operator. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outshines existing LLMs on A100, RTX8000, and T4 GPUs, achieving a speed-up of up to 35.16. |
AIR-Bench: Benchmarking Large Audio-Language Models via Generative Comprehension (2024.acl-long)
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Qian Yang, Jin Xu, Wenrui Liu, Yunfei Chu, Ziyue Jiang, Xiaohuan Zhou, Yichong Leng, Yuanjun Lv, Zhou Zhao, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for audio-centric interaction have impeded advancements in this field . AIR-Bench evaluates LALMs' ability to understand audio signals and interact with humans . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the ability of large audio-language models to understand audio signals . they use 19 tasks with approximately 19k single-choice questions to examine single-task ability . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework evaluates the ability of large audio-language models to understand audio signals and interact with humans in the textual format. |
TransFace: Unit-Based Audio-Visual Speech Synthesizer for Talking Head Translation (2024.findings-acl)
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Xize Cheng, Rongjie Huang, Linjun Li, Zehan Wang, Tao Jin, Aoxiong Yin, Chen Feiyang, Xinyu Duan, Baoxing Huai, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods for talking head translation rely on cascading, resulting in delays and cascadic errors. |
| Approach: | They propose a model for talking head translation, TransFace, which can translate audio-visual speech into audio-visual speech in other languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can translate audio-visual speech into audio-visual speech in other languages. |
Document Image Machine Translation with Dynamic Multi-pre-trained Models Assembling (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing TIMT tasks focus on text-line-level images. |
| Approach: | They propose to extend the existing TIMT task and introduce a new framework to translate a source document image to markdown-formatted target translation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task aims to translate a source document image with long context and complex layout structure to markdown-formatted target translation. |
Towards Effective and Efficient Continual Pre-training of Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Jie Chen, Zhipeng Chen, Jiapeng Wang, Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Jinhao Jiang, Yingqian Min, Xin Zhao, Zhicheng Dou, Jiaxin Mao, Yankai Lin, Ruihua Song, Jun Xu, Xu Chen, Rui Yan, Zhewei Wei, Di Hu, Wenbing Huang, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | Continual pre-training (CPT) has been an important approach for adapting language models to specific domains or tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a Continual pre-training method that can greatly improve Chinese language ability and scientific reasoning ability of LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can greatly improve Chinese language ability and scientific reasoning ability of LLMs. |
Beyond Timestamps: Bridging Forward and Backward Reasoning in Temporal Numerical and Relational Understanding (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for Temporal Numerical and Relational reasoning rely on single-task evaluation paradigms. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate Temporal Numerical and Relational reasoning . they propose QA and verification, and a Consistency Rate to quantify robustness . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework evaluates both Temporal Numerical and Relational reasoning . it measures the alignment between QA and FV and the Consistency Rate measures robustness across these directions. |
Bridging Modality Gap for Effective Multimodal Sentiment Analysis in Fashion-related Social Media (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing sentiment analysis tasks focus on text comprehension, but visual content is important for emotional expression. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal framework that integrates information from various modalities for sentiment classification of fashion posts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing unimodal and multimodal baselines on a comprehensive dataset and significantly outperformed existing unilmodal and multiple modal frameworks. |
Which Reasoning Trajectories Teach Students to Reason Better? A Simple Metric of Informative Alignment (2026.acl-long)
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Yuming Yang, Mingyoung Lai, Wanxu Zhao, Xiaoran Fan, Zhiheng Xi, Mingqi Wu, Chiyue Huang, Jun Zhao, Haijun Lv, Jian Tong, Yunhua Zhou, Yicheng Zou, Qipeng Guo, Tao Gui, Qi Zhang, Xuanjing Huang
| Challenge: | Existing methods assess suitability primarily through student likelihood, favoring trajectories that align closely with the student model’s current behavior but overlooking more informative ones. |
| Approach: | They propose a Rank–Surprisal Ratio metric that captures both alignment and informativeness to assess the suitability of a reasoning trajectory. |
| Outcome: | The proposed metric captures both alignment and informativeness to assess the suitability of a reasoning trajectory. |
A Fine-grained Chinese Software Privacy Policy Dataset for Sequence Labeling and Regulation Compliant Identification (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets that ignore law requirements are limited to English. |
| Approach: | They construct a Chinese privacy policy dataset that can be used to analyze software privacy policies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes 483 Chinese Android privacy policies, over 11K sentences, and 52K fine-grained annotations. |
WPO: Enhancing RLHF with Weighted Preference Optimization (2024.emnlp-main)
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Wenxuan Zhou, Ravi Agrawal, Shujian Zhang, Sathish Reddy Indurthi, Sanqiang Zhao, Kaiqiang Song, Silei Xu, Chenguang Zhu
| Challenge: | Off-policy preference optimization suffers from a distributional gap between the policy used for data collection and the target policy, leading to suboptimal optimization. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to simulate on-policy learning with off-police preference data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) by up to 5.6% on Alpaca Eval 2 and MT-bench. |
Superfiltering: Weak-to-Strong Data Filtering for Fast Instruction-Tuning (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Earlier studies of instruction tuning on Large Language Models focus on creating large, varied, and high-quality datasets with responses curated by human experts. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a smaller and weaker model to fine tune a larger and stronger model . they find it can largely speed up the data filtering and improve performance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can filter instruction data faster and better on benchmarks. |
DecorateLM: Data Engineering through Corpus Rating, Tagging, and Editing with Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Ranchi Zhao, Zhen Thai, Yifan Zhang, Shengding Hu, Jie Zhou, Yunqi Ba, Jie Cai, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on vast datasets composed of billions of tokens harvested from diverse text sources. |
| Approach: | They propose a data engineering method to refine the pretraining corpus through data rating, tagging and editing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the quality of the pretraining corpus by enhancing 100 billion tokens of the training corpus. |
MELOV: Multimodal Entity Linking with Optimized Visual Features in Latent Space (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to multimodal entity linking focus on textual contexts but lack in social media vision modality. |
| Approach: | They propose a latent space vision feature optimization framework MELOV to address these challenges . they exploit variational autoencoder to mine shared information and generate text-based visual features . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is superior to existing methods on three benchmark datasets. |
Rethinking the Multimodal Correlation of Multimodal Sequential Learning via Generalizable Attentional Results Alignment (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have focused on the alignment of multimodal sequential learning using transformers. |
| Approach: | They propose a constrained scheme to align the multiple attentional results from both local and global perspectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed scheme could align the multiple attentional results from both local and global perspectives, making the information capture more efficient. |
Enhancing Multimodal Unified Representations for Cross Modal Generalization (2025.findings-acl)
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Hai Huang, Yan Xia, Shengpeng Ji, Shulei Wang, Hanting Wang, Minghui Fang, Jieming Zhu, Zhenhua Dong, Sashuai Zhou, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing studies on discrete unified representations overlook important distinctions between different dimensions of features. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a codebook to optimize unified representations from pretraining and fine- and coarse-grained disentangling to optimize the representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods improve the interpretability of multimodal unified representations . they use training-free optimization of codebook and fine and coarse cross-modal disentangling . |
On Evaluating the Integration of Reasoning and Action in LLM Agents with Database Question Answering (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | a new study evaluates how Large Language Models interact with a SQL interpreter . the model is limited in context and is stochastic, making it less suited for tasks requiring high precision and extensive computations. |
| Approach: | They propose and evaluate two interaction strategies to evaluate how LLMs interact with a SQL interpreter. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the accuracy and reliability of the evaluations. |
LIMIT-BERT : Linguistics Informed Multi-Task BERT (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing language models are usually trained on large amounts of unlabeled text data. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task language representations learning framework for multi-linguistics tasks by Multi-Task Learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the baseline Whole Word Masking BERT on both dependency and constituent syntactic/semantic parsing, GLUE benchmark, and SNLI task. |
Fine-grained Artificial Neurons in Audio-transformers for Disentangling Neural Auditory Encoding (2023.findings-acl)
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Mengyue Zhou, Xu Liu, David Liu, Zihao Wu, Zhengliang Liu, Lin Zhao, Dajiang Zhu, Lei Guo, Junwei Han, Tianming Liu, Xintao Hu
| Challenge: | Existing studies treat each transformer encoding layer as a single artificial neuron . layer-level embeddings aggregate multiple types of contextual attention captured by multiple head modules . |
| Approach: | They propose to embed each transformer encoding layer as a single artificial neuron . they propose to couple those ANs with their biological-neuron counterparts in the human brain . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models can be used to link representations to brain activity, the authors say . their results show that the proposed models carry meaningful neurolinguistic information . |
Continual Pre-training of Language Models for Math Problem Understanding with Syntax-Aware Memory Network (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a fundamental challenge in modeling math problems is how to fuse semantics of textual description and formulas. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to continually pre-train language models for improving understanding of math problems with syntax-aware memory networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms competitive baselines on four math tasks. |
Versatile Framework for Song Generation with Prompt-based Control (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Yu Zhang, Wenxiang Guo, Changhao Pan, Zhiyuan Zhu, Ruiqi Li, Jingyu Lu, Rongjie Huang, Ruiyuan Zhang, Zhiqing Hong, Ziyue Jiang, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods for song generation fail to generate vocals with prompt-based control and proper alignment. |
| Approach: | VersBand is a multi-task song generation framework for synthesizing high-quality songs with prompt-based control. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that VersBand performs better than baseline models across multiple song generation tasks. |
Clues Before Answers: Generation-Enhanced Multiple-Choice QA (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Multiple-choice question answering (MCQA) uses text-to-text framework . but, there is an under-utilization of the decoder and knowledge that can be decoded . |
| Approach: | They propose a generative multiple-choice question answering model which generates a clue from the question and leverages it to enhance a reader for MCQA. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms text-to-text models on multiple MCQA datasets. |
VoxMind: An End-to-End Agentic Spoken Dialogue System (2026.acl-long)
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Tianle Liang, Yifu Chen, Shengpeng Ji, Yijun Chen, Zhiyang Jia, Jingyu Lu, Fan Zhuo, Xueyi Pu, Yangzhuo Li, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing research on end-to-end spoken dialogue models has focused on core perception and generation, with limited exploration of tool-augmented extensions. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to equip end-to-end spoken dialogue models with comprehensive agentic abilities by leveraging a 470-hour AgentChat dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms Gemini-2.5-Pro on spoken agent tasks while maintaining general conversational quality. |
ViT-TTS: Visual Text-to-Speech with Scalable Diffusion Transformer (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Text-to-speech (TTS) performance has improved with the advent of denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models . however, perceived quality of audio depends on content, pitch, rhythm, and energy . |
| Approach: | They propose a visual TTS model with scalable diffusion transformers that complement phoneme sequences with visual information to generate high-perceived audio. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models regardless of visibility of the scene . it can generate high-perceived audio, opening up new avenues for AR and VR applications . |
Bias Fitting to Mitigate Length Bias of Reward Model in RLHF (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to tackling length bias are limited by their complexity or lack of a linear length-reward relation. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that learns and corrects underlying bias patterns by fitting a length-reward relationship into a reward model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves length-controlled win rate and reduces verbosity without compromising performance. |
TCSinger 2: Customizable Multilingual Zero-shot Singing Voice Synthesis (2025.findings-acl)
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Yu Zhang, Wenxiang Guo, Changhao Pan, Dongyu Yao, Zhiyuan Zhu, Ziyue Jiang, Yuhan Wang, Tao Jin, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot singing voice synthesis models depend on phoneme and note boundary annotations, limiting their robustness and producing poor transitions between phonemes and notes. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task multilingual zero-shot SVS model with style transfer and style control based on various prompts. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that TCSinger 2 outperforms baseline models in subjective and objective metrics across multiple related tasks. |
FluentSpeech: Stutter-Oriented Automatic Speech Editing with Context-Aware Diffusion Models (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for speech editing still suffer from over-smoothing problem and lack of robustness due to stutter. |
| Approach: | They propose a stutter-oriented automatic speech editing model that incorporates sutter information into the hidden sequence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on a speech recording dataset . it can improve fluency of stuttering speech in terms of objective and subjective metrics. |
MarkLLM: An Open-Source Toolkit for LLM Watermarking (2024.emnlp-demo)
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Leyi Pan, Aiwei Liu, Zhiwei He, Zitian Gao, Xuandong Zhao, Yijian Lu, Binglin Zhou, Shuliang Liu, Xuming Hu, Lijie Wen, Irwin King, Philip Yu
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) embed imperceptible yet algorithmically detectable signals in outputs to identify LLM-generated text. |
| Approach: | They propose to develop an open-source toolkit for LLM watermarking that embeds imperceptible yet algorithmically detectable signals in model outputs to identify LLM-generated text. |
| Outcome: | MarkLLM provides a unified framework for implementing LLM watermarking algorithms, while providing user-friendly interfaces to ensure ease of access. |
Struc-Bench: Are Large Language Models Good at Generating Complex Structured Tabular Data? (2024.naacl-short)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced capabilities but produce complex structured data. |
| Approach: | They propose a structure-aware fine-tuning method to bolster LLMs' performance by crafting format-specific instructions from the intended outputs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms LLMs on all three formats and spans text tables, HTML, and LaTeX formats. |
ControlSpeech: Towards Simultaneous and Independent Zero-shot Speaker Cloning and Zero-shot Language Style Control (2025.acl-long)
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Shengpeng Ji, Qian Chen, Wen Wang, Jialong Zuo, Minghui Fang, Ziyue Jiang, Hai Huang, Zehan Wang, Xize Cheng, Siqi Zheng, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Prior zero-shot TTS models only mimic the speaker’s voice without further control and adjustment capabilities while prior controllable TTS systems cannot perform speaker-specific voice generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a style control module that captures codec representations corresponding to timbre, content, and style in a discrete decoupling codec space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can fully clone the speaker's voice and perform speech-specific adjustment and control functions. |
MPBench: A Comprehensive Multimodal Reasoning Benchmark for Process Errors Identification (2025.findings-acl)
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xu Zhao Pan, Pengfei Zhou, Jiaxin Ai, Wangbo Zhao, Kai Wang, Xiaojiang Peng, Wenqi Shao, Hongxun Yao, Kaipeng Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks of large language models focus on error detection, neglecting other scenarios like reasoning search. |
| Approach: | et al. propose a multi-task, multimodal benchmark to assess effectiveness of PRMs . step correctness, answers aggregation and reasoning process search are evaluated . ethical principles of MPBench are based on a set of evaluation paradigms based in a text-based benchmark . |
| Outcome: | a new benchmark assesses the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) in multiple scenarios . it uses three evaluation paradigms to assess the effectiveness and compares them with existing models . a the proposed model improves reasoning accuracy by providing stepwise feedback for multi-step reasoning results . |
Can LLMs Act as Historians? Evaluating Historical Research Capabilities of LLMs via the Chinese Imperial Examination (2026.acl-long)
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Lirong Gao, Zeqing Wang, Yuyan Cai, Jiayi Deng, Yanmei Gu, Yiming Zhang, Jia Zhou, Yanfei Zhang, Junbo Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks assess basic knowledge breadth or lexical understanding, failing to capture higher-order skills that are central to historical research. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark anchored in the Chinese Imperial Examination system that assesses historical knowledge and lexical understanding. |
| Outcome: | The new benchmark aims to assess the ability of LLMs to process historical materials and documents. |
DiTReducio: A Training-Free Acceleration for DiT-Based TTS via Progressive Calibration (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing training-free acceleration approaches for text-to-speech models are constrained by training costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free acceleration framework that compresses computations in DiT-based TTS models . they propose Temporal Skipping and Branch Skipping to eliminate redundant computations . |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that the proposed framework reduces FLOPs and improves RTF by 37.1%. |
EmotionTalk: An Interactive Chinese Multimodal Emotion Dataset With Rich Annotations (2026.findings-acl)
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Haoqin Sun, Jinghua Zhao, Xuechen Wang, Shiwan Zhao, Jiaming Zhou, Hui Wang, Xi Yang, Yequan Wang, Yonghua Lin
| Challenge: | Existing datasets face issues such as low quality, limited scale, and incomplete modalities, hindering model performance. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Chinese multimodal datasets to capture authentic emotional interplay from 19 professional actors. |
| Outcome: | The EmotionTalk dataset spans 23.6 hours of dyadic conversations across diverse scenarios. |
Fin-STAR: Structure-as-Semantics to Resolve Implicitness in Financial Retrieval (2026.findings-acl)
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Yu Zou, Yan Chen, Lida He, Qi Zhou, Xiaorui Zhou, Aixi Zhong, Yi Wang, Wei Li, Qingyu Wang, Jiatao Li, Wei Gong, Jialei Zeng, Jingmei Zhao, Ke Jiang, Qing Li
| Challenge: | Existing Retrieval-Augmented Generation systems treat structure as a physical navigational skeleton rather than intrinsic semantic knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that redefining hierarchy as intrinsic semantics and uses snippets to enrich hierarchical lineage. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art hierarchical and graph-based benchmarks on FinTierQA Gold. |
Examining Gender Bias in Languages with Grammatical Gender (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on gender bias in word embeddings focus on English . however, these studies cannot be extended to languages with morphological agreement on gender . |
| Approach: | They propose new metrics to evaluate gender bias in word embeddings of English and Spanish . they extend existing approaches to mitigate gender bias while preserving original embeddables . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods reduce gender bias while preserving the original embeddings. |
Impromptu Cybercrime Euphemism Detection (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for detecting euphemisms are ineffective in impromptu euphorism detection . Existing approaches for e-mail detection are limited to word-level ephemismals . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for impromptu euphemism detection that integrates context augmentation and multi-round iterative training to better predict the actual meaning of a masked token. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves 76-fold over the previous state-of-the-art euphemism detector. |
Towards Topic-Guided Conversational Recommender System (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing CRS datasets focus on immediate requests from users, while lack proactive guidance to the recommendation scenario. |
| Approach: | They propose a topic-guided conversational recommendation dataset . it incorporates topic threads to enforce natural semantic transitions towards the recommendation scenario . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach is more reasonable and controllable than previous approaches. |
ICG: Improving Cover Image Generation via MLLM-based Prompting and Personalized Preference Alignment (2025.emnlp-main)
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Zhipeng Bian, Jieming Zhu, Qijiong Liu, Wang Lin, Guohao Cai, Zhaocheng Du, Jiacheng Sun, Zhou Zhao, Zhenhua Dong
| Challenge: | Large language models and diffusion models have opened new possibilities for AI-generated content . personalized cover image generation remains underexplored despite its critical role in boosting user engagement on digital platforms. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates MLLM-based prompting with personalized preference alignment to generate high-quality, contextually relevant covers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves image quality, semantic fidelity, and personalization, leading to stronger user appeal and offline recommendation accuracy in downstream tasks. |
UltraEval: A Lightweight Platform for Flexible and Comprehensive Evaluation for LLMs (2024.acl-demos)
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Shengding Hu, Ranchi Zhao, Jie Zhou, Hanghao Wu, Jiajie Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation platforms are complex and poorly modularized, hindering seamless incorporation into researcher’s workflows. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight evaluation framework characterized by lightweight, comprehensiveness, modularity, and efficiency that integrates models, data, and metrics into a unified evaluation workflow. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework is lightweight, comprehensive, modular, and efficient. |
Multilingual Knowledge Graph Completion with Language-Sensitive Multi-Graph Attention (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to multilingual knowledge graph completion have two drawbacks: alignment dependency and training inefficiency. |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual knowledge graph completion framework with language-sensitive multi-graph attention to predict missing links on all given KGs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on the DBP-5L and E-PKG datasets. |
Fully Hyperbolic Neural Networks (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing hyperbolic neural networks encode features in the hyperbolical space yet formalize most of their operations in the tangent space. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully hyperbolic framework to build hyperbolical networks based on the Lorentz model by adapting Lorentzer transformations to formalize essential operations of neural networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework has better performance on four NLP tasks compared with existing hyperbolic models . |
LAMCL: A Length-aware Momentum Contrastive Learning Framework for Multiscale Machine-Revised Text Detection (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent detection methods struggle to capture fine-grained semantic differences, especially for short texts. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for machine-revised text detection that integrates two modules to enhance discriminative semantic features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing detectors in identifying machine-revised text across diverse practical scenarios, tasks, and LLMs. |
CCIM: Cross-modal Cross-lingual Interactive Image Translation (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing research on text image machine translation (TIMT) lacks recognized source language information resulting in a decrease in translation performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a cross-modal cross-lingual interactive model which incorporates source language information by synchronizing source and target language results. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms end-to-end models and has faster decoding speed with smaller model size than cascade models. |
R-Judge: Benchmarking Safety Risk Awareness for LLM Agents (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Tongxin Yuan, Zhiwei He, Lingzhong Dong, Yiming Wang, Ruijie Zhao, Tian Xia, Lizhen Xu, Binglin Zhou, Fangqi Li, Zhuosheng Zhang, Rui Wang, Gongshen Liu
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have shown compelling abilities in reasoning, decision-making, and instruction following. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the proficiency of large language models (LLMs) in judging and identifying safety risks given agent interaction records. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the best-performing model, GPT-4o, while no other models significantly exceed the random. |
T-REG: Preference Optimization with Token-Level Reward Regularization (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is a dominant approach for large language models to follow instructions and produce meaningful alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that leverages human feedback to optimize large language models . they propose to use sequence-level and token-level rewards to optimize preference . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baseline methods on Alpaca Eval 2 and Arena-Hard benchmarks. |
Uni-Dubbing: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis from Visual Articulation (2024.acl-long)
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Songju Lei, Xize Cheng, Mengjiao Lyu, Jianqiao Hu, Jintao Tan, Runlin Liu, Lingyu Xiong, Tao Jin, Xiandong Li, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Multimodal speech synthesis is a key challenge due to the scarcity of datasets that pair audio with corresponding video. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that incorporates modality alignment during the pre-training phase on multimodal datasets and freezes the video modality extraction component and the encoder module within the pretrained weights. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves a reduced word error rate (WER) of 31.73%, surpassing the previous best of 33.9% with single-modality audio. |
Understanding Large Language Model Vulnerabilities to Social Bias Attacks (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable linguistic capabilities across tasks . however, there is a growing concern about their potential to perpetuate social biases . |
| Approach: | They evaluate LLMs across gender, racial, and religious bias types . they also explore cross-bias and multiple-biases attacks . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models are more susceptible to gender bias attacks than racial or religious biases. |
Better Zero-Shot Reasoning with Role-Play Prompting (2024.naacl-long)
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Aobo Kong, Shiwan Zhao, Hao Chen, Qicheng Li, Yong Qin, Ruiqi Sun, Xin Zhou, Enzhi Wang, Xiaohang Dong
| Challenge: | Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in natural language processing, driven by large language models such as GPT-3, PaLM, and Llama. |
| Approach: | They propose a strategy for role-play prompting and assess its performance under the zero-shot setting. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the standard zero-shot prompting approach across 12 reasoning benchmarks. |
A + B: A General Generator-Reader Framework for Optimizing LLMs to Unleash Synergy Potential (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an effective solution to supplement necessary knowledge to large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a "generate-then-read" pipeline to replace retrieval stage with generation from the LLM itself. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms single models in the base and chat versions and addresses safety and helpfulness post-adaptation challenges. |
Prompt-Singer: Controllable Singing-Voice-Synthesis with Natural Language Prompt (2024.naacl-long)
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Yongqi Wang, Ruofan Hu, Rongjie Huang, Zhiqing Hong, Ruiqi Li, Wenrui Liu, Fuming You, Tao Jin, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Recent singing-voice-synthesis methods lack ability to control style attributes of synthesized singing. |
| Approach: | They propose a singing-voice-synthesis method that enables attribute controlling on singer gender, vocal range and volume with natural language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves favorable control ability and audio quality. |
Joint Geometrical and Statistical Domain Adaptation for Cross-domain Code Vulnerability Detection (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to detect code vulnerability are limited by labeled training data on target domains. |
| Approach: | They propose a cross-domain code vulnerability detection framework called MNCRI . they propose mutual nearest neighbor contrastive learning to align the source and target domains . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods in cross-domain code vulnerability detection tasks. |
RJE: A Retrieval-Judgment-Exploration Framework for Efficient Knowledge Graph Question Answering with LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Knowledge graph question answering (KGQA) aims to answer natural language questions using knowledge graphs. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that retrieves refined reasoning paths and evaluates their sufficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing baselines while enabling small open-source LLMs to achieve competitive results without fine-tuning LLM. |
ChatCoT: Tool-Augmented Chain-of-Thought Reasoning on Chat-based Large Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have excellent performance in evaluation benchmarks, but struggle in complex reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a tool-augmented chain-of-thought reasoning framework for chat-based LLMs . they model chain- of-thoughting reasoning as multi-turn conversations to utilize tools . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can outperform state-of-the-art models on complex reasoning tasks. |
ESCoT: Towards Interpretable Emotional Support Dialogue Systems (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Emotion-focused and strategy-driven chain-of-thought (ESCoT) is a new paradigm for emotional support dialogues. |
| Approach: | They propose an emotional support response generation scheme to improve interpretability . they generate a dataset and develop a model to generate dialogue responses with better interpretability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed scheme can generate dialogue responses with better interpretability. |
TableLLM: Enabling Tabular Data Manipulation by LLMs in Real Office Usage Scenarios (2025.findings-acl)
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Xiaokang Zhang, Sijia Luo, Bohan Zhang, Zeyao Ma, Jing Zhang, Yang Li, Guanlin Li, Zijun Yao, Kangli Xu, Jinchang Zhou, Daniel Zhang-Li, Jifan Yu, Shu Zhao, Juanzi Li, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | TableLLM is a robust large language model capable of handling tabular data manipulation tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a distant supervision method for training which includes a reasoning process extension strategy and a cross-way validation strategy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model has 8 billion parameters and is capable of handling tabular data tasks. |
RoR: Read-over-Read for Long Document Machine Reading Comprehension (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for machine reading comprehension are limited to individual chunks due to encoding length constraint. |
| Approach: | They propose a read-over-read method that expands the reading field from chunk to document by predicting regional answers for each chunk. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on QuAC and TriviaQA show that the proposed model performs well for long document reading. |
FinDABench: Benchmarking Financial Data Analysis Ability of Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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Shu Liu, Shangqing Zhao, Chenghao Jia, Xinlin Zhuang, Zhaoguang Long, Jie Zhou, Aimin Zhou, Man Lan, Yang Chong
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, but their proficiency and reliability in the specialized domain of financial data analysis remain uncertain. |
| Approach: | FinDABench is a benchmark designed to evaluate the financial data analysis capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) it comprises 15,200 training instances and 8,900 test instances, all meticulously crafted by human experts. |
| Outcome: | FinDABench measures the financial data analysis capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across three dimensions: 1) Core Ability; 2) Analytical Ability; 3) Technical Ability. |
From Mimicking to Integrating: Knowledge Integration for Pre-Trained Language Models (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for natural language processing (NLP) are fine-tuned and released for research and deployments. |
| Approach: | They propose a PLM reuse paradigm that merges teacher-PLM knowledge into a student model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed paradigm can reduce the computational cost and environmental side-effects of retraining the PLM from scratch. |
Dual Encoder: Exploiting the Potential of Syntactic and Semantic for Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Aspect Sentiment Triple Extraction (ASTE) is an advanced natural language processing task. |
| Approach: | They propose a Dual Encoder: Exploiting the potential of Syntactic and Semantic model which maximizes syntactical and semantic relationships among words. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses the current state-of-the-art on public benchmarks and shows that it is highly efficient. |
OPERA: Operation-Pivoted Discrete Reasoning over Text (2022.naacl-main)
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Yongwei Zhou, Junwei Bao, Chaoqun Duan, Haipeng Sun, Jiahui Liang, Yifan Wang, Jing Zhao, Youzheng Wu, Xiaodong He, Tiejun Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods to predict logical forms ignore the utilization of symbolic operations and lack reasoning ability and interpretability. |
| Approach: | They propose an operation-pivoted discrete reasoning framework that uses symbolic operations as neural modules to facilitate reasoning ability and interpretability. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on DROP and RACENum datasets show the reasoning ability of OPERA. |
Treble Counterfactual VLMs: A Causal Approach to Hallucination (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies link hallucination to data or representation biases, but their causal origins remain unclear. |
| Approach: | They propose a causal framework to analyze and mitigate hallucination in vision-language models by using counterfactual analysis to estimate the Natural Direct Effect (NDE) of each modality and their interaction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly reduces hallucination while preserving task performance while retaining reliability. |
Ambiguity Awareness Optimization: Towards Semantic Disambiguation for Direct Preference Optimization (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a widely used reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) method across various domains. |
| Approach: | They propose an approach that automatically re-weights ambiguous content to reduce ambiguities by calculating semantic similarity from preference pairs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in performance across multiple model scales and widely adopted benchmark datasets. |
Automatic ICD Coding via Interactive Shared Representation Networks with Self-distillation Mechanism (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for ICD coding ignore the long-tail of code frequency or noisy clinical notes. |
| Approach: | They propose to use an interactive shared representation network to model code co-occurrences while focusing on the clinical note's noteworthy part and extract valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism to solve the long-tail problem. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces the long-tail of code frequency and noise in clinical notes and extracts valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism. |
RecBase: Generative Foundation Model Pretraining for Zero-Shot Recommendation (2025.emnlp-main)
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Sashuai Zhou, Weinan Gan, Qijiong Liu, Ke Lei, Jieming Zhu, Hai Huang, Yan Xia, Ruiming Tang, Zhenhua Dong, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods for addressing item-level user interests are lacking in cross-domain generalization . RecBase model is domain-agnostic and can be used to enhance recommender systems' effectiveness . |
| Approach: | They propose a domain-agnostic foundational model pretrained with a recommendation-oriented objective that leverages a large-scale, heterogeneous, cross-domain corpus with unified textual representations and feature mappings to enhance cross- domain generalization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model matches or surpasses baselines in zero-shot and cross-domain recommendation tasks on eight real-world datasets. |
Born a BabyNet with Hierarchical Parental Supervision for End-to-End Text Image Machine Translation (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing research on text image machine translation (TIMT) is divided into two types: Cascade methods combine text image recognition and MT models to recognize source language text images. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which is optimized with hierarchical parental supervision to improve translation performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms existing methods on synthetic and real-world tests on both synthetic and realistic images. |
“Is Whole Word Masking Always Better for Chinese BERT?”: Probing on Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | a Chinese model with whole word masking has no subword because each token is an atomic character. |
| Approach: | They propose to use whole word masking to mask all subwords corresponding to a word at once . they ask models to revise or insert tokens in a masked language modeling manner . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better when one character is inserted or replaced . the model trained with standard character-level masking performs best when one token is masked . |
Improving MLLM’s Document Image Machine Translation via Synchronously Self-reviewing Its OCR Proficiency (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown strong performance in document image tasks, especially Optical Character Recognition (OCR). However, they struggle with Document Image Machine Translation (DIMT), which requires handling both cross-modal and cross-lingual challenges. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel fine-tuning paradigm that allows the model to generate OCR text before producing translation text, which allows it to leverage its strong monolingual OCR ability while learning to translate text across languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can leverage its strong monolingual OCR ability while learning to translate text across languages. |
DopplerBAS: Binaural Audio Synthesis Addressing Doppler Effect (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for binaural audio synthesis are limited in phase estimation, which is crucial for spatial hearing. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to explicitly address the Doppler effect of the moving speaker . it calculates the radial relative velocity of the speaker in spherical coordinates . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the representative WarpNet and BinauralGrad backbones in phase error metric and reaches a new state of the art (SOTA) it is compared with the current method which is limited in phase estimation . |
Source Critical Reinforcement Learning for Transferring Spoken Language Understanding to a New Language (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | a study aims to develop a language transferring system to avoid the trouble of acquiring and labeling a new big SLU corpus . general-purpose translators cannot handle the lot of semantic labels, not to mention cultural differences . a RL-based language transfer method can be used to adapt the adapted translator to a target language . |
| Approach: | They propose to use reinforcement learning to adapt a spoken language understanding model to a target language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed language transferring method improves domain classification accuracy by 22% compared with naive translation . the proposed language transfer method can be used on Chinese to English translators with more proper slot tags . |
EngiBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Engineering Problem Solving (2026.findings-acl)
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Xiyuan Zhou, Xinlei Wang, Yirui He, Ruixi Zou, Yang Wu, Yuheng Cheng, Yulu Xie, Wenxuan Liu, Huan Zhao, Yan Xu, Jinjin Gu, Junhua Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on well-defined or abstract reasoning and fail to capture real-world engineering problems. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical benchmark to evaluate large language models on engineering problems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs well under well-defined conditions and is based on three levels of difficulty and covers diverse engineering subfields. |
CLAPSpeech: Learning Prosody from Text Context with Contrastive Language-Audio Pre-Training (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for expressive text-to-speech only implicitly learn prosody with masked token reconstruction tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a cross-modal contrastive pre-training framework that learns from prosody variance of the same text token under different contexts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can learn from prosody variance of a text token under different contexts. |
DTELS: Towards Dynamic Granularity of Timeline Summarization (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing timeline summarizations lack flexibility to meet diverse granularity needs . a fine-grained timeline showing the technical details is preferred for news topics . |
| Approach: | They propose a new paradigm to construct adaptive timelines based on user instructions or requirements. |
| Outcome: | The proposed timelines are informative and granularly consistent, but they struggle to generate consistent timelines. |
Scene-robust Natural Language Video Localization via Learning Domain-invariant Representations (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have focused on improving performance with the assumption of independently identical data distribution while ignoring out-of-distribution data. |
| Approach: | They propose a scene-robust NLVL problem and a generalizable framework to learn a robust model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model learns generalizable domain-invariant representations by alignment and decomposition. |
Takin-VC: Expressive Zero-Shot Voice Conversion via Adaptive Hybrid Content Encoding and Enhanced Timbre Modeling (2025.acl-long)
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Yang Yuguang, Yu Pan, Jixun Yao, Xiang Zhang, Jianhao Ye, Hongbin Zhou, Lei Xie, Lei Ma, Jianjun Zhao
| Challenge: | Expressive zero-shot voice conversion (VC) aims to modify source timbre to match unseen speaker . existing zero- shot VC systems struggle to reproduce paralinguistic information in highly expressive speech . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for expressive zero-shot voice conversion that uses hybrid content encoding and memory-augmented context-aware timbre modeling. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses state-of-the-art VC systems in speech naturalness, speaker similarity, and speaker similarness. |
From Signal Degradation to Computation Collapse: Uncovering the Two Failure Modes of LLM Quantization (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing research on PTQ spans three primary directions. |
| Approach: | They conduct a systematic analysis of post-training quantization failures using PTQ . they show that targeted repair can mitigate Signal Degradation but remains ineffective for Computation Collapse . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method mitigates Signal Degradation but remains ineffective for Computation Collapse. |
Towards Explainable Diagnosis: A Self-learned Explanatory Knowledge Base Approach (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have great potential to facilitate explainable diagnosis, but their effectiveness is often constrained by insufficient diagnostic expertise. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified LLM-based framework for faithful and explainable diagnosis that builds a high-quality diagnostic knowledge base through a record-driven explanation learning paradigm. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines on the DiReCT and JAMA benchmarks and improves the explanation completeness metric from 64.5% to 76.9% over the best existing methods. |
Multi-modal Action Chain Abductive Reasoning (2023.acl-long)
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Mengze Li, Tianbao Wang, Jiahe Xu, Kairong Han, Shengyu Zhang, Zhou Zhao, Jiaxu Miao, Wenqiao Zhang, Shiliang Pu, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Existing models for Abductive Reasoning are limited in their ability to infer the most plausible explanation of incomplete known phenomena. |
| Approach: | They propose a vision-language task that aims to imagine the most plausible event by spatio-temporal grounding in past video and infer the hypothesis of subsequent action chain layer by layer. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing video-language models in terms of effectiveness on the proposed dataset. |
Task-Stratified Knowledge Scaling Laws for Post-Training Quantized Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing scaling laws focus on general performance, overlooking crucial fine-grained factors and how quantization differentially impacts diverse knowledge capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that unifies model size, bit-width, and fine-grained factors into memorization, application, and reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows strong fit and cross-architecture consistency on 293 different PTQ configurations. |
Self-Supervised Singing Voice Pre-Training towards Speech-to-Singing Conversion (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on speech-to-singing voice conversion (STS) are limited by the scarcity of paired speech-song data and the suboptimal quality of outputs. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-supervised singing voice pre-training model that transforms a speech-to-singing voice into a paired singing voice. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves both STS and singing voice synthesis tasks by combining spoken language and a self-supervised singing voice pre-training model. |
A Relation-Oriented Clustering Method for Open Relation Extraction (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for open relation extraction (OpenRE) are designed for predefined relations, which cannot deal with new emerging relations in the real world. |
| Approach: | They propose a relation-oriented clustering model that leverages readily available labeled data to learn a relationship-oriented representation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces error rate by 29.2% and 15.7% on two datasets compared with current SOTA methods. |
3DRP-Net: 3D Relative Position-aware Network for 3D Visual Grounding (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | 3D visual grounding aims to localize the desired objects in a 3D point cloud by a free-form language description. |
| Approach: | They propose a relation-aware framework which captures relative spatial relationships between objects and enhances object attributes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods on three benchmarks . it captures relative spatial relationships between objects and enhances object attributes . |
Semantics and Sentiment: Cross-lingual Variations in Emoji Use (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | emojis have been used in social media for a decade but have been inconsistently used in contexts and in isolation. |
| Approach: | They develop a corpus containing literal meanings for emojis defined by L1 speakers in three languages to assess their e-mail sentiments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows that emoji semantics differ across languages and how it interacts with sentiment in e-mails. |
LLMBox: A Comprehensive Library for Large Language Models (2024.acl-demos)
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Tianyi Tang, Hu Yiwen, Bingqian Li, Wenyang Luo, ZiJing Qin, Haoxiang Sun, Jiapeng Wang, Shiyi Xu, Xiaoxue Cheng, Geyang Guo, Han Peng, Bowen Zheng, Yiru Tang, Yingqian Min, Yushuo Chen, Jie Chen, Ranchi Zhao, Luran Ding, Yuhao Wang, Zican Dong, Xia Chunxuan, Junyi Li, Kun Zhou, Xin Zhao, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | a library to facilitate the development, use, and evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is presented. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified library to facilitate the development, use and evaluation of large language models (LLMs). |
| Outcome: | The proposed library is based on extensive experiments in a variety of evaluation settings. |
Incentivizing Parametric Knowledge via Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards for Cross-Cultural Entity Translation (2026.acl-long)
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Jiang Zhou, Xiaohu Zhao, Xinwei Wu, Tianyu Dong, Hao Wang, Yangyang Liu, Heng Liu, Linlong Xu, Longyue Wang, Weihua Luo, Deyi Xiong
| Challenge: | Current systems often fall short of this goal in settings where translation hinges on culturally grounded entities such as books, films, places, songs and idioms. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that anchors supervision on a verifiable, entity-level reward signal and incorporates lightweight structural gates to stabilize optimization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on XC-Translate and shows that it can learn a robust reasoning process rather than imitating reference translations. |
A Critical Analysis of Document Out-of-Distribution Detection (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Jiuxiang Gu, Yifei Ming, Yi Zhou, Jason Kuen, Vlad Morariu, Handong Zhao, Ruiyi Zhang, Nikolaos Barmpalios, Anqi Liu, Yixuan Li, Tong Sun, Ani Nenkova
| Challenge: | Existing document understanding models focus on single-modal inputs such as images or texts. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a spatial-aware adapter to adapt transformer-based language models to document domain to exploit multi-modal information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly improves the OOD detection performance compared to using a standard language model and to competitive baselines. |
Learning the Beauty in Songs: Neural Singing Voice Beautifier (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing techniques for pitch correction are limited to intonation but ignore the overall aesthetic quality. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel time-warping approach for pitch correction to synchronize the amateur recording with the template pitch curve. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves intonation and vocal tone while keeping content and vocal timbre. |
MessToClean: Evidence-Grounded Structure-Preserving Reconstruction for Real-World Degraded Exam Paper Images (2026.acl-long)
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Jiayi Tuo, Cheng Tang, Zihan Wang, Chenyue Zhou, Yao Li, Yanbiao Ma, Chao Wang, Wei Dai, Mingxuan Wang, Shitong Qin, Ziwei Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) fail under RDEI, leading to disrupted structure and evidence-unsupported hallucinations. |
| Approach: | They propose a backbone-agnostic, evidence-driven pipeline that treats off-the-shelf MLLMs as interchangeable components to improve stem consistency and figure consistency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline improves stem consistency by 1.01-3.18%, figure consistency by 0.50-49.16%, and refusal F1 by 1.06-10.88% across question types. |
Neural Document Summarization by Jointly Learning to Score and Select Sentences (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Sentence scoring and sentence selection are two main steps in extractive document summarization systems. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end neural network framework for extractive document summarization by jointly learning to score and select sentences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art summarization models on the CNN/Daily Mail dataset. |
InteractSpeech: A Speech Dialogue Interaction Corpus for Spoken Dialogue Model (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Spoken Dialogue models face challenges in handling nuanced interactional phenomena, such as interruptions and backchannels. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a 150-hour English speech interaction dialogue dataset to empower spoken dialogue models with nuanced real-time interaction capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset trains and evaluates a speech understanding model that classifies key interactional events directly from audio. |
Learning to Collaborate for Question Answering and Asking (N18-1)
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| Challenge: | Question answering (QA) and question generation (QG) are closely related tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a training algorithm that generalizes both Generative Adversarial Network and Generating Domain-Adaptive Nets under the question answering scenario. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training algorithm generalizes both Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and Generating Domain-Adaptive Nets (GDAN) under the question answering scenario. |
POINTS-Reader: Distillation-Free Adaptation of Vision-Language Models for Document Conversion (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yuan Liu, Zhongyin Zhao, Le Tian, Haicheng Wang, Xubing Ye, Yangxiu You, Zilin Yu, Chuhan Wu, Zhou Xiao, Yang Yu, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to training document conversion models with manual annotation are costly and time-consuming, and training student models by distilling outputs from teacher models can significantly limit their performance in real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully automated framework for constructing high-quality document extraction datasets and models capable of handling diverse document formats and layouts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models and improves on annotated documents. |
From Chaotic OCR Words to Coherent Document: A Fine-to-Coarse Zoom-Out Network for Complex-Layout Document Image Translation (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Document Image Translation (DIT) aims to translate documents in images from one language to another. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel end-to-end network called Zoom-out DIT to improve document translation by combining word positioning, sentence recognition and document organization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed network improves word positioning, sentence recognition and document organization, and improves translation quality. |
“The Boating Store Had Its Best Sail Ever”: Pronunciation-attentive Contextualized Pun Recognition (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Identifying and modeling puns is challenging as they involve implicit semantic or phonological tricks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to detect puns in a sentence and then locate them in it . they propose to capture phonetic associations between the context and phonetic symbols . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in pun detection and location tasks. |
SARA: Unlocking Multilingual Knowledge in Mixture-of-Experts via Semantically Anchored Routing Alignment (2026.findings-acl)
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Tianyu Dong, Yangyang Liu, Jiang Zhou, Xinwei Wu, Xiaohu Zhao, Hao Wang, Heng Liu, Linlong Xu, Longyue Wang, Weihua Luo, Shaolin Zhu, Deyi Xiong
| Challenge: | Low-resource language tokens are often routed to different experts than those activated by high-resourced inputs, which hinders their efficacy in multilingual contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to transfer specialized capabilities from high-resource languages as anchors to low-resourced languages by using a symmetric Jensen-Shannon constraint. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms standard instruction tuning on 5 low-resource languages and 3 benchmarks. |
OS Agents: A Survey on MLLM-based Agents for Computer, Phone and Browser Use (2025.acl-long)
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Xueyu Hu, Tao Xiong, Biao Yi, Zishu Wei, Ruixuan Xiao, Yurun Chen, Jiasheng Ye, Meiling Tao, Xiangxin Zhou, Ziyu Zhao, Yuhuai Li, Shengze Xu, Shenzhi Wang, Xinchen Xu, Shuofei Qiao, Zhaokai Wang, Kun Kuang, Tieyong Zeng, Liang Wang, Jiwei Li, Yuchen Eleanor Jiang, Wangchunshu Zhou, Guoyin Wang, Keting Yin, Zhou Zhao, Hongxia Yang, Fan Wu, Shengyu Zhang, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | a new generation of (M)LLMs is enabling the creation of superintelligent AI assistants . OS Agents can complete tasks autonomously and have the potential to significantly enhance the lives of billions of users worldwide. |
| Approach: | They propose to build OS Agents that operate within operating systems' GUIs and GUIs . they examine evaluation metrics and benchmarks to identify promising directions . |
| Outcome: | The proposed agents are based on operating systems (OS) and operating systems frameworks. |
MoSLD: An Extremely Parameter-Efficient Mixture-of-Shared LoRAs for Multi-Task Learning (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | LoRA is a key technique for fine-tuning large pre-trained models, yet its performance in multi-task learning scenarios often falls short. |
| Approach: | They propose a mixture-of-shared-LoRAs model with a dropout strategy . they propose to share the upper projection matrix among different experts . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model exhibits excellent performance in both single-task and multi-task scenarios with robust out-of-domain generalization capabilities. |
Exploring the Choice Behavior of Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being adopted across various domains where they help to make choices. |
| Approach: | They construct a virtual QA platform that includes three different experimental conditions, with four models from GPT and Llama series participating in repeated experiments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model includes three experimental conditions and four models from GPT and Llama series. |
Making RALM Robust to Irrelevant Contexts via Layer Knowledge Guided Attention (2025.findings-acl)
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Weijie Shi, Hao Chen, Jiaming Li, Yao Zhao, Yazhong Zhang, Qijin Chen, Jipeng Zhang, Ruiyuan Zhang, Jia Zhu, Jiajie Xu, Xiaofang Zhou
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) face factual hallucination and knowledge obsolescence when tackling knowledge-intensive tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a layer-knowledge guided attention method which harnesses the layer-wise knowledge of large language models to optimize per-layer attention on useful passages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods on RALM benchmarks. |
AV-TranSpeech: Audio-Visual Robust Speech-to-Speech Translation (2023.acl-long)
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Rongjie Huang, Huadai Liu, Xize Cheng, Yi Ren, Linjun Li, Zhenhui Ye, Jinzheng He, Lichao Zhang, Jinglin Liu, Xiang Yin, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing models for speech-to-speech translation suffer from distinct degradation in noisy environments and fail to translate visual speech. |
| Approach: | They propose a text-based audio-visual speech-to-speech translation model that integrates visual information with audio-only data to improve system robustness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms models trained on audio-only corpus in two languages . it also improves with low-resource audio-visual data, compared with baselines . |
ReasoningLM: Enabling Structural Subgraph Reasoning in Pre-trained Language Models for Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Question Answering over Knowledge Graph (KGQA) aims to find answer entities for natural language questions based on knowledge graphs. |
| Approach: | They propose a subgraph-aware self-attention mechanism to imitate the graph neural network (GNN) based module to perform multi-hop reasoning on KG. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method surpasses state-of-the-art models by a large margin even with fewer updated parameters and less training data. |
Learning Relation Alignment for Calibrated Cross-modal Retrieval (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | despite advances in multimodal pre-training, cross-modal retrieval remains challenging . lack of relation consistency impairs contextualized representation of image-text pairs . |
| Approach: | They propose a new metric to quantify the relation consistency by measuring the semantic distance between linguistic and visual relations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method boosts the performance of prevailing models on Flickr30k and MS COCO datasets by a considerable margin. |
WavAlign: Enhancing Intelligence and Expressiveness in Spoken Dialogue Models via Adaptive Hybrid Post-Training (2026.findings-acl)
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Yifu Chen, Shengpeng Ji, Qian Chen, Tianle Liang, Yangzhuo Li, Ziqing Wang, Wen Wang, Jingyu Lu, Haoxiao Wang, Xueyi Pu, Fan Zhuo, Zhou Zhao
| Challenge: | End-to-end spoken dialogue models have higher potential ceiling in expressiveness and perceptual ability than cascaded systems. |
| Approach: | They propose a modality-aware adaptive post-training recipe that constrains preference updates to the semantic channel and improves acoustic behavior via explicit anchoring. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves speech quality and expressiveness across spoken dialogue benchmarks and architectures. |
What Makes for Good Visual Instructions? Synthesizing Complex Visual Reasoning Instructions for Visual Instruction Tuning (2025.coling-main)
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Yifan Du, Hangyu Guo, Kun Zhou, Wayne Xin Zhao, Jinpeng Wang, Chuyuan Wang, Mingchen Cai, Ruihua Song, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that visual instruction tuning improves performance of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to extend the application scope of Large Language Modells, a surge of work augments LLMs with vision encoders to endow the ability of multi-modal cognition and reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a systematic approach to create high-quality visual reasoning instructions using a synthesize-complicate-reformulate paradigm. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves performance of MLLMs by 27.86% and 27.60% on MME-Perception and MME Cognition. |
CompTab: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Real-World TableQA with Complex Reasoning and Irregular Tables (2026.acl-long)
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Zhen Yang, Wei Du, Jie Wang, Wenze Zhou, Xiangfeng Meng, Zhengyang Wang, Suping Sun, Ziwei Du, Haodong Zou, Jie Chen, Yongbin Liu, Shicheng Tan, Jiahao Ying, Shu Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on well-structured tables and fail to reflect irregular structures and complex reasoning commonly encountered in real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate TableQA under complex reasoning and irregular table conditions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves generalization and realism of large language models under complex and irregular table conditions. |
Lightweight Haar Wavelet Subband Pruning for LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have impressive performance but require computational and memory resources. |
| Approach: | They propose a post-training framework that uses a Haar wavelet transform to prune weights. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pruning framework reduces pruning time and computational costs by removing less important weights while preserving model architecture. |
Rectifying the Emotional Flow: Aligning Priors and Dynamic Guidance for High-Arousal Text-to-Speech (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing systems suffer from linguistic collapse when pursuing high intensity or fail to meet target emotional levels. |
| Approach: | They propose an inference framework that introduces a neutral prosody bias and a uniform Classifier-Free Guidance that distorts the acoustic manifold, leading to artifacts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves superior linguistic accuracy and expressiveness without model retraining. |
SafeKey: Amplifying Aha-Moment Insights for Safety Reasoning (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) introduce a new paradigm of explicitly reasoning before answering, but they pose great safety risks against harmful queries and adversarial attacks. |
| Approach: | They propose a safety aha moment that activates safety reasoning and leads to a safe response. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can generalize to unseen jailbreak prompts while maintaining general abilities. |
Parallel Structures in Pre-training Data Yield In-Context Learning (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models (LMs) are capable of in-context learning (ICL) however, it is unclear where this ability comes from as there is a stark distribution shift between pre-training text and ICL prompts. |
| Approach: | They find that pre-trained language models are capable of in-context learning (ICL) they detect parallel structures in the pre-training data and conduct ablation experiments to study their effect on ICL. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can adapt to a task with a few examples given in the prompt without any parameter update. |
Unsupervised Dialog Structure Learning (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Current dialog systems require human experts to design the dialog structure, which is time consuming and sometimes insufficient to satisfy various customer needs. |
| Approach: | They propose to extract dialog structure using a modified VRNN model with discrete latent vectors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on the ability to predict unseen data and is faster and more effective in a reinforcement learning setting. |
Robust Singing Voice Transcription Serves Synthesis (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Current AST methods struggle with accuracy and robustness when used for practical annotation. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that converts singing recordings into note sequences for automatic annotation of singing datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on enlarged, automatically annotated datasets. |
Improving Multilingual Instruction Finetuning via Linguistically Natural and Diverse Datasets (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Sathish Reddy Indurthi, Wenxuan Zhou, Shamil Chollampatt, Ravi Agrawal, Kaiqiang Song, Lingxiao Zhao, Chenguang Zhu
| Challenge: | Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced instruction-following capabilities, but most IFT datasets are predominantly in English, limiting model performance in other languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for collecting multilingual IFT datasets that preserves linguistic naturalness and ensures prompt diversity. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that LLMs fine-tuned using this method show significant improvements in generative and discriminative tasks. |
Visually-augmented pretrained language models for NLP tasks without images (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to improve pre-trained language models lack visual commonsense and semantics. |
| Approach: | They propose a visual-augmented approach to fine-tune pre-trained language models by using retrieved or generated images instead of relying on explicit images. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baselines on ten tasks and consistently outperformed other approaches. |
FastBERT: a Self-distilling BERT with Adaptive Inference Time (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models like BERT have proven to be highly performant, but are often computationally expensive in many practical scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a speed-tunable FastBERT with adaptive inference time that can be flexibly adjusted under varying demands. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves promising results in English and Chinese datasets. |
MIRA: Empowering One-Touch AI Services on Smartphones with MLLM-based Instruction Recommendation (2025.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | generative AI is revolutionizing how users interact with smartphones, transforming how they interact with them. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for task instruction recommendation that enables intuitive one-touch AI tasking on smartphones. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows significant improvements in recommendation accuracy and coherence and intent alignment with predefined instruction candidates. |
AIMMerging: Adaptive Iterative Model Merging Using Training Trajectories for Language Model Continual Learning (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yujie Feng, Jian Li, Xiaoyu Dong, Pengfei Xu, Xiaohui Zhou, Yujia Zhang, Zexin Lu, Yasha Wang, Alan Zhao, Xu Chu, Xiao-Ming Wu
| Challenge: | Recent model merging-based methods struggle to effectively manage the trade-off between learning new knowledge and preventing catastrophic forgetting. |
| Approach: | They propose a model merging framework that utilizes learning and forgetting signals from the training trajectory to dynamically monitor the model’s training status. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves significant performance improvements over existing state-of-the-art methods on three CL benchmarks with various model sizes (from 770M to 13B). |
Improving Zero-Shot Entity Linking Candidate Generation with Ultra-Fine Entity Type Information (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Entity linking is a task of assigning entity mentions to referent entities in a knowledge base. |
| Approach: | They propose to use ultra-fine-grained type information to improve the generalization ability of EL models by utilizing a low-level task to extract ultra-finish entity type information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art in the zero-shot entity linking task . |
M2Edit: Locate and Edit Multi-Granularity Knowledge in Multimodal Large Language Model (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge editing methods for MLLMs lack multi-granularity knowledge . existing knowledge editing approaches lack multimodality knowledge and generalize to multimodal data. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal knowledge editing method which integrates key knowledge layers within MLLMs and collaboratively edits them. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves visual generality performance on knowledge data of different granularities. |
Aligning Recommendation and Conversation via Dual Imitation (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing conversational recommendation systems ignore the advantage of user interest shift in connecting recommendation and conversation, leading to an ineffective loose coupling structure. |
| Approach: | They propose a dual imitation to explicitly align recommendation and conversation paths . they propose to generate high-quality responses with accurate recommendations and coherent explanations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on recommendation and conversation performance with automatic, human, and novel explainability metrics. |
Improving Large Language Models via Fine-grained Reinforcement Learning with Minimum Editing Constraint (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing reinforcement learning methods do not provide fine-grained supervision for complex reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a reinforcement learning method that incorporates a generative model as the reward model and a token-level supervision model for RL training. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on 8 tasks show the proposed method is effective . |
A Contextual Alignment Enhanced Cross Graph Attention Network for Cross-lingual Entity Alignment (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for cross-lingual entity alignment ignore useful pre-aligned links between two KGs. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel method that jointly learns embeddings in different KGs by propagating cross-KG information through pre-aligned seed alignments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves remarkable performance gains on three benchmark cross-lingual entity alignment datasets. |
Not Everything is All You Need: Toward Low-Redundant Optimization for Large Language Model Alignment (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that large language models are struggling to align with human preference in complex tasks and scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-redundant alignment method that selects the top-10% most updated parameters in LLMs for alignment training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on 10 datasets and shows that it is redundant . it can be used to train LLMs on QA and ECQA datasets, but it is not feasible to test it on a large dataset. |
Data-Efficiently Learn Large Language Model for Universal 3D Scene Perception (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for 3D scene understanding are limited to specific downstream tasks, hindering their practicality in real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a 3D visual perceptual ability and advanced reasoning capabilities for 3D scenes by aligning 3D representations into the feature space of advanced LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves a 82.2% relative score compared with state-of-the-art methods with limited data. |
Multi-split Reversible Transformers Can Enhance Neural Machine Translation (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Large-scale transformers have been shown to improve neural machine translation performance but training these wider and deeper networks could be extremely memory intensive. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-split based reversible transformer and a backpropagation algorithm that does not need to store activations for most layers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the vanilla transformer by at least 1.4 BLEU points in three datasets. |
A Span-based Multimodal Variational Autoencoder for Semi-supervised Multimodal Named Entity Recognition (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for named entity recognition on social media are not efficient for semi-supervised MNER because of the mismatch between the posted text and image. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel method to fuse the text and image features for multimodal named entity recognition under semi-supervised setting by exploiting modal-specific VAEs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baselines under supervised setting and improves performance with less labeled data than existing semi-supervised methods. |
On the Relation between Sensitivity and Accuracy in In-Context Learning (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) suffers from oversensitivity to the prompt, making it unreliable in real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a few-shot selective prediction method that abstains from sensitive predictions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms confidence-based and entropy-based methods on ten classification datasets. |
DPWriter: Reinforcement Learning with Diverse Planning Branching for Creative Writing (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for enhancing large language models (LLMs) lack explicit mechanisms for guiding diverse exploration and instead prioritize efficiency and performance over diversity. |
| Approach: | They propose a reinforcement learning-based framework that decomposes the generation process into explicitly planned intermediate steps and introduces divergence at the planning phase based on diversity variation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms existing baselines on creative writing benchmarks on a semi-structured long chain-of-thought (CoT) it introduces divergence at the planning phase based on diversity variation, alongside a group-aware diversity reward to encourage distinct trajectories. |
TextFlint: Unified Multilingual Robustness Evaluation Toolkit for Natural Language Processing (2021.acl-demo)
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Xiao Wang, Qin Liu, Tao Gui, Qi Zhang, Yicheng Zou, Xin Zhou, Jiacheng Ye, Yongxin Zhang, Rui Zheng, Zexiong Pang, Qinzhuo Wu, Zhengyan Li, Chong Zhang, Ruotian Ma, Zichu Fei, Ruijian Cai, Jun Zhao, Xingwu Hu, Zhiheng Yan, Yiding Tan, Yuan Hu, Qiyuan Bian, Zhihua Liu, Shan Qin, Bolin Zhu, Xiaoyu Xing, Jinlan Fu, Yue Zhang, Minlong Peng, Xiaoqing Zheng, Yaqian Zhou, Zhongyu Wei, Xipeng Qiu, Xuanjing Huang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to textual robustness evaluation focus on slightly modifying the input data, which maintains the original meaning and results in a different prediction. |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual robustness evaluation toolkit for NLP that integrates universal text transformations, task-specific transformations and adversarial attack. |
| Outcome: | The toolkit includes universal text transformation, task-specific transformation, adversarial attack, subpopulation, and their combinations to provide comprehensive robustness analyses. |
WildFeedback: Aligning LLMs With In-situ User Interactions And Feedback (2026.acl-long)
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Taiwei Shi, Zhuoer Wang, Longqi Yang, Ying-Chun Lin, Zexue He, Mengting Wan, Pei Zhou, Sujay Kumar Jauhar, Sihao Chen, Shan Xia, Hongfei Zhang, Jieyu Zhao, Xiaofeng Xu, Xia Song, Jennifer Neville
| Challenge: | Traditional alignment methods rely on human annotations and are subjective and misalignment with real-world user preferences. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages in-situ user feedback during conversations with LLMs to create preference datasets automatically. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework identifies and classifies user feedback to LLM responses between conversation turns and creates examples of preferred and dispreferred responses according to user preferences. |
Text-to-Song: Towards Controllable Music Generation Incorporating Vocal and Accompaniment (2024.acl-long)
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Zhiqing Hong, Rongjie Huang, Xize Cheng, Yongqi Wang, Ruiqi Li, Fuming You, Zhou Zhao, Zhimeng Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on singing voice synthesis and music generation independently. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel task called Text-to-Song synthesis which incorporates both vocal and accompaniment generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can synthesize songs with comparable quality and style consistency. |
Parsing All: Syntax and Semantics, Dependencies and Spans (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Syntactic and semantic structures are key linguistic contextual clues, but few studies have explored how they can be used to improve syntactical parsing. |
| Approach: | They propose a syntactic and semantic parsing model which integrates syntaktic information in the encoder of neural network and benefits from two representation formalisms in a uniform way. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art or competitive results on both span and dependency representations and on Penn Treebank. |
Hyperlink-induced Pre-training for Passage Retrieval in Open-domain Question Answering (2022.acl-long)
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Jiawei Zhou, Xiaoguang Li, Lifeng Shang, Lan Luo, Ke Zhan, Enrui Hu, Xinyu Zhang, Hao Jiang, Zhao Cao, Fan Yu, Xin Jiang, Qun Liu, Lei Chen
| Challenge: | Existing methods to train dense passage retrieval have a large data gap between upstream and downstream relevance. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to pre-train the dense retriever with the text relevance induced by hyperlinks within Web documents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods under different scenarios and in the open-domain question answering domain. |
Wav2SQL: Direct Generalizable Speech-To-SQL Parsing (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for speech-driven SQL parsing are based on a cascaded approach, resulting in data scarcity and inconsistent performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a direct generalizable speech-to-SQL parsing model which avoids error compounding across cascaded systems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model avoids error compounding and achieves state-of-the-art results by 4.7% improvement over baseline. |
MobileSpeech: A Fast and High-Fidelity Framework for Mobile Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot text-to-speech systems require a few seconds of unseen speaker voice prompts to generate high-quality voices. |
| Approach: | They propose a zero-shot text-to-speech system based on mobile devices . they use a discrete speech codec to integrate hierarchical information from the codec . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves RTF of 0.09 on a single A100 GPU and has been successfully deployed on mobile devices. |
Parrot: Enhancing Multi-Turn Instruction Following for Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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Yuchong Sun, Che Liu, Kun Zhou, Jinwen Huang, Ruihua Song, Xin Zhao, Fuzheng Zhang, Di Zhang, Kun Gai
| Challenge: | Existing studies overlook the multi-turn instruction following ability of large language models (LLMs) Extensive experiments show that Parrot improves current LLMs by up to 7.2% in multi- turn instruction following. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for collecting multi-turn instructions that feature human-like queries, such as anaphora and ellipsis, and a context-aware preference optimization strategy to further enhance LLMs for complex queries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves existing LLMs by up to 7.2% in multi-turn instruction following. |
SpeechLLM-as-Judges: Towards General and Interpretable Speech Quality Evaluation (2026.acl-long)
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Hui Wang, Jinghua Zhao, Yifan Yang, Shujie Liu, Junyang Chen, Yanzhe Zhang, Shiwan Zhao, Jinyu Li, Jiaming Zhou, Haoqin Sun, Yan Lu, Yong Qin
| Challenge: | Existing methods for evaluating the perceptual quality of synthetic speech are limited due to the complexity of perceptual quality factors and the diversity of speech generation tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a new paradigm for enabling large language models to conduct structured speech quality evaluation using a large-scale dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs well across tasks and languages. |
Memory-augmented Query Reconstruction for LLM-based Knowledge Graph Reasoning (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods that confuse tool utilization with knowledge reasoning harm readability and give rise to tool invocation hallucinations. |
| Approach: | They propose to decouple LLM from tool invocation tasks by establishing a memory module with explicit descriptions of query statements and a query memory module to facilitate the KGQA process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art on WebQSP and CWQ benchmarks. |
Prosody-TTS: Improving Prosody with Masked Autoencoder and Conditional Diffusion Model For Expressive Text-to-Speech (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Expressive text-to-speech aims to generate high-quality samples with rich prosody . prosodic attributes in highly dynamic voices are difficult to capture and model without intonation . |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline that enhances prosody modeling and sampling by introducing a self-supervised masked autoencoder and a diffusion model to sample diverse prosodic patterns within the latent space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline achieves new state-of-the-art in text-to-speech with natural and expressive synthesis. |