Papers by Xu Han
Course-Correction: Safety Alignment Using Synthetic Preferences (2024.emnlp-industry)
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Rongwu Xu, Yishuo Cai, Zhenhong Zhou, Renjie Gu, Haiqin Weng, Liu Yan, Tianwei Zhang, Wei Xu, Han Qiu
| Challenge: | Recent studies show that large language models generate harmful content, but the potential for generating harmful content is an escalating concern. |
| Approach: | They propose to fine-tune LLMs with preference learning to emphasize the preference for timely course-correction by using an automated pipeline. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves course-correction skills without affecting general performance and resists jailbreak attacks. |
Recyclable Tuning for Continual Pre-training (2023.findings-acl)
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Yujia Qin, Cheng Qian, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Ruobing Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Continual pre-training is the paradigm where pre-trained language models acquire fresh knowledge and gradually get upgraded. |
| Approach: | They propose to use adapted weights to recycle old PLMs for continual pre-training . they propose to combine initialization and distillation methods to achieve better performance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the convergence and performance of the upgraded PLM. |
Dictionary Guided Sparse Logit Editing for Reliable Jailbreak Attacks (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to optimize large language models suffer from high computational costs and produce uninterpretable, high-perplexity inputs. |
| Approach: | They propose a sparse index-based intervention that bypasses guardrails via sparser logit editing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method bypasses guardrails by modifying pre-softmax logits without gradients or auxiliary models. |
Light-weight Fine-tuning Method for Defending Adversarial Noise in Pre-trained Medical Vision-Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing fine-tuning algorithms for vision-language models are restricted by patient privacy concerns and can contain imperceptible noise. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to mitigate adversarial noise and mitigate upstream noise during fine-tuning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves model robustness and transferability while decreasing noise levels negatively impact downstream performance. |
ScaleLLM: A Resource-Frugal LLM Serving Framework by Optimizing End-to-End Efficiency (2024.emnlp-industry)
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Yuhang Yao, Han Jin, Alay Shah, Shanshan Han, Zijian Hu, Dimitris Stripelis, Yide Ran, Zhaozhuo Xu, Salman Avestimehr, Chaoyang He
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are widely used in commercial applications . low latency is crucial due to system latency, query concurrency, and computational resources constraints. |
| Approach: | They propose a system that can be resource-efficiently served by addressing bottlenecks beyond LLM inference . they propose 4.3 speed up over vLLM and 1.5 higher throughput . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms state-of-the-arts with 1.5 higher throughput . it achieves 4.3 speed up with 64 concurrent requests on Mixtral 8x7B . |
DS2-Instruct: Domain-Specific Data Synthesis for Large Language Models Instruction Tuning (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing data synthesis methods focus on general-purpose tasks and fail to capture domain-specific terminology and reasoning patterns. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that generates domain-specific instruction datasets without human supervision by pairing task-informed keywords with different cognitive levels from Bloom’s Taxonomy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework generates domain-specific instruction datasets without human supervision and achieves significant improvements over existing methods. |
CollabKG: A Learnable Human-Machine-Cooperative Information Extraction Toolkit for (Event) Knowledge Graph Construction (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing IE tools lack multi-task support and automatic updates for KG and EKG construction. |
| Approach: | They propose a human-machine-cooperative IE toolkit for KG and EKG construction that unifies different IE subtasks and integrates LLMs as the assistant machine. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tool improves annotation quality, efficiency, and stability simultaneously. |
Latent-Optimized Adversarial Neural Transfer for Sarcasm Detection (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets for sarcasm detection are limited due to the difficulty in acquiring ground-truth annotations. |
| Approach: | They propose a generalized latent optimization strategy that allows different losses to accommodate each other and improves training dynamics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms transfer learning and meta-learning baselines and achieves 10.02% performance gain on the iSarcasm dataset. |
CPT-Agent: A Cognitive Process Theory-driven Framework for Student Simulation in Writing Development (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing LLMs model overly capable learners who over-apply feedback, resulting in pedagogically implausible behavior. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that decouples cognitive ability from writing proficiency and models their interaction during writing and revision. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model produces distinguishable proficiency levels and is consistent with instructional theories. |
Penetrative AI: Making LLMs Comprehend the Physical World (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of tasks. |
| Approach: | They explore how LLMs can be extended to interact with and reason about the physical world through IoT sensors and actuators, a concept that they call "Penetrative AI". |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach extends LLMs' capabilities to interact with and reason about the physical world through IoT sensors and actuators. |
Modality Adaption or Regularization? A Case Study on End-to-End Speech Translation (2023.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | End-to-end speech translation models have limited training data and are often inefficient due to the inconsistency of length and representation between speech and text. |
| Approach: | They find that the "modality gap" between speech and text data is not a major problem in E2E ST . they decouple the encoder to speech encoder and text encoder, and they find that there is a 'capacity gap' |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 29.0 for en-de and 40.3 for fr on the MuST-C dataset. |
Red-Teaming LLM Multi-Agent Systems via Communication Attacks (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS) have revolutionized complex problem-solving capability by enabling agent collaboration through message-based communications. |
| Approach: | They propose an attack that exploits communication mechanisms in Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS) by intercepting and manipulating inter-agent messages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack exploits communication mechanisms in large language model-based multi-agent systems by intercepting and manipulating inter-agencies. |
Towards Robust Numerical Question Answering: Diagnosing Numerical Capabilities of NLP Systems (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Numerical Question Answering is the task of answering questions that require numerical capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose to conduct numerical capability diagnosis on a series of Numerical Question Answering systems and datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach relieves existing systems’ lack of robust numerical capabilities. |
RAGEval: Scenario Specific RAG Evaluation Dataset Generation Framework (2025.acl-long)
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Kunlun Zhu, Yifan Luo, Dingling Xu, Yukun Yan, Zhenghao Liu, Shi Yu, Ruobing Wang, Shuo Wang, Yishan Li, Nan Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation metrics for RAG systems are lacking due to high costs of data construction and lack of factual accuracy. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate RAG systems in specialized scenarios . they propose three new metrics to evaluate LLM-generated responses . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms zero-shot and one-shot methods in terms of clarity, safety, conformity, and richness of generated samples. |
TensorOpera Router: A Multi-Model Router for Efficient LLM Inference (2024.emnlp-industry)
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Dimitris Stripelis, Zhaozhuo Xu, Zijian Hu, Alay Shah, Han Jin, Yuhang Yao, Jipeng Zhang, Tong Zhang, Salman Avestimehr, Chaoyang He
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a diverse set of domain-specific tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a non-monolithic LLM querying system that seamlessly integrates various LLM experts into a single query interface and dynamically routes incoming queries to the most high-performant expert based on query’s requirements. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves query efficiency by 40% and costs by 30% while maintaining or enhancing model performance by 10%. |
Adapting Meta Knowledge Graph Information for Multi-Hop Reasoning over Few-Shot Relations (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for multi-hop reasoning assume that every relation has enough triples for training . however, performance drops significantly on few-shot relations . |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-based multi-hop reasoning method that learns meta parameters from high-frequency relations that could quickly adapt to few-shot scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in few-shot scenarios on two public datasets from Freebase and NELL. |
TritonBench: Benchmarking Large Language Model Capabilities for Generating Triton Operators (2025.findings-acl)
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Jianling Li, ShangZhan Li, Zhenye Gao, Qi Shi, Yuxuan Li, Zefan Wang, Jiacheng Huang, WangHaojie WangHaojie, Jianrong Wang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Triton is a high-level Python-like programming language for building efficient GPU kernels. |
| Approach: | They propose a TritonBench benchmark that provides a comprehensive evaluation of Tritonic operators on widely deployed GPUs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that current LLMs struggle to generate efficient Triton operators on widely deployed GPUs aligned with industry applications. |
Towards Understanding and Improving Knowledge Distillation for Neural Machine Translation (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge distillation techniques for neural machine translation lack special treatment on the top-1 information, which is limiting the potential of KD. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to distill knowledge from top-1 predictions of teachers and a technique to infuse more additional knowledge by distilling on the data without ground-truth targets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the vanilla word-level KD and outperfies the existing methods on three different students with different capacity gaps. |
PromptSource: An Integrated Development Environment and Repository for Natural Language Prompts (2022.acl-demo)
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Stephen Bach, Victor Sanh, Zheng Xin Yong, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Nihal V. Nayak, Abheesht Sharma, Taewoon Kim, M Saiful Bari, Thibault Fevry, Zaid Alyafeai, Manan Dey, Andrea Santilli, Zhiqing Sun, Srulik Ben-david, Canwen Xu, Gunjan Chhablani, Han Wang, Jason Fries, Maged Al-shaibani, Shanya Sharma, Urmish Thakker, Khalid Almubarak, Xiangru Tang, Dragomir Radev, Mike Tian-jian Jiang, Alexander Rush
| Challenge: | PromptSource is a system for creating, sharing, and using natural language prompts . prompts are used to train and query language models in zero-shot learning settings . |
| Approach: | PromptSource is a system for creating, sharing, and using natural language prompts . et al.: using prompts to train and query language models is emerging area in NLP . they propose a templating language for defining data-linked prompts, a user interface that iterates on prompt development . |
| Outcome: | PromptSource is a system for creating, sharing, and using natural language prompts . it has a templating language for defining data-linked prompts and a community-driven set of guidelines . |
Gentopia.AI: A Collaborative Platform for Tool-Augmented LLMs (2023.emnlp-demo)
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Binfeng Xu, Xukun Liu, Hua Shen, Zeyu Han, Yuhan Li, Murong Yue, Zhiyuan Peng, Yuchen Liu, Ziyu Yao, Dongkuan Xu
| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for Augmented Language Models lack flexibility, democratization, and holistic evaluation. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight and extensible framework for Augmented Language Models called Gentopia. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework integrates language models, task formats, prompting modules, and plugins into a unified paradigm. |
MalURLBench: A Benchmark Evaluating Agents’ Vulnerabilities When Processing Web URLs (2026.findings-acl)
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Dezhang Kong, Zhuxi Wu, Shiqi Liu, ZhiCheng Tan, Kuichen Lu, Minghao Li, Qichen Liu, Shengyu Chu, Zhenhua Xu, Xuan Liu, Meng Han
| Challenge: | Existing models struggle to detect elaborately disguised malicious URLs, despite their ability to process malicious URL's. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate LLMs’ vulnerabilities to malicious URLs and a lightweight defense module to mitigate the vulnerability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework analyzes 61,845 attack instances spanning 10 real-world scenarios and 7 categories of real malicious websites. |
DetGPT: Detect What You Need via Reasoning (2023.emnlp-main)
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Renjie Pi, Jiahui Gao, Shizhe Diao, Rui Pan, Hanze Dong, Jipeng Zhang, Lewei Yao, Jianhua Han, Hang Xu, Lingpeng Kong, Tong Zhang
| Challenge: | Recent advances in the field of computer vision have enabled more effective and sophisticated interactions between humans and machines. |
| Approach: | They propose a reasoning-based object detection paradigm that leverages state-of-the-art multi-modal models and open-vocabulary object detectors to perform reasoning within the context of the user’s instructions and the visual scene. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method enables users to interact with the system using natural language instructions, allowing for a higher level of interactivity. |
Exploring Mode Connectivity for Pre-trained Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent years have witnessed the prevalent application of pre-trained language models (PLMs) in NLP. From the perspective of parameter space, PLMs provide generic initialization, starting from which high-performance minima could be found. |
| Approach: | They investigate the geometric connections of different minima through the lens of mode connectivity, which measures whether two minima can be connected with a low-loss path. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to find low-loss paths between two minima, and to understand how their mode connectivity affects their task knowledge. |
Embodied Executable Policy Learning with Language-based Scene Summarization (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing Large Language models with text inputs lack the capability to evolve with non-expert interactions with environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel learning paradigm that generates robots’ executable actions in the form of text, derived solely from visual observations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed learning paradigm surpasses baselines and can adapt to the target tasks effectively. |
Knowledge Inheritance for Pre-trained Language Models (2022.naacl-main)
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Yujia Qin, Yankai Lin, Jing Yi, Jiajie Zhang, Xu Han, Zhengyan Zhang, Yusheng Su, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing large-scale pre-trained language models are mainly trained from scratch individually, ignoring that many well-taught PLMs are available. |
| Approach: | They propose a pre-training framework called knowledge inheritance and propose auxiliary supervision to efficiently learn larger PLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can be used to train large-scale language models with huge parameters and a large dataset can be adapted to domain adaptation and knowledge transfer. |
MAVEN: A Massive General Domain Event Detection Dataset (2020.emnlp-main)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Ziqi Wang, Xu Han, Wangyi Jiang, Rong Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Juanzi Li, Peng Li, Yankai Lin, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing datasets exhibit data scarcity and limited coverage of general-domain events. |
| Approach: | They present a MAssive eVENt detection dataset which contains 4,480 Wikipedia documents and 168 event types. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset shows that existing methods cannot achieve promising results on the small datasets. |
MAVEN-ARG: Completing the Puzzle of All-in-One Event Understanding Dataset with Event Argument Annotation (2024.acl-long)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Hao Peng, Yong Guan, Kaisheng Zeng, Jianhui Chen, Lei Hou, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Ruobing Xie, Jie Zhou, Juanzi Li
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for event understanding have limited coverage due to complexity of tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that augments MAVEN datasets with event argument annotations . they propose 98,591 events and 290,613 arguments obtained with laborious human annotation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the first all-in-one dataset supporting event detection, event argument extraction, and event relation extraction. |
Rehearsal-free Continual Language Learning via Efficient Parameter Isolation (2023.acl-long)
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Zhicheng Wang, Yufang Liu, Tao Ji, Xiaoling Wang, Yuanbin Wu, Congcong Jiang, Ye Chao, Zhencong Han, Ling Wang, Xu Shao, Wenqiu Zeng
| Challenge: | Existing methods for learning continual tasks do not cache history data, which makes the problem more challenging. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that allocates a small portion of private parameters and learns them with a shared pre-trained model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is comparable to existing methods and comparable to those using historical data. |
SAGE: Steerable Agentic Data Generation for Deep Search with Execution Feedback (2026.findings-eacl)
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Fangyuan Xu, Rujun Han, Yanfei Chen, Zifeng Wang, I-Hung Hsu, Jun Yan, Vishy Tirumalashetty, Eunsol Choi, Tomas Pfister, Chen-Yu Lee
| Challenge: | High-quality, complex question-answer pairs are pivotal for training and evaluating capable deep search agents. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline that generates high-quality, difficulty-controlled deep search question-answer pairs for a given corpus and a target difficulty level. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline generates high-quality, difficulty-controlled deep search question-answer pairs for a given corpus and a target difficulty level. |
Seq1F1B: Efficient Sequence-Level Pipeline Parallelism for Large Language Model Training (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Current PP methods face severe bottlenecks, including pipeline bubbles and memory footprint. |
| Approach: | They propose a sequence-level one-forward-one-backward (1F1B) PP method for training LLMs on long sequences with high throughput and memory efficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves 1.14X training throughput with half memory footprint compared to baseline methods . it trains an LLM with 30B parameters on sequences up to 64k tokens using 64X NVIDIA A100 GPUs . |
LoRA-Flow: Dynamic LoRA Fusion for Large Language Models in Generative Tasks (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | LoRA-Flow uses lightweight modules to customize large language models for downstream tasks . previous work on LoRA combination relied on task-level weights for each involved LoRA . |
| Approach: | They propose a LoRA-Flow approach that uses dynamic weights to adjust the impact of different LoRAs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baselines with task-level weights on six generative tasks. |
More Data, More Relations, More Context and More Openness: A Review and Outlook for Relation Extraction (2020.aacl-main)
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Xu Han, Tianyu Gao, Yankai Lin, Hao Peng, Yaoliang Yang, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Jie Zhou, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing methods for extracting relational facts from text have been successful . but with explosion of Web text, human knowledge is increasing drastically . |
| Approach: | They propose to improve relation extraction methods to extract relational facts from text . they analyze existing methods and show promising directions towards more powerful RE . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can extract relational facts from text, but they are still lacking in the current field. |
Semantic Role Labeling Guided Multi-turn Dialogue ReWriter (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing attentive models attend to all words without prior focus, which results in inaccurate concentration on some dispensable words. |
| Approach: | They propose to use semantic role labeling to provide additional guidance for multi-turn dialogue rewriting models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on multi-turn dialogue rewriting tasks. |
Context Reasoner: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability for Contextualized Privacy and Safety Compliance via Reinforcement Learning (2025.emnlp-main)
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Wenbin Hu, Haoran Li, Huihao Jing, Qi Hu, Ziqian Zeng, Sirui Han, Xu Heli, Tianshu Chu, Peizhao Hu, Yangqiu Song
| Challenge: | Current mitigation strategies fail to preserve contextual reasoning capabilities in risky scenarios, leading to systemic risks for legal compliance. |
| Approach: | They propose to use reinforcement learning with a rule-based reward to incentivize contextual reasoning capabilities while enhancing compliance with safety and privacy norms. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct model in safety and privacy benchmarks and achieves +8.58% accuracy improvement. |
Adversarial Training for Weakly Supervised Event Detection (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Detecting and identifying events is an important subtask of event extraction. |
| Approach: | They build a large event-related candidate set with good coverage and apply an adversarial training mechanism to iteratively identify informative instances from the candidate set and filter out those noisy ones. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on two real-world datasets. |
A Systematic Survey of Automatic Prompt Optimization Techniques (2025.emnlp-main)
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Kiran Ramnath, Kang Zhou, Sheng Guan, Soumya Smruti Mishra, Xuan Qi, Zhengyuan Shen, Shuai Wang, Sangmin Woo, Sullam Jeoung, Yawei Wang, Haozhu Wang, Han Ding, Yuzhe Lu, Zhichao Xu, Yun Zhou, Balasubramaniam Srinivasan, Qiaojing Yan, Yueyan Chen, Haibo Ding, Panpan Xu, Lin Lee Cheong
| Challenge: | Recent advances in prompt engineering have created impediments for end users to adopt . however, prompt engineering remains an impedance due to rapid advances in models, tasks, and associated best practices. |
| Approach: | They propose to define APO as a 5-part unifying framework and categorize all relevant works based on their salient features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework aims to improve the performance of large language models on various tasks. |
Towards Fine-Grained and Multi-Granular Contrastive Language-Speech Pre-training (2026.acl-long)
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Yifan Yang, Bing Han, Hui Wang, Wei Wang, Ziyang Ma, Long Zhou, Zengrui Jin, Guanrou Yang, Tianrui Wang, Xu Tan, Xie Chen
| Challenge: | Existing models for fine-grained speaking styles are limited in terms of accuracy, coverage, and naturalness. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that pre-trains with coarse captions and annotates with a pipeline that grounds captions in audio. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models with fine-grained style annotations . it integrates global and fine-granular supervision, enabling unified representations based on the proposed model . |
Learning Auxiliary Tasks Improves Reference-Free Hallucination Detection in Open-Domain Long-Form Generation (2025.acl-short)
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Chengwei Qin, Wenxuan Zhou, Karthik Abinav Sankararaman, Nanshu Wang, Tengyu Xu, Alexander Radovic, Eryk Helenowski, Arya Talebzadeh, Aditya Tayade, Sinong Wang, Shafiq Joty, Han Fang, Hao Ma
| Challenge: | Existing methods for detecting hallucination in long-form tasks focus on limited domains or rely heavily on external fact-checking tools, which may not always be available. |
| Approach: | They propose a new paradigm that augments fine-tuning with an auxiliary task for the model to jointly learn with the main task of hallucination detection. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods for detecting hallucination in open-domain long-form generation and is more accurate than random guessing. |
Beyond Ranking: Fine-Grained Diagnostics and Self-Improvement for MLLMs (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Current paradigms rely on holistic scoring and static leaderboards to disentangle fine-grained competencies. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to shift the focus from ranking to fine-grained diagnosis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses the strongest baseline by 7.92%. |
Meta-Information Guided Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Relation Classification (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing meta-learning models rely on implicit instance statistics and are unreliability and weak interpretability. |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-information guided meta-learning framework that uses semantics to guide meta- learning . experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can establish connections between instance-based information and semantic-based data, enabling faster initialization and adaptation. |
CTCC: A Robust and Stealthy Fingerprinting Framework for Large Language Models via Cross-Turn Contextual Correlation Backdoor (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for fingerprinting model ownership traces are vulnerable to illegal plagiarism and are not reliable. |
| Approach: | They propose a rule-driven fingerprinting framework that encodes contextual correlations across multiple dialogue turns. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves stronger stealth and robustness than previous work. |
“I’ve Decided to Leak”: Probing Internals Behind Prompt Leakage Intents (2025.emnlp-main)
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Jianshuo Dong, Yutong Zhang, Liu Yan, Zhenyu Zhong, Tao Wei, Ke Xu, Minlie Huang, Chao Zhang, Han Qiu
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) exhibit prompt leakage vulnerabilities, raising intellectual property and confidentiality concerns. |
| Approach: | They use probing techniques to capture LLMs’ intent-related internal representations and show that they internalize prompt leakage intents in their hidden states before generating tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed probes achieve 90%+ AUROC across all tested models, even when applied to new system prompts and attacks. |
s3: You Don’t Need That Much Data to Train a Search Agent via RL (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to optimize retrieval using search-only metrics ignore downstream utility and fine-tune entire LLM to jointly reason and retrieve limit retrieval utility and compatibility with frozen or proprietary models. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight, model-agnostic framework that decouples the searcher from the generator and trains the search user using a Gain Beyond RAG reward. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines trained on over 70 more data with 2.4k training samples. |
Walking in Others’ Shoes: How Perspective-Taking Guides Large Language Models in Reducing Toxicity and Bias (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing prompting methods that require white-box access to the model or substantial training fail to simultaneously lessen toxicity and bias. |
| Approach: | They propose a strategy that encourages LLMs to integrate diverse human perspectives and self-regulate their responses by incorporating diverse human viewpoints. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can significantly diminish toxicity (up to 89%) and bias (up 73%) in LLMs’ responses. |
Understanding Attention for Vision-and-Language Tasks (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Attention mechanism has been used in Vision-and-Language (VL) tasks to bridge the semantic gap between visual and textual clues. |
| Approach: | They conduct a comprehensive analysis on understanding the role of attention alignment by looking into attention score calculation methods and checking how it represents the visual region’s and textual token’s significance for the global assessment. |
| Outcome: | The attention score calculation methods represent visual region’s and textual token’s significance for the global assessment. |
Memorizing is Not Enough: Deep Knowledge Injection Through Reasoning (2025.acl-long)
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Ruoxi Xu, Yunjie Ji, Boxi Cao, Yaojie Lu, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, Ben He, Yingfei Sun, Xiangang Li, Le Sun
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge injection frameworks focus on knowledge memorization and retrieval, but static nature of large language models leads to outdated information as the real world evolves or when adapting to domain-specific knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a four-tier knowledge injection framework that defines the levels of knowledge injection: memorization, retrieval, reasoning, and association. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework defines the levels of knowledge injection: memorization, retrieval, reasoning, and association. |
Can Multiple Responses from an LLM Reveal the Sources of Its Uncertainty? (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models can produce unreliable or misleading outputs, posing challenges for real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They employ an auxiliary LLM to analyze the patterns of disagreement among LLMs . they validate their framework on AmbigQA, OpenBookQA, and MMLU-Pro . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to diagnose uncertainty sources in a model with an auxiliary model. |
AgentCPM-GUI: Building Mobile-Use Agents with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (2025.emnlp-demos)
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Zhong Zhang, Yaxi Lu, Yikun Fu, Yupeng Huo, Shenzhi Yang, Yesai Wu, Han Si, Xin Cong, Haotian Chen, Yankai Lin, Xie Xie, Wei Zhou, Wang Xu, Zhou Su, Zhongwu Zhai, Xiaoming Liu, null Meiyudong, Jianming Xu, Hongyan Tian, Chongyi Wang, Chi Chen, Yuan Yao, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large language model agents have enabled GUI-based automation, but their deployment is limited by noisy data, poor generalization, and lack of support for non-English GUIs. |
| Approach: | They propose an 8B-parameter GUI agent built for robust and efficient on-device GUI interaction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed GUI agent achieves promising performance on five public benchmarks and proposed Chinese benchmark CAGUI. |
Few-NERD: A Few-shot Named Entity Recognition Dataset (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to few-shot named entity recognition (NER) focus on coarse-grained entities with few examples, while most unseen entities are fine-grounded. |
| Approach: | They present a human-annotated few-shot named entity recognition dataset . they construct benchmark tasks to assess the generalization capability of models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is the first few-shot NER dataset and the largest human-crafted NER data set. |
AdaMARP: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Interaction Framework for General Immersive Role-Playing (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing LLMs lack immersion and adaptability, resulting in limited character orchestration and on-the-fly character introduction. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-based framework that allows actors to interact with users in an ongoing narrative. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms commercial LLMs in character consistency, environment grounding, and narrative coherence. |
KBAlign: Efficient Self Adaptation on Specific Textual Knowledge Bases (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Zheni Zeng, Yuxuan Chen, Shi Yu, Ruobing Wang, Yukun Yan, Zhenghao Liu, Shuo Wang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing methods for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) are limited and fine-tuning incurs prohibitive costs of external signals. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-supervised framework that enhances RAG systems through efficient model adaptation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves 90% of the performance gain obtained through GPT-4-supervised adaptation while relying entirely on self-annotation of much smaller models. |
APB: Accelerating Distributed Long-Context Inference by Passing Compressed Context Blocks across GPUs (2025.acl-long)
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Yuxiang Huang, Mingye Li, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Weilin Zhao, Sun Ao, Hao Zhou, Jie Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Long-context inference is crucial for advancing large language models, but its prefill speed remains a bottleneck. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient long-context inference framework that leverages multi-host approximate attention to enhance prefill speed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves speedups of 9.2, 4.2, and 1.6 without any degradation in performance. |
Beyond Human Labels: A Multi-Linguistic Auto-Generated Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models on Resume Parsing (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Efficient resume parsing is critical for global hiring, yet the lack of dedicated benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) on multilingual, structure-rich resumes hinders progress. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a human-in-the-loop pipeline to generate 2,500 synthetic resumes spanning 50 templates, 30 career fields, and 5 languages to evaluate large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that the models perform poorly on multilingual resumes and lack of standardized templates. |
DIDS: Domain Impact-aware Data Sampling for Large Language Model Training (2025.emnlp-main)
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Weijie Shi, Jipeng Zhang, Yaguang Wu, Jingzhi Fang, Shibo Zhang, Yao Zhao, Hao Chen, Ruiyuan Zhang, Yue Cui, Jia Zhu, Sirui Han, Jiajie Xu, Xiaofang Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing approaches for optimizing domain-level sampling strategies struggle with maintaining intra-domain consistency and accurately measuring domain impact. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Fisher-Information Matrix-guided metric to measure domain impact to ensure intra-domain consistency and accuracy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 3.4% higher average performance while maintaining comparable training efficiency. |
Multilingual Encoder Knows more than You Realize: Shared Weights Pretraining for Extremely Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | XLM-R and mBART have advanced multilingualism in NLP, but low-resource languages such as Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian are underserved. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for adapting multilingual encoders to text generation in extremely low-resource languages by reusing the weights between the encoder and the decoder. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework performs better on various downstream tasks even when compared with much larger models. |
DialMed: A Dataset for Dialogue-based Medication Recommendation (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on medication recommendation mainly rely on EHRs, but some details of interactions between doctors and patients may be ignored or omitted in EHR. |
| Approach: | They propose to use medical dialogues to recommend medications with medical dialogue data . they propose to model dialogue structure and disease knowledge aware network . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is a promising solution to recommend medications with medical dialogues. |
InfiGUIAgent: A Multimodal Generalist GUI Agent with Native Reasoning and Reflection (2026.eacl-long)
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Yuhang Liu, Pengxiang Li, Zishu Wei, Congkai Xie, Xueyu Hu, Xinchen Xu, Shengyu Zhang, Xiaotian Han, Hongxia Yang, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Existing GUI Agents face challenges in multi-step reasoning and reliance on textual annotations, limiting their effectiveness. |
| Approach: | They propose an MLLM-based GUI Agent with a two-stage supervised fine-tuning pipeline that enhances GUI understanding and grounding. |
| Outcome: | InfiGUIAgent achieves competitive performance on several GUI benchmarks, highlighting the impact of native reasoning skills in enhancing GUI interaction for automation tasks. |
GEAR: Graph-based Evidence Aggregating and Reasoning for Fact Verification (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract information from evidence are unable to grasp relational and logical information among the evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph-based evidence aggregating and reasoning framework to integrate evidence from multiple pieces of evidence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves significant performance improvements on a large-scale benchmark dataset. |
To Copy Rather Than Memorize: A Vertical Learning Paradigm for Knowledge Graph Completion (2023.acl-long)
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Rui Li, Xu Chen, Chaozhuo Li, Yanming Shen, Jianan Zhao, Yujing Wang, Weihao Han, Hao Sun, Weiwei Deng, Qi Zhang, Xing Xie
| Challenge: | Existing methods for embedding knowledge graphs implicitly memorize relation rules to infer missing links, but they are difficult to memorize due to the inherent deficiencies of such implicit memorization strategy. |
| Approach: | They propose a vertical learning paradigm that allows to explicitly copy target information from related factual triples for more accurate prediction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves generalization ability and makes distant link prediction significantly easier. |
Response-G1: Explicit Scene Graph Modeling for Proactive Streaming Video Understanding (2026.acl-long)
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Ke Ma, Jiaqi Tang, Bin Guo, Xueting Han, Ruonan Xu, Qingfeng He, Ziheng Wang, Xu Wang, Qifeng Chen, Zhiwen Yu, Yunhao Liu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for streaming video understanding are query-agnostic and implicitly model video evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that establishes explicit, structured alignment between the accumulated video evidence and the query’s expected response conditions via scene graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves more interpretable and accurate response timing decisions on both proactive and reactive tasks. |
Knowledgeable or Educated Guess? Revisiting Language Models as Knowledge Bases (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies show that pre-trained masked language models can be factual knowledge bases. |
| Approach: | They conduct a rigorous study to explore the underlying predicting mechanisms of MLMs . they find that previous decent performance mainly owes to the biased prompts which overfit dataset artifacts a . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on illustrative cases and external contexts . the results question the previous findings that MLMs can be reliable factual knowledge bases . |
A Holistic Approach to Reference-Free Evaluation of Machine Translation (2023.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Traditional machine translation evaluation relies on reference written by humans . reference-free evaluation gets rid of labor-intensive annotations, which can pivot easily to new domains . |
| Approach: | They propose a reference-free evaluation approach that characterizes evaluation as two aspects: fluency and faithfulness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms SOTA reference-fee metrics on machine translation datasets. |
Neural Gibbs Sampling for Joint Event Argument Extraction (2020.aacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for event argument extraction cannot adequately model the correlation between event arguments and their roles. |
| Approach: | They propose a Bayesian model to jointly extract event arguments using Gibbs sampling . they train two neural networks to model prior distribution and conditional distribution over event arguments . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can achieve comparable results to existing methods on two widely-used datasets. |
Agent-in-the-Loop: A Data Flywheel for Continuous Improvement in LLM-based Customer Support (2025.emnlp-industry)
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Cen Zhao, Tiantian Zhang, Hanchen Su, Yufeng Zhang, Shaowei Su, Mingzhi Xu, Yu Liu, Wei Han, Jeremy Werner, Claire Na Cheng, Yashar Mehdad
| Challenge: | Existing offline approaches to improve an LLM-based customer support system rely on batch annotations. |
| Approach: | They propose an agent-in-the-loop framework that integrates four key types of annotations directly into live customer operations: (1) pairwise response preferences, (2) agent adoption and rationales, (3) knowledge relevance checks, and (4) identification of missing knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces retraining cycles from months to weeks by integrating four key types of annotations directly into live customer operations. |
CSAGN: Conversational Structure Aware Graph Network for Conversational Semantic Role Labeling (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing CSRL parsers struggle to handle conversational structural information. |
| Approach: | They propose a conversational semantic role labeling task which explicitly encodes speaker dependent information and proposes a multi-task learning method to further improve the model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines on benchmark datasets on conversation-based tasks. |
TS-SQL: Test-driven Self-refinement for Text-to-SQL (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | null |
| Approach: | null |
| Outcome: | null |
OpenNRE: An Open and Extensible Toolkit for Neural Relation Extraction (D19-3)
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| Challenge: | OpenNRE provides a framework to implement neural relation extraction (RE) . the toolkit provides various functional modules based on TensorFlow and PyTorch . |
| Approach: | OpenNRE is an open-source framework to implement neural relation extraction models. they also release an online system to meet real-time extraction without any training and deployment. |
| Outcome: | OpenNRE provides a framework to implement neural models for relation extraction (RE) the toolkit also includes an online system to meet real-time extraction without training and deployment . |
IntactKV: Improving Large Language Model Quantization by Keeping Pivot Tokens Intact (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing quantization methods are compromising performance of large language models (LLMs) despite their high computational intensity, LLMs are still demanding intensive computation. |
| Approach: | They propose to generate the KV cache of pivot tokens losslessly from the full-precision model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method generates the KV cache of pivot tokens losslessly from the full-precision model with no extra inference overhead. |
Stochastic Bridges as Effective Regularizers for Parameter-Efficient Tuning (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for tuning pre-trained language models ignore the running cost and only optimize the terminal cost. |
| Approach: | They propose to use stochastic bridges to regularize intermediate states and use regularization as running cost of PETs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can be used to tune large pre-trained language models . they can be compared to full-parameter fine-tuning by tuning a small number of parameters . |
Retrieval Enhanced Model for Commonsense Generation (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for commonsense generation are lacking for pre-trained models. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that uses concept matching to retrieve prototype sentences and trainable sentence retriever to enhance pre-training and fine-tuning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art on the large-scale Common-Gen benchmark. |
Beyond Static Evaluation: A Dynamic Approach to Assessing AI Assistants’ API Invocation Capabilities (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation methods for human-machine interactions are static and can be misleading. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a LLM-based user agent to assess an assistant's API call capability without human involvement. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method mirrors real human conversation patterns in human-machine interactions, and shows that it aligns more closely with human assessment. |
Logits-Based Finetuning (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for developing compact and efficient large language models lack token-level dependencies and linguistic diversity. |
| Approach: | They propose a logits-based fine-tuning framework that integrates supervised learning and knowledge distillation to build enriched training targets using teacher logits and ground truth labels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods on a large-scale logits dataset and a series of science-focused models. |
FastFiD: Improve Inference Efficiency of Open Domain Question Answering via Sentence Selection (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Open Domain Question Answering (ODQA) is a longstanding task in Natural Language Processing that involves generating an answer solely based on a given question. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach that executes sentence selection on the encoded passages to enhance the inference speed while reducing the context length required for generating answers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can increase inference speed by **2.3X-5.7X** while maintaining the model’s performance. |
Bit-by-Bit: Progressive QAT Strategy with Outlier Channel Splitting for Stable Low-Bit LLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Binxing Xu, Hao Gu, Lujun Li, Hao Wang, Bei Liu, Jiacheng Liu, Qiyuan Zhu, Xintong Yang, Chao Li, Sirui Han, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to training LLMs at ultra-low precisions suffer from convergence instability and substantial training costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a progressive QAT framework with outlier channel splitting to address these issues . they use nested structure of integer quantization grids to enable a "train once, deploy any precision" paradigm . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines on both Llama2/3 and W2A16, with an 11 speedup over BF16. |
AnaMeta: A Table Understanding Dataset of Field Metadata Knowledge Shared by Multi-dimensional Data Analysis Tasks (2023.findings-acl)
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Xinyi He, Mengyu Zhou, Mingjie Zhou, Jialiang Xu, Xiao Lv, Tianle Li, Yijia Shao, Shi Han, Zejian Yuan, Dongmei Zhang
| Challenge: | Tabular data analysis is performed everyday across various domains. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dataset of 467k tables with supervision labels for four types of field metadata. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the understanding capability of tabular models by incorporating distribution and knowledge information. |
Stealthy Jailbreak Attacks on Large Language Models via Benign Data Mirroring (2025.naacl-long)
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Honglin Mu, Han He, Yuxin Zhou, Yunlong Feng, Yang Xu, Libo Qin, Xiaoming Shi, Zeming Liu, Xudong Han, Qi Shi, Qingfu Zhu, Wanxiang Che
| Challenge: | Existing black-box jailbreak methods often rely on model feedback . existing methods may be intercepted by content moderators during the search process . |
| Approach: | They propose a method that guides malicious prompt construction by local training a mirror model of the target black-box model through benign data distillation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves a 92% attack success rate and 80% stealth rate on a subset of AdvBench. |
Beyond Quantity: Trajectory Diversity Scaling for Code Agents (2026.findings-acl)
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Guhong Chen, Chenghao Sun, Cheng Fu, Qiyao Wang, Zhihong Huang, ChaoPeng Wei, Guangxu Chen, Feiteng Fang, Ahmadreza Argha, Bing Zhao, Xander Xu, Qi Han, Hamid Alinejad-Rokny, Qiang Qu, Binhua Li, Shiwen Ni, Min Yang, HU Wei, Yongbin Li
| Challenge: | Code large language models (LLMs) are becoming tool-interactive agents . quantity-centric scaling exhibits an early bottleneck that underutilizes trajectory data . et al.: a new approach to scale trajectory diversity improves tool-use generalization . |
| Approach: | They propose a Trajectory Diversity Scaling-based data synthesis framework for code agents that scales performance through diversity rather than raw volume. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on general tool-use benchmarks and code agent tasks show that TDScaling improves tool-user generalization and inherent coding proficiency. |
Ouroboros: Generating Longer Drafts Phrase by Phrase for Faster Speculative Decoding (2024.emnlp-main)
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Weilin Zhao, Yuxiang Huang, Xu Han, Wang Xu, Chaojun Xiao, Xinrong Zhang, Yewei Fang, Kaihuo Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Speculative decoding is a widely used method that accelerates the generation process of large language models (LLMs) drafting efficiency has become a bottleneck in the final speedup of speculative drafting, therefore generating longer drafts at less cost can lead to better speedup. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that uses existing model to drafting and target LLM to verify draft in a low-cost parallel manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can achieve speedups of up to 2.4 over speculative decoding and 3.9 over vanilla decoding without fine-tuning draft and target models. |
Emergent Modularity in Pre-trained Transformers (2023.findings-acl)
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Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Zeng, Yankai Lin, Chaojun Xiao, Xiaozhi Wang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Ruobing Xie, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing studies on pre-trained Transformers show that they learn fine-grained neuron functions. |
| Approach: | They examine the presence of modularity in pre-trained Transformers . they focus on Mixture-of-Experts, a promising candidate for modularity . |
| Outcome: | The proposed structure stabilizes at the early stage, which is faster than neuron stabilization. |
PersLEARN: Research Training through the Lens of Perspective Cultivation (2023.acl-demo)
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Yu-Zhe Shi, Shiqian Li, Xinyi Niu, Qiao Xu, Jiawen Liu, Yifan Xu, Shiyu Gu, Bingru He, Xinyang Li, Xinyu Zhao, Zijian Zhao, Yidong Lyu, Zhen Li, Sijia Liu, Lin Qiu, Jinhao Ji, Lecheng Ruan, Yuxi Ma, Wenjuan Han, Yixin Zhu
| Challenge: | PersLEARN is a tool designed to facilitate the cultivation of scientific perspectives . junior researchers struggle to identify the perspectives reflected in the literature and struggle to develop their own viewpoints. |
| Approach: | They propose a tool to facilitate the cultivation of scientific perspectives by interacting with a prompt-based model and allowing students to develop their own perspectives explicitly. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tool outperforms baseline approaches across multiple domains of literature from different perspectives. |
FewRel: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluation (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Empirical results show that even the most competitive few-shot learning models struggle on this task, especially as compared with humans. |
| Approach: | They propose a Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset consisting of 70, 000 sentences on 100 relations derived from Wikipedia and annotated by crowdworkers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods perform well on the most competitive few-shot learning models, especially as compared with humans. |
Exploring Memorization in Fine-tuned Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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Shenglai Zeng, Yaxin Li, Jie Ren, Yiding Liu, Han Xu, Pengfei He, Yue Xing, Shuaiqiang Wang, Jiliang Tang, Dawei Yin
| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown that pre-trained langauge models tend to memorize and regenerate segments of their pre-training corpus when prompted appropriately. |
| Approach: | They conduct the first comprehensive analysis to explore language models’ memorization during fine-tuning across tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed analysis shows that memorization presents a strong disparity among different fine-tuning tasks. |
Speculating LLMs’ Chinese Training Data Pollution from Their Tokens (2025.emnlp-main)
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Qingjie Zhang, Di Wang, Haoting Qian, Liu Yan, Tianwei Zhang, Ke Xu, Qi Li, Minlie Huang, Hewu Li, Han Qiu
| Challenge: | Experiments on GPT and other 23 LLMs indicate that tokens widely exist while GPT’s vocabulary behaves the worst: more than 23% long Chinese tokens (i.e., a token with more than two Chinese characters) are either porn or online gambling. |
| Approach: | They propose to locate Polluted Chinese (PoC) tokens in LLMs and build a PoC token detector to label them in vocabularies by considering each token’s semantics and related contents from the search engines. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method predicts that the ratio of “*” related webpages in GPT-4o's training data is around 0.5%. |
CMHG: A Dataset and Benchmark for Headline Generation of Minority Languages in China (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Minority languages in China face significant challenges due to their unique writing systems, which differ from international standards. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset specifically curated for headline generation tasks for minority languages in China . they propose 50,000 entries each for Uyghur and Mongolian, and a test set annotated by native speakers . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset will help improve headline generation in minority languages . it includes 100,000 entries for Tibetan, 50,000 entries each for Uyghur and Mongolian . |
The Good and The Bad: Exploring Privacy Issues in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) (2024.findings-acl)
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Shenglai Zeng, Jiankun Zhang, Pengfei He, Yiding Liu, Yue Xing, Han Xu, Jie Ren, Yi Chang, Shuaiqiang Wang, Dawei Yin, Jiliang Tang
| Challenge: | Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful technique to facilitate language model generation with proprietary and private data, where data privacy is . a privacy issue that is currently under-explored, is posed by RAG. |
| Approach: | They propose to use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to facilitate language model generation with proprietary and private data where data privacy is a pivotal concern. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack methods demonstrate that RAG can mitigate the old risks, i.e., leakage of the LLMs’ training data. |
CLEVE: Contrastive Pre-training for Event Extraction (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing EE methods do not model event characteristics from large unsupervised data. |
| Approach: | They propose a contrastive pre-training framework for event extraction to better learn event knowledge from large unsupervised data and their semantic structures. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on ACE 2005 and MAVEN datasets on event extraction tasks. |
COPR: Continual Human Preference Learning via Optimal Policy Regularization (2025.findings-acl)
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Han Zhang, Lin Gui, Yu Lei, Yuanzhao Zhai, Yehong Zhang, Zhuo Zhang, Yulan He, Hui Wang, Yue Yu, Kam-Fai Wong, Bin Liang, Ruifeng Xu
| Challenge: | Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is effective for aligning Large Language Models with human preferences, but its complex process limits its ability to continually learn human feedback. |
| Approach: | They propose a non-RL offline method to convert historical optimal policies into optimization constraints when continually learning new preferences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms strong CL baselines in terms of reward-based evaluations and human assessment. |
Data Poisoning for In-context Learning (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | In-context learning (ICL) has emerged as a capability of large language models (LLMs) but there is limited understanding of its vulnerability against data poisoning attacks. |
| Approach: | They propose an attack method that exploits ICL’s unique learning mechanisms by identifying discrete text perturbations that influence LLM hidden states. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack method exploits ICL’s learning mechanisms by identifying discrete text perturbations that influence LLM hidden states. |
Improving the Sample Efficiency of Prompt Tuning with Domain Adaptation (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Prompt tuning is a technique for adapting large-scale pretrained language models for downstream tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to condition a frozen pretrained language model with soft prompts from data . they propose to use a domain adaptation technique to regularize the decision boundary . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms full-model tuning in data-scarce settings by a large margin. |
Adversarial Multi-lingual Neural Relation Extraction (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models cannot capture consistency and diversity of relation patterns in different languages. |
| Approach: | They propose an adversarial multi-lingual neural relation extraction model which considers consistency and diversity among languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on real-world datasets. |
High-Order Semantic Alignment for Unsupervised Fine-Grained Image-Text Retrieval (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on learning global or local correspondence, but lack fine-grained local-global alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose a High Order Semantic Alignment (HOSA) model that can provide complementary and comprehensive semantic clues to infer correlation scores. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models in retrieving the most relevant results. |
DeepNote: Note-Centric Deep Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Ruobing Wang, Qingfei Zhao, Yukun Yan, Daren Zha, Yuxuan Chen, Shi Yu, Zhenghao Liu, Yixuan Wang, Shuo Wang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | . - (EN) |
| Approach: | . - (EN) |
| Outcome: | . - (EN) |
QuickLLaMA: Query-aware Inference Acceleration for Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with capturing long-distance dependencies within sequences to deeply understand semantics. |
| Approach: | They propose a system that captures relevant information within a fixed window size and provides precise answers to queries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can read Harry Potter within 30s and accurately answer the questions. |
BCL: Bayesian In-Context Learning Framework for Information Extraction (2026.findings-acl)
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Haoliang Liu, Chengkun Cai, Xu Zhao, Han Zhu, Shizhou Huang, Xinglin Zhang, Tao Chen, Jenq-Neng Hwang, Zhang Huaping, Lei Li
| Challenge: | Existing information extraction (IE) tasks rely on in-context learning with large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a Bayesian-based in-context learning framework that refines label representations across IE tasks using particle filtering and Bayes updates. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance over existing methods (up to 30%) it underperforms one-shot prompting by a substantial margin on NER tasks and CodeIE fails on RE tasks with near-zero micro-F1. |
MatPlotAgent: Method and Evaluation for LLM-Based Agentic Scientific Data Visualization (2024.findings-acl)
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Zhiyu Yang, Zihan Zhou, Shuo Wang, Xin Cong, Xu Han, Yukun Yan, Zhenghao Liu, Zhixing Tan, Pengyuan Liu, Dong Yu, Zhiyuan Liu, Xiaodong Shi, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Scientific data visualization is an essential process in research, but its use of large language models remains unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-agnostic LLM agent framework to automate scientific data visualization tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance of commercial and open-source models. |
Ensemble Privacy Defense for Knowledge-Intensive LLMs against Membership Inference Attacks (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are the foundation of modern natural language processing, powering applications across diverse domains. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-agnostic defense framework which aggregates and evaluates the outputs of a knowledge-injected LLM, a base LLM and a dedicated judge model to enhance resistance against membership inference attacks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces MIA success by up to 27.8% for SFT and 526.3% for RAG compared to inference-time baseline while maintaining answer quality. |
Mitigating Hallucinations in Multi-modal Large Language Models via Image Token Attention-Guided Decoding (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) generate plausible but incorrect content, resulting in hallucinations . recent advances in MLLM technology have demonstrated their outstanding performance in a variety of visual tasks, such as object detection. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play method which leverages MLLMs’ internal representations to mitigate hallucinations by analyzing input and output tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method exploits MLLMs’ internal representations to mitigate hallucinations. |
ChipSeek: Optimizing Verilog Generation via EDA-Integrated Reinforcement Learning (2026.acl-long)
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Zhirong Chen, Kaiyan Chang, Zhuolin Li, Cangyuan Li, Xinyang He, Chujie Chen, Mengdi Wang, Haobo Xu, Yinhe Han, Huawei Li, Ying Wang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to optimize Register-Transfer Level (RTL) code fail to simultaneously optimize functional correctness and hardware efficiency metrics such as Power, Performance, and Area (PPA). |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical reward based reinforcement learning framework that integrates direct feedback from EDA simulators and synthesis tools into a reward mechanism. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework integrates direct feedback from EDA simulators and synthesis tools into a hierarchical reward based reinforcement learning framework. |
BMInf: An Efficient Toolkit for Big Model Inference and Tuning (2022.acl-demo)
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Xu Han, Guoyang Zeng, Weilin Zhao, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhengyan Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jun Zhang, Jia Chao, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Recent years, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit for big model inference and tuning which can support big model tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit can support big model inference and tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
PRIME: A Process-Outcome Alignment Benchmark for Verifiable Reasoning in Mathematics and Engineering (2026.acl-long)
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Xiangfeng Wang, Hangyu Guo, Yanlin Lai, Mitt Huang, Liang Zhao, Chengyuan Yao, Yinmin Zhang, Qi Han, null Xiaoxiaoren, Chun Yuan, Tong Xu, Zheng Ge, Xiangyu Zhang, Daxin Jiang
| Challenge: | Current outcome-centric verification paradigms neglect potential errors in the derivation process. |
| Approach: | They propose a process-aware RLVR training paradigm utilizing verifiers selected via **PRIME**. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms the baseline verification paradigm on AIME24, AIME25, and Beyond-AIME models. |
M2PT: Multimodal Prompt Tuning for Zero-shot Instruction Learning (2024.emnlp-main)
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Taowen Wang, Yiyang Liu, James Liang, Junhan Zhao, Yiming Cui, Yuning Mao, Shaoliang Nie, Jiahao Liu, Fuli Feng, Zenglin Xu, Cheng Han, Lifu Huang, Qifan Wang, Dongfang Liu
| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit remarkable performance across a wide range of domains. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal prompt tuning approach for efficient instruction tuning of MLLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach shows superior performance on multimodal evaluation datasets compared to state-of-the-art methods. |
PPT: Pre-trained Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Learning (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Prompt tuning for pre-trained language models has shown remarkable performance . however, prompt tuning is still not fully explored . |
| Approach: | They propose to pre-train prompts by adding soft prompts into the pre-training stage to obtain a better initialization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms full-model tuning under full-data and few-shot learning settings. |
Feedback Is The Key for Automated Survey Generation (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a promising foundation for literature surveys, but guiding them to generate accurate, reliable content remains a fundamental challenge. |
| Approach: | They propose a feedback-driven framework that incorporates feedback across three dimensions: outline feedback for structural clarity, citation feedback for evidence validation, and content feedback for readability and analytical depth. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves both citation and content quality, demonstrating feedback as the critical mechanism for automatic survey generation. |
APB-V: Accelerating Long-Video Understanding via Sequence-Parallelism-aware Approximate Attention (2026.acl-long)
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Yuxiang Huang, Mingye Li, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Weilin Zhao, Ao Sun, Ziqi Yuan, Hao Zhou, Fandong Meng, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for long-video inference use compression or sparse attention . existing methods restrict LMMs from handling longer, more complex videos . |
| Approach: | They propose a sequence-parallel framework with optimized attention that accelerates long-video inference across multiple GPUs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework delivers speedups of 12.72x, 1.70x, and 1.18x over FlashAttn, ZigZagRing, and APB without significant performance loss. |
FewRel 2.0: Towards More Challenging Few-Shot Relation Classification (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Few-shot domain adaptation and NOTA detection are two real-world challenges for few-shot relation classification models. |
| Approach: | They propose a task to investigate two aspects of few-shot relation classification models . they build upon the FewRel dataset by adding a new test set in a different domain . |
| Outcome: | The proposed task can evaluate few-shot domain adaptation and few- shot none-of-the-above detection on a new domain and NOTA relation choice. |
Boosting Policy and Process Reward Models with Monte Carlo Tree Search in Open-Domain QA (2025.findings-acl)
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Chi-Min Chan, Chunpu Xu, Junqi Zhu, Jiaming Ji, Donghai Hong, Pengcheng Wen, Chunyang Jiang, Zhen Ye, Yaodong Yang, Wei Xue, Sirui Han, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that our approach can effectively improve the performance of both the policy model and the reward model. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Monte Carlo Tree Search for both policy model improvement and reward model improvement to bridge it to more subtle open-domain question answering. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach surpasses existing methods for annotation and training data with fewer data points and achieves better performance in test-time scaling strategies. |
Defending LLMs against Jailbreak Attacks via Template-Based ICL with a Defensive Suffix (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | State-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, such as GCG and AutoDAN. |
| Approach: | They propose to take the advances of online In-Context Learning and an offline defensive suffix and optimize them using an iterative algorithm and an online stochastic random search to identify the most effective ICL demonstrations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces attack success rate to nearly *0% while maintaining the model’s utility on benign tasks and incurring only *negligible* computational overhead. |
Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learning for Fine-Grained Entity Typing for Low-Resource Languages (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that by applying our framework, we can easily learn effective FGET models for low-resource languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a cross-lingual contrastive learning framework to learn FGET models for low-resource languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can learn effective FGET models for low-resource languages even without human-labeled data. |
Open Hierarchical Relation Extraction (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing OpenRE methods cast different relation types in isolation without considering their hierarchical dependency. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to establish bidirectional connections between OpenRE and relation hierarchies by integrating hierarchy information into relation representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art models on relation clustering and hierarchy expansion. |
Dynamic Anticipation and Completion for Multi-Hop Reasoning over Sparse Knowledge Graph (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing reasoning methods for sparse KGs are incomplete and lack of evidential paths to target entities makes multi-hop reasoning difficult. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-hop reasoning model over sparse KGs to solve this problem . they use latent prediction of embedding-based models to make the model perform more potential path search over sparses . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models on five datasets from Freebase, NELL and Wikidata. |
FR-Spec: Accelerating Large-Vocabulary Language Models via Frequency-Ranked Speculative Sampling (2025.acl-long)
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Weilin Zhao, Tengyu Pan, Xu Han, Yudi Zhang, Sun Ao, Yuxiang Huang, Kaihuo Zhang, Weilun Zhao, Yuxuan Li, Jie Zhou, Hao Zhou, Jianyong Wang, Maosong Sun, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Speculative sampling is an efficient way to accelerate the auto-regressive generation process of large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a frequency-ranked speculative sampling framework that optimizes draft candidate selection through vocabulary space compression. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that FR-Spec reduces LM Head computation overhead by 75% while ensuring the equivalence of the final output distribution. |
A Quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever for Syntactically-Controlled Paraphrase Generation (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing syntactically-controlled paraphrase generation models perform well with human-annotated or well-chosen syntaktic templates. |
| Approach: | They propose a quality-based Syntactic Template Retriever to retrieve templates based on the quality of the to-be-generated paraphrases. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm can generate high-quality paraphrases without sacrificing quality. |
MAVEN-ERE: A Unified Large-scale Dataset for Event Coreference, Temporal, Causal, and Subevent Relation Extraction (2022.emnlp-main)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Yulin Chen, Ning Ding, Hao Peng, Zimu Wang, Yankai Lin, Xu Han, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing datasets only cover limited relation types at once, which prevents models from taking full advantage of relation interactions. |
| Approach: | They construct a large-scale human-annotated ERE dataset with improved annotation schemes to address these drawbacks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is larger than existing datasets of all the ERE tasks by at least an order of magnitude. |
AutoReproduce: Automatic AI Experiment Reproduction with Paper Lineage (2026.acl-long)
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Xuanle Zhao, Zilin Sang, Yuxuan Li, Qi Shi, Weilun Zhao, Shuo Wang, Duzhen Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Efficient reproduction of research papers requires deep domain expertise. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that systematically mines implicit knowledge from the cited literature to reproduce experimental code in a complete, end-to-end manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses baselines across all metrics and reproduces experimental code in a complete, end-to-end manner. |
PATIMT-Bench: A Multi-Scenario Benchmark for Position-Aware Text Image Machine Translation in Large Vision-Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Current TIMT studies focus on providing translations for all text within an image, neglecting to provide bounding boxes and covering limited scenarios. |
| Approach: | They extend traditional TIMT into position-aware TIMt to support fine-grained translation . they introduce an Adaptive Image OCR Refinement Pipeline to refine results . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model supports fine-grained and layout-preserving translation . the experimental data highlight the scalability and generalizability of the model. |
Robust and Scalable Model Editing for Large Language Models (2024.lrec-main)
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Yingfa Chen, Zhengyan Zhang, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, Chen Chen, Kuai Li, Tao Yang, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing methods that ignore contextual knowledge fail to reliably fall back to parametric knowledge when presented with irrelevant context. |
| Approach: | They propose to use contextual knowledge to update and correct LLMs' knowledge by in-context editing instead of retraining. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms current state-of-the-art methods by a large margin on a dataset that contains irrelevant questions. |
Text2Event: Controllable Sequence-to-Structure Generation for End-to-end Event Extraction (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract event records from text decompose complex structure prediction task into multiple subtasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a sequence-to-structure generation paradigm that can extract events from text . they propose unified event extraction, constrained decoding algorithm and curriculum learning algorithm . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can achieve competitive performance using record-level annotations in both supervised learning and transfer learning settings. |
Open Relation Extraction: Relational Knowledge Transfer from Supervised Data to Unsupervised Data (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract relational facts from open domain corpora are time-consuming and human-intensive. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to learn similarity metrics of relations from labeled data . they propose to transfer relational knowledge to identify novel relations in unlabeled data. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on two real-world datasets show that the proposed framework improves compared with state-of-the-art methods. |
Memo-SQL: Structured Decomposition and Experience-Driven Self-Correction for Training-Free NL2SQL (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing NL2SQL systems rely on in-context learning with only correct examples . current test-time scaling methods often decompose questions arbitrarily, resulting in poor performance . |
| Approach: | They propose a structured decomposition and experience-aware self-correction framework for NL2SQL . they build a dynamic memory of successful queries and historical error–fix pairs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves 68.5% execution accuracy on BIRD, setting new state of the art among open, zero-fine-tuning methods. |
HMoE: Heterogeneous Mixture of Experts for Language Modeling (2025.emnlp-main)
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An Wang, Xingwu Sun, Ruobing Xie, Shuaipeng Li, Jiaqi Zhu, Zhen Yang, Pinxue Zhao, Weidong Han, Zhanhui Kang, Di Wang, Naoaki Okazaki, Cheng-zhong Xu
| Challenge: | Mixture of Experts (MoE) models use homogeneous experts with diverse capacities, resulting in a lack of expert specialization and parameter utilization. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework where experts differ in size and possess diverse capacities . they propose HMoE to encourage frequent activation of smaller experts . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms homogeneous homogenous MoE models on evaluation benchmarks and achieves lower loss rate with fewer activated parameters. |
Extending LLM Context Window with Adaptive Grouped Positional Encoding: A Training-Free Method (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing long-context training data is scarce and requires substantial GPU resources for training. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free plug-and-play method to enhance long-context understanding in existing large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing LLMs on various tasks and surpasses baseline methods. |
Zero-shot Cross-lingual Conversational Semantic Role Labeling (2022.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Xu et al., 2021: conversational semantic role labeling is under-explored in non-Chinese languages due to the lack of multilingual CSRL annotations for the parser training. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that implicitly learns conversational structure-aware representations with hierarchical encoders and elaborately designed pre-training objectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines on English CSRL tests by large margins . it will facilitate the research of non-Chinese dialogue tasks which suffer from ellipsis and anaphora . |
Understanding the Dark Side of LLMs’ Intrinsic Self-Correction (2025.acl-long)
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Qingjie Zhang, Di Wang, Haoting Qian, Yiming Li, Tianwei Zhang, Minlie Huang, Ke Xu, Hewu Li, Liu Yan, Han Qiu
| Challenge: | Recent studies show that LLMs’ intrinsic self-correction fails without oracle labels as feedback. |
| Approach: | They propose to use one simple task and three complex tasks with state-of-the-art LLMs like ChatGPT, Llama, and DeepSeek to interpret LLM's intrinsic self-correction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods reveal the dark side of LLMs’ intrinsic self-correction for different tasks, especially for those failure cases. |
DIAG-NRE: A Neural Pattern Diagnosis Framework for Distantly Supervised Neural Relation Extraction (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for labeling relational facts require significant expert labor to write relation-specific patterns, which makes them too sophisticated to generalize quickly. |
| Approach: | They propose a neural pattern diagnosis framework that can summarize and refine relation-specific patterns with human experts in the loop. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can summarize and refine high-quality relational patterns from noise data with human experts in the loop. |
FTibSuite: A Comprehensive Resource Suite for Tibetan Vision–Language Modeling (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | FTibSuite provides an end-to-end training-and-evaluation workflow for vision–language models . Tibetan is underserved due to the lack of infrastructure for reproducible training and evaluation. |
| Approach: | They propose a resource-centric workflow for Tibetan VLMs that provides an end-to-end training-and-evaluation workflow and human-verified multimodal annotations. |
| Outcome: | FTibSuite provides an end-to-end training-and-evaluation workflow and human-verified multimodal annotations. |
Plug-and-Play Knowledge Injection for Pre-trained Language Models (2023.acl-long)
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Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Zeng, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Deming Ye, Chaojun Xiao, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge injection methods are not suitable for enhancing pre-trained language models with external knowledge bases. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play knowledge injection method where knowledge bases are injected into frozen existing downstream models by a knowledge plugin. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the performance of knowledge injection on knowledge-driven tasks while keeping model parameters frozen. |
CorNav: Autonomous Agent with Self-Corrected Planning for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing vision-and-language navigation methods do not incorporate environmental feedback into their decision-making processes. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that incorporates environmental feedback into decision-making and a 3D simulator that renders realistic scenarios using Unreal Engine 5. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing vision-and-language navigation methods in a zero-shot multi-task setting by 28.1% on average. |
Visual Question Decomposition on Multimodal Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for question decomposition focus on unimodal language models, but question decomposing capability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has yet to be explored. |
| Approach: | They propose a finetuning dataset and a training objective for selective decomposition to enhance the model's question decomposing capability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset shows that existing models struggle to produce high-quality sub-questions. |
OlympiadBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Promoting AGI with Olympiad-Level Bilingual Multimodal Scientific Problems (2024.acl-long)
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, Jie Liu, Lei Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models have exceeded general human capabilities in various tasks. |
| Approach: | They present an Olympiad-level bilingual multimodal scientific benchmark featuring 8,476 problems from Olympiad level mathematics and physics competitions. |
| Outcome: | The best performing model, GPT-4V, attains an average score of 17.97% on OlympiadBench, with a mere 10.74% in physics, highlighting the benchmark rigor and the intricacy of physical reasoning. |
A Robust Semantics-based Watermark for Large Language Model against Paraphrasing (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to detect LLM-generated content use simple hashes of precedent tokens to partition vocabulary. |
| Approach: | They propose a semantics-based watermark framework to enhance the robustness against paraphrase. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is robust under different paraphrases and the semantic meaning of the sentences will be likely preserved under paraphrase. |
Automatic Multi-Label Prompting: Simple and Interpretable Few-Shot Classification (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Prompt-based learning is an emerging paradigm for exploiting knowledge learned by a pretrained language model. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to automatically select label mappings for few-shot text classification with prompting. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves competitive performance on the GLUE benchmark without human effort or external resources. |
DRPG (Decompose, Retrieve, Plan, Generate): An Agentic Framework for Academic Rebuttal (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to support academic rebuttal rely on off-the-shelf LLMs or simple pipelines that struggle with long-context understanding. |
| Approach: | They propose an agentic framework for automatic academic rebuttal generation that operates through four steps: Decompose reviews into atomic concerns, Retrieve relevant evidence from the paper, Plan refortations, and Generate responses accordingly. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing rebuttal pipelines and achieves 98% accuracy beyond the average human level using only an 8B model. |
BMCook: A Task-agnostic Compression Toolkit for Big Models (2022.emnlp-demos)
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Zhengyan Zhang, Baitao Gong, Yingfa Chen, Xu Han, Guoyang Zeng, Weilin Zhao, Yanxu Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing efforts to compress medium-sized models for specific tasks have limited results. |
| Approach: | They propose a task-agnostic compression toolkit for big models that implements quantization, pruning, distillation and MoEfication methods. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tool improves performance on a model with 3 billion parameters by 12x . it also outperforms the original model on three typical NLP benchmarks. |
DocEE: A Large-Scale and Fine-grained Benchmark for Document-level Event Extraction (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets focus on sentence-level event extraction, but document-level EE is limited due to the lack of large-scale and practical training and evaluation datasets. |
| Approach: | They propose a document-level event extraction dataset with 27,000+ events and 180,000+ arguments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes 27,000+ events, 180,000+ arguments and large-scale manual annotations, fine-grained argument types and application-oriented settings. |
ArcLight: A Lightweight LLM Inference Architecture for Many-Core CPUs (2026.acl-demo)
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| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for large language model (LLM) inference on CPUs overlook overhead of cross-NUMA memory access. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight LLM inference architecture designed from the ground up for many-core CPUs. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that ArcLight surpasses the performance ceiling of mainstream frameworks, achieving up to 46% higher inference throughput. |
Boosting Inference Efficiency: Unleashing the Power of Parameter-Shared Pre-trained Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Parameter-shared pre-trained language models (PLMs) have emerged as a successful approach in resource-constrained environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to enhance the inference efficiency of parameter-shared PLMs by pre-training models that can achieve even greater acceleration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves inference efficiency on autoregressive and autoencoding models. |
The UIR Uncertainty Corpus for Chinese: Annotating Chinese Microblog Corpus for Uncertainty Identification from Social Media (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Uncertainty identification is an important semantic processing task, critical to the quality of information in terms of factuality in many NLP techniques and applications. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate Chinese microblogs with an open uncertainty corpus . they propose to use contextual uncertain semantics rather than traditional cue-phrases to identify uncertainty . |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus can be used to identify uncertainty in social media texts. |
ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expect (2025.findings-acl)
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Xin Men, Mingyu Xu, Qingyu Zhang, Qianhao Yuan, Bingning Wang, Hongyu Lin, Yaojie Lu, Xianpei Han, Weipeng Chen
| Challenge: | Recent studies have identified significant redundancy in large language models . quantization and pruning are two methods that reduce computational resources . |
| Approach: | They propose simple pruning methods that prune redundant layers based on their BI scores. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pruning methods demonstrate superior performance over previous pruning methods. |
Cost-Optimal Grouped-Query Attention for Long-Context Modeling (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yingfa Chen, Yutong Wu, Chenyang Song, Zhen Leng Thai, Xingyu Shen, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Current GQA configurations overlook how context length influences inference cost . |
| Approach: | They propose a recipe for deriving cost-optimal GQA configurations that decouple the total head size from the hidden size and allow more flexible control over attention FLOPs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed configurations reduce memory usage and FLOPs by more than 50% compared to Llama-3's GQA, with *no degradation in model capabilities*. |
On the Generalization of Training-based ChatGPT Detection Methods (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies show that training-based methods are ineffective to detect LLM generated texts from unseen tasks or topics which are not collected during training. |
| Approach: | They propose to train classification models to distinguish LLMs from human texts by a distribution shift caused by prompts, text lengths, topics, and language tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can detect LLMs from black-box models, but they suffer from distribution shifts due to a wide range of factors, including prompts, text lengths, topics, and language tasks. |
MANBench: Is Your Multimodal Model Smarter than Human? (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been gaining popularity in multimodal tasks . a bilingual benchmark is available for MLLM users to evaluate their multimodal capabilities . |
| Approach: | They propose a bilingual multimodal ability norms benchmark that measures multimodality across nine tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark compared human performance against state-of-the-art MLLMs. |
AutoAlign: Get Your LLM Aligned with Minimal Annotations (2025.acl-demo)
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Xinyu Lu, Dong Xu, Chunkang Zhang, Xinyan Guan, Junxiang Wang, Qingyu Zhang, Pengbo Wang, Yingzhi Mao, Hao Xiang, Xueru Wen, Zichao Li, Yaojie Lu, Hongyu Lin, Le Sun, Xianpei Han
| Challenge: | Automated Alignment (ALM) is a set of algorithms designed to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human intentions and values while minimizing manual intervention. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit that integrates mainstream automated algorithms through a consistent interface and an accessible workflow supporting one-click execution for prompt synthesis and automatic alignment signal construction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables easy reproduction of existing results through extensive benchmarks and facilitates the development of novel approaches via modular components. |
WebCPM: Interactive Web Search for Chinese Long-form Question Answering (2023.acl-long)
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Yujia Qin, Zihan Cai, Dian Jin, Lan Yan, Shihao Liang, Kunlun Zhu, Yankai Lin, Xu Han, Ning Ding, Huadong Wang, Ruobing Xie, Fanchao Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Long-form question answering requires two procedures: information retrieval and information synthesis. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese long-form question answering dataset called WebCPM . the dataset is based on a web search interface that engages with a search engine in real time . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset generates answers that are no worse than human-written ones . the dataset is the first Chinese LFQA dataset . |
Fine-grained Artificial Neurons in Audio-transformers for Disentangling Neural Auditory Encoding (2023.findings-acl)
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Mengyue Zhou, Xu Liu, David Liu, Zihao Wu, Zhengliang Liu, Lin Zhao, Dajiang Zhu, Lei Guo, Junwei Han, Tianming Liu, Xintao Hu
| Challenge: | Existing studies treat each transformer encoding layer as a single artificial neuron . layer-level embeddings aggregate multiple types of contextual attention captured by multiple head modules . |
| Approach: | They propose to embed each transformer encoding layer as a single artificial neuron . they propose to couple those ANs with their biological-neuron counterparts in the human brain . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models can be used to link representations to brain activity, the authors say . their results show that the proposed models carry meaningful neurolinguistic information . |
EverTracer: Hunting Stolen Large Language Models via Stealthy and Robust Probabilistic Fingerprint (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing fingerprinting methods require impractical white-box access or introduce detectable statistical anomalies. |
| Approach: | They propose a gray-box fingerprinting framework that ensures stealthy and robust model provenance tracing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is the first to repurpose Membership Inference Attacks (MIAs) for defensive use, embedding ownership signals via memorization instead of artificial trigger-output overfitting. |
Towards Understanding Jailbreak Attacks in LLMs: A Representation Space Analysis (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are susceptible to a type of attack known as jailbreaking, which misleads LLMs to output harmful contents. |
| Approach: | They propose to leverage hidden representations into existing jailbreak targets to move the attacks along the acceptance direction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods are validated using the objective of existing jailbreak attacks. |
Manual Evaluation Matters: Reviewing Test Protocols of Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction (2021.findings-acl)
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Tianyu Gao, Xu Han, Yuzhuo Bai, Keyue Qiu, Zhiyu Xie, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Distantly supervised relation extraction (RE) has attracted much attention in the past few years . previous methods to evaluate models manually or directly on autolabeled data have produced inaccurate evaluations . |
| Approach: | They propose to use distant supervision to generate large-scale autolabeled data . they build manually-annotated test sets for two DS-RE datasets and evaluate models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method produces 53% wrong labels at the entity pair level in the popular NYT10 dataset. |
Web Fraud Attacks Against LLM-Driven Multi-Agent Systems (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Model (LLM)-driven multi-agent systems (MAS) are rapidly gaining popularity, and its inherent security risks are rapidly becoming a concern. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel attack manipulating unique structures of web links to deceive MAS by using homoglyph deception, sub-directory nesting, and parameter obfuscation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attacks exploit unique structures of web links to deceive MAS . they exhibit significant destructive potential across different MAS architectures . |
RESTful-Llama: Connecting User Queries to RESTful APIs (2024.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance in zero-shot learning and reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that transforms natural language instructions into effective RESTful API calls and a method to generate fine-tuning datasets from public API documentation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance in a 31.9% improvement in robustness and 2.33x increase in efficiency compared to existing methods. |
PREE: Towards Harmless and Adaptive Fingerprint Editing in Large Language Models via Knowledge Prefix Enhancement (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing black-box fingerprinting techniques rely on overfitting high-perplexity trigger patterns . experimental results show that model editing in the fingerprint domain exhibits unique advantages . |
| Approach: | They propose a prefix-enhanced fingerprint editing framework that encodes copyright information into parameter offsets through dual-channel knowledge edit to achieve covert embedding of fingerprint features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model editing framework achieves 90% trigger precision in mainstream architectures . the proposed model editor achieves the 90% accuracy in mainstream models . |
A Law Reasoning Benchmark for LLM with Tree-Organized Structures including Factum Probandum, Evidence and Experiences (2025.findings-acl)
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Jiaxin Shen, Jinan Xu, Huiqi Hu, Luyi Lin, Guoyang Ma, Fei Zheng, Fandong Meng, Jie Zhou, Wenjuan Han
| Challenge: | a recent study focuses on generating impartial and interpretable judicial judgments based on established criminal fact. |
| Approach: | They propose a law reasoning schema enriched with hierarchical factum probandum, evidence, and implicit experience that enables public scrutiny and preventing bias. |
| Outcome: | The proposed schema enables public scrutiny and prevents bias in the "Intelligent Court" it employs a suite of legal analysis tools to address the challenge task. |
RAG-QA Arena: Evaluating Domain Robustness for Long-form Retrieval Augmented Question Answering (2024.emnlp-main)
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Rujun Han, Yuhao Zhang, Peng Qi, Yumo Xu, Jenyuan Wang, Lan Liu, William Yang Wang, Bonan Min, Vittorio Castelli
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for question answering based on retrieval augmented generation (RAG-QA) are either constructed using a single source corpus or consist of short extractive answers, which fall short of evaluating large language model (LLM) based RAG-QA systems on cross-domain generalization. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that integrates short extractive answers from multiple documents into a single coherent narrative. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset integrates short extractive answers from multiple documents into a single coherent narrative, covering 26K queries and large corpora across seven different domains. |
Beyond the Turn-Based Game: Enabling Real-Time Conversations with Duplex Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Xinrong Zhang, Yingfa Chen, Shengding Hu, Xu Han, Zihang Xu, Yuanwei Xu, Weilin Zhao, Maosong Sun, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly permeating daily lives and require real-time interactions that mirror human conversations. |
| Approach: | They propose to use time-division-multiplexing to process queries and responses pseudo-simultaneously. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can listen to users while generating output and adjust to provide instant feedback. |
Efficient Paths and Dense Rewards: Probabilistic Flow Reasoning for Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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Yan Liu, Feng Zhang, Zhanyu Ma, Jun Xu, Jiuchong Gao, Jinghua Hao, Renqing He, Han Liu, Yangdong Deng
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to mitigate inference inefficiency and optimization difficulty are fragmented and constrained by inherent trade-offs. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reconceptualizes discrete reasoning steps as a continuous probabilistic flow, quantifying the contribution of each step toward the ground-truth answer. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves a superior balance between inference efficiency and reasoning performance on challenging benchmarks. |
SAGE: An Agentic Explainer Framework for Interpreting SAE Features in Language Models (2026.eacl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress, yet their internal mechanisms remain largely opaque. |
| Approach: | They propose an agent-based framework that recasts feature interpretation from a passive, single-pass generation task into an explanation-driven process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework produces explanations with significantly higher generative and predictive accuracy compared to state-of-the-art baselines. |
UltraEval: A Lightweight Platform for Flexible and Comprehensive Evaluation for LLMs (2024.acl-demos)
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Shengding Hu, Ranchi Zhao, Jie Zhou, Hanghao Wu, Jiajie Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation platforms are complex and poorly modularized, hindering seamless incorporation into researcher’s workflows. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight evaluation framework characterized by lightweight, comprehensiveness, modularity, and efficiency that integrates models, data, and metrics into a unified evaluation workflow. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework is lightweight, comprehensive, modular, and efficient. |
Quantifying Similarity between Relations with Fact Distribution (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | a conceptually simple and effective method to quantify the similarity between relations is presented . identifying relations is a crucial problem for several information extraction tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to quantify the similarity between relations in knowledge bases . they use a neural network to parameterize conditional probability distributions over entity pairs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly correlates with human judgments, the authors show . it could be incorporated into negative sampling and softmax classification to alleviate these mistakes. |
UniCorn: Towards Self-Improving Unified Multimodal Models through Self-Generated Supervision (2026.acl-long)
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Zhen Fang, Ruiyan Han, XinYu Sun, Yuchen Ma, Ziheng Wang, Yu Zeng, Zehui Chen, Lin Chen, Wenxuan Huang, Wei-Jie Xu, Yi Cao, Feng Zhao
| Challenge: | Unified Multimodal Models have achieved remarkable success in cross-modal comprehension, but a gap persists in their ability to translate internal knowledge into faithful and controllable synthesis. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-improvement framework that partitions a single UMM into three collaborative roles: Proposer, Solver, and Judge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on TIIF, DPG, CompBench and UniCycle benchmarks. |
CheckRLM: Effective Knowledge–Thought Coherence Checking in Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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Dingling Xu, Ruobing Wang, Qingfei Zhao, Yukun Yan, Zhichun Wang, Daren Zha, Shi Yu, Zhenghao Liu, Shuo Wang, Xu Han, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Reasoning Language Models (RLMs) have improved performance on complex tasks by extending the reasoning chain, but they are prone to factual errors, especially in knowledge-intensive tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that improves the reliability of the reasoning process by timely checking and correcting factual errors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines and shows that it mitigates error accumulation with lower costs. |
Fully Hyperbolic Neural Networks (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing hyperbolic neural networks encode features in the hyperbolical space yet formalize most of their operations in the tangent space. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully hyperbolic framework to build hyperbolical networks based on the Lorentz model by adapting Lorentzer transformations to formalize essential operations of neural networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework has better performance on four NLP tasks compared with existing hyperbolic models . |
Variator: Accelerating Pre-trained Models with Plug-and-Play Compression Modules (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Chaojun Xiao, Yuqi Luo, Wenbin Zhang, Pengle Zhang, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhengyan Zhang, Ruobing Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have been successful on NLP tasks but require huge parameter sizes and computational resources. |
| Approach: | They propose a parameter-efficient acceleration method that enhances computational efficiency through plug-and-play compression plugins. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method saves 53% computational costs using only 0.9% additional parameters with a performance drop of less than 2%. |
Prompt-learning for Fine-grained Entity Typing (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Ning Ding, Yulin Chen, Xu Han, Guangwei Xu, Xiaobin Wang, Pengjun Xie, Haitao Zheng, Zhiyuan Liu, Juanzi Li, Hong-Gee Kim
| Challenge: | Extensive experiments on fine-grained entity typing under fully supervised, few-shot, and zero-shot settings show the effectiveness of prompt-learning. |
| Approach: | They propose a prompt-learning pipeline that stimulates versatile knowledge of pre-trained language models (PLMs) by constructing entity-oriented verbalizers and templates and conducting masked language modeling. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can be applied to fine-grained entity typing in fully supervised, few-shot, and zero-shot scenarios. |
QaRL: Rollout-Aligned Quantization-Aware RL for Fast and Stable Training under Training–Inference Mismatch (2026.findings-acl)
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Hao Gu, Hao Wang, Jiacheng Liu, Lujun Li, Qiyuan Zhu, Bei Liu, Binxing Xu, Lei Wang, Xintong Yang, Sida Lin, Sirui Han, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Recent work has shown that reinforcement learning with simple rule-based reward functions (RLVR) can induce emergent reasoning behaviors and yield gains in challenging domains such as math problem solving. |
| Approach: | They propose a rollout-alignment-quantization-aware RL which aligns training-side forward with the quantized rollout to minimize mismatch. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms quantized-rollout training by +5.5 on Qwen3-30B-A3B MoE for math problems while maintaining low-bit throughput. |
Denoising Relation Extraction from Document-level Distant Supervision (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to generate auto-labeled sentences for relation extraction (RE) are difficult to extend to document-level relation extraction as noise from DS may be even multiplied in documents. |
| Approach: | They propose a pre-trained model which de-emphasizes noisy DS data via multiple pre-training tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can capture useful information from noisy data and achieve promising results on the large-scale DocRE benchmark. |
LegalReasoner: Step-wised Verification-Correction for Legal Judgment Reasoning (2025.acl-long)
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Weijie Shi, Han Zhu, Jiaming Ji, Mengze Li, Jipeng Zhang, Ruiyuan Zhang, Jia Zhu, Jiajie Xu, Sirui Han, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Existing legal judgment prediction methods struggle with logical errors when conducting complex legal reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which enhances LJP reliability through step-wise verification and correction of the reasoning process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly improves concordance with court decisions from 72.37 to 80.27 on LLAMA-3.1-70B. |
HMEAE: Hierarchical Modular Event Argument Extraction (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing event extraction methods classify each argument role independently, ignoring conceptual correlations between different argument roles. |
| Approach: | They propose a Hierarchical Modular Event Argument Extraction model to provide inductive bias from the concept hierarchy of event argument roles. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on real-world datasets and shows that it leverages useful knowledge from the concept hierarchy. |
On-the-Fly VLA Adaptation via Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (2026.acl-long)
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Changyu Liu, Yiyang Liu, Taowen Wang, Qiao Zhuang, James Chenhao Liang, Wenhao Yang, Renjing Xu, Qifan Wang, Dongfang Liu, Cheng Han
| Challenge: | Existing vision-language-action models are unsuitable for simulated or physical-world deployments . current methods fail when confronted with inherent real-world dynamic variability. |
| Approach: | They propose a test-time reinforcement learning framework that enables on-the-fly policy adaptation during inference. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that the proposed framework improves adaptability, stability and task success in dynamic, previously unseen scenarios. |
TwT: Thinking without Tokens by Habitual Reasoning Distillation with Multi-Teachers’ Guidance (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in problem-solving by incorporating reasoning processes, but this enhanced reasoning capability results in an increased number of output tokens during inference, leading to higher computational costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that internalizes explicit reasoning into the model’s habitual behavior through a Teacher-Guided compression strategy inspired by human cognition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces inference-time costs while maintaining high performance while preserving high quality and diversity of the distillation dataset. |
Mitigating the Privacy Issues in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) via Pure Synthetic Data (2025.emnlp-main)
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Shenglai Zeng, Jiankun Zhang, Pengfei He, Jie Ren, Tianqi Zheng, Hanqing Lu, Han Xu, Hui Liu, Yue Xing, Jiliang Tang
| Challenge: | Existing literature suggests that RAG systems may face privacy issues when the retrieval process involves private data. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage synthetic data generation paradigm that uses attributes to preserve contextual information from the original data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach preserves key contextual information from the original data while reducing privacy risks. |
MEraser: An Effective Fingerprint Erasure Approach for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have raised critical concerns about model ownership and intellectual property protection. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for effectively removing backdoor-based fingerprints from LLMs . they propose deleting backdoor fingerprints using a transferable erasure mechanism . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method removes backdoor-based fingerprints while maintaining model performance. |
Fine-Grained Legal Argument-Pair Extraction via Coarse-Grained Pre-training (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Current methods conceptualize LAE as a supervised sentence-pair classification problem and necessitate extensive manual annotations. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that focuses on fine-grained alignment of argument pairs building upon coarse-grain complaint-defense pairs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models by 3.7 and 2.4 points on average. |
Encoding Hierarchical Schema via Concept Flow for Multifaceted Ideology Detection (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on ideology detection focus on one generic facet and ignore label semantics and explanatory descriptions of ideologies. |
| Approach: | They propose a concept semantics-enhanced framework for multifaceted ideology detection . it enables concepts to flow across levels of the schema tree and enriches concept representations with multi-granularity semantics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art in the cross-topic scenario and on the benchmark dataset. |
Compiling Activation Steering into Weights via Null-Space Constraints for Stealthy Backdoors (2026.acl-long)
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Rui Yin, Tianxu Han, Naen Xu, Changjiang Li, Ping He, Chunyi Zhou, Jun Wang, Zhihui Fu, Tianyu Du, Jinbao Li, Shouling Ji
| Challenge: | Existing methods to inject safety-aligned large language models rely on token-level mappings, which do not guarantee sustained harmful output. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that directly modifies model weights to map a trigger to an attacker-specified response. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves high triggered attack success while maintaining non-triggered safety and general utility. |
MR-ALIGN: Meta-Reasoning Informed Factuality Alignment for Large Reasoning Models (2026.findings-acl)
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Xinming Wang, Jian Xu, Bin Yu, Sheng Lian, yi Chen, Boran Wang, Yingjian Zhu, Hongzhu Yi, Hong-Ming Yang, Han Hu, Cheng-Lin Liu, Xu-Yao Zhang
| Challenge: | Large reasoning models (LRMs) show strong capabilities in complex reasoning, yet their marginal gains on evidence-dependent factual questions are limited. |
| Approach: | They propose a Meta-Reasoning informed alignment framework that quantifies state-transition probabilities along the model’s thinking process and constructs a transition-aware implicit reward that reinforces beneficial reasoning patterns while suppressing defective ones at the atomic thinking segments. |
| Outcome: | Empirical evaluations of four factual QA datasets and one long-form factuality benchmark show that MR-ALIGN consistently improves accuracy and truthfulness while reducing misleading reasoning. |
UltraLink: An Open-Source Knowledge-Enhanced Multilingual Supervised Fine-tuning Dataset (2024.acl-long)
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Haoyu Wang, Shuo Wang, Yukun Yan, Xujia Wang, Zhiyu Yang, Yuzhuang Xu, Zhenghao Liu, Liner Yang, Ning Ding, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Open-source large language models (LLMs) have gained strength across diverse fields, but the majority of studies focus on English. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge-grounded data augmentation approach to elicit more language-specific knowledge of LLMs by enhancing their ability to serve users from different countries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can prune the language-agnostic supervised fine-tuning dataset without any performance degradation. |
AutoVecCoder: Teaching LLMs to Generate Explicitly Vectorized Code (2026.findings-acl)
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ShangZhan Li, Xinyu Yin, Xuanyu Jin, Ye He, Yuxin Zhou, Yuxuan Li, Xu Han, Wanxiang Che, Qi Shi, Ting Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Current development practices face a dichotomy between automation and performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to empower LLMs with the capability of automated explicit vectorization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on the SSE and AVX subsets of SimdBench. |
Modelling Long-distance Node Relations for KBQA with Global Dynamic Graph (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies rely on deep graph neural networks (GNNs) to capture rich structural information, but they lack the structural information needed for QA. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which captures structural information from KBs and models long-distance node relations from two perspectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework models long-distance node relations from two perspectives . it is based on two widely used multi-hop KBQA datasets . |
From Discourse to Narrative: Knowledge Projection for Event Relation Extraction (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing event-centric knowledge graphs rely on explicit connectives to extract relations between events. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge projection paradigm for event relation extraction using commonalities between events. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance and extrinsic results verify the extracted event relations. |
Hierarchical Relation Extraction with Coarse-to-Fine Grained Attention (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for relation extraction use knowledge graphs to automatically label training data . but, it suffers from the wrong labeling problem because not all sentences containing two entities can express their relations in KGs . |
| Approach: | They propose a distant supervision approach to automatically label training instances . they integrate hierarchical information of relations into distantly supervised relation extraction . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on a large-scale dataset. |
Zero-Shot Open-Schema Entity Structure Discovery (2026.eacl-long)
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Xueqiang Xu, Jinfeng Xiao, James Barry, Mohab Elkaref, Jiaru Zou, Pengcheng Jiang, Yunyi Zhang, Maxwell J Giammona, Geeth De Mel, Jiawei Han
| Challenge: | Existing methods based on large language models (LLMs) rely heavily on predefined entity attribute schemas or annotated datasets, often leading to incomplete extraction results. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach to entity structure extraction that does not require any schema or annotated datasets. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that ZOES improves LLMs’ ability to extract more complete entity structures across three different domains, showcasing both the effectiveness and generalizability of the method. |
QuantumQA: Enhancing Scientific Reasoning via Physics-Consistent Dataset and Verification-Aware Reinforcement Learning (2026.acl-long)
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Songxin Qu, Tai-Ping Sun, Yun-Jie Wang, Huan-Yu Liu, Cheng Xue, Xiao-Fan Xu, Han Fang, Yang Yang, Yu-Chun Wu, Guo-Ping Guo, Zhao-Yun Chen
| Challenge: | Large language models lack reliability in scientific domains that require strict adherence to physical constraints. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale dataset constructed via a task-adaptive strategy and a hybrid verification protocol that combines deterministic solvers with semantic auditing to guarantee scientific rigor. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines and general-purpose preference models and is competitive with proprietary models. |
IBSEN: Director-Actor Agent Collaboration for Controllable and Interactive Drama Script Generation (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Language models have demonstrated their capabilities in storyline creation and human-like character role-playing. |
| Approach: | They propose a director-actor coordinate agent framework that generates drama scripts . framework allows actors to role-play their characters while maintaining plot development . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework generates drama scripts from a drama plot outline and human actors can play their characters. |
Domain-Adaptive Pretraining Methods for Dialogue Understanding (2021.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in pretraining methods have achieved promising results on NLP tasks . however, it is unclear which pretraining objective is the most effective for each downstream task . |
| Approach: | They evaluate the effectiveness of domain-adaptive pretraining objectives on downstream tasks . they use open-domain data to pretrain language models like BERT and SpanBERT . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on two dialogue understanding tasks with domain-adaptive pretraining objectives. |
Multi-modal Action Chain Abductive Reasoning (2023.acl-long)
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Mengze Li, Tianbao Wang, Jiahe Xu, Kairong Han, Shengyu Zhang, Zhou Zhao, Jiaxu Miao, Wenqiao Zhang, Shiliang Pu, Fei Wu
| Challenge: | Existing models for Abductive Reasoning are limited in their ability to infer the most plausible explanation of incomplete known phenomena. |
| Approach: | They propose a vision-language task that aims to imagine the most plausible event by spatio-temporal grounding in past video and infer the hypothesis of subsequent action chain layer by layer. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing video-language models in terms of effectiveness on the proposed dataset. |
Unlocking the Effectiveness of LoRA-FP for Seamless Transfer Implantation of Fingerprints in Downstream Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | lightweight plug-and-play framework that encodes backdoor fingerprints into LoRA adapters . |
| Approach: | proposed framework encodes backdoor fingerprints into LoRA adapters via constrained fine-tuning . enables seamless fingerprint transplantation through parameter fusion, eliminating full-parameter updates while maintaining integrity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves superior robustness against various scenarios while reducing computational overhead compared to traditional approaches. |
Fine-grained Conversational Decoding via Isotropic and Proximal Search (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing text decoding methods are not tailoring for dialogue generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a fine-grained conversational decoding method that generates a semantic-concentrated response while maintaining informativeness and discrimination against the context. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing decoding strategies in the dialogue field across both automatic and human evaluation metrics. |
Cheems: A Practical Guidance for Building and Evaluating Chinese Reward Models from Scratch (2025.acl-long)
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Xueru Wen, Jie Lou, Zichao Li, Yaojie Lu, XingYu XingYu, Yuqiu Ji, Guohai Xu, Hongyu Lin, Ben He, Xianpei Han, Le Sun, Debing Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing Chinese resources are small in scale and limited to specific domains, making them insufficient for LLM post-training. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese-annotated reward model and a preference dataset to address this gap . they evaluate Chinese RMs on CheemsBench and construct an RM that captures human preferences . |
| Outcome: | The proposed RM achieves state-of-the-art performance on CheemsBench and CheeMePreference. |
RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interaction (2026.findings-acl)
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Haonan Bian, Zhiyuan Yao, Sen Hu, Zishan Xu, Shaolei Zhang, Yifu Guo, Ziliang Yang, Xueran Han, Huacan Wang, Ronghao Chen
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture “long-term project-oriented” interactions where agents must track evolving goals. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that simulates the dynamic evolution of memory in real-world projects. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks simulate the dynamic evolution of memory in real-world projects. |
LLMBox: A Comprehensive Library for Large Language Models (2024.acl-demos)
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Tianyi Tang, Hu Yiwen, Bingqian Li, Wenyang Luo, ZiJing Qin, Haoxiang Sun, Jiapeng Wang, Shiyi Xu, Xiaoxue Cheng, Geyang Guo, Han Peng, Bowen Zheng, Yiru Tang, Yingqian Min, Yushuo Chen, Jie Chen, Ranchi Zhao, Luran Ding, Yuhao Wang, Zican Dong, Xia Chunxuan, Junyi Li, Kun Zhou, Xin Zhao, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | a library to facilitate the development, use, and evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is presented. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified library to facilitate the development, use and evaluation of large language models (LLMs). |
| Outcome: | The proposed library is based on extensive experiments in a variety of evaluation settings. |
Dancing in Chains: Reconciling Instruction Following and Faithfulness in Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Zhengxuan Wu, Yuhao Zhang, Peng Qi, Yumo Xu, Rujun Han, Yian Zhang, Jifan Chen, Bonan Min, Zhiheng Huang
| Challenge: | Modern language models fail to follow human instructions while being faithful . a trade-off exists between instruction following and faithfulness when training LMs . |
| Approach: | They propose a method that relies on Reject-sampling by Self-instruct with Continued Fine-tuning to train LMs to follow human instructions while being faithful. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms vanilla MTL with high-quality data, but with significantly smaller data. |
Continual Relation Learning via Episodic Memory Activation and Reconsolidation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to learn incessantly emerging novel relations are overfitting the few memorized examples of old relations, causing confusion among existing relations. |
| Approach: | They introduce episodic memory activation and reconsolidation (EMAR) to continual relation learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models in catastrophic forgetting old relations. |
Multi-Modal Multi-Granularity Tokenizer for Chu Bamboo Slips (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Using a multi-modal multi-granularity tokenizer, we analyze ancient Chinese scripts . a large proportion of the characters in ancient Chinese are rare or undeciphered . |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-modal multi-granularity tokenizer specifically designed for ancient Chinese scripts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tokenizer improves on the part-of-speech tagging task on the Chu bamboo slip script. |
MRT: Multi-modal Short- and Long-range Temporal Convolutional Network for Time-sync Comment Video Behavior Prediction (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Using time-sync comments, it is difficult to understand user behavior due to complexity of interactions between users, videos, and comments. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel time-sync comment behavior prediction model that takes historical behavior into account and optimizes it on the basis of user preferences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves the performance of time-sync comments on visual frames and textual comments on two cats playing simultaneously. |
Chinese Metaphorical Relation Extraction: Dataset and Models (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Metaphor identification is a core task in metaphor processing, which involves recognizing and analyzing metaphorical expressions in text. |
| Approach: | They propose a new formulation of metaphor identification as a relation extraction problem . they use a dataset to analyze metaphorical relations between two spans, a target and a source . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can capture the properties of the target and source in Chinese sentences. |
Do Language Models Mirror Human Confidence? Exploring Psychological Insights to Address Overconfidence in LLMs (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Psychology research has shown that humans are poor at estimating their performance on tasks, tending towards underconfidence on easy tasks and overconfidence on difficult tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a self-assessment method to assess confidence in large language models (LLMs) they propose to ask for the answer separately and then use them to improve their accuracy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves confidence calibration and interpretability in QA tasks with different personas. |
OpenKE: An Open Toolkit for Knowledge Embedding (D18-2)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge embedding tools are available for embeddable knowledge graphs. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified framework and various fundamental models to embed knowledge graphs into a continuous low-dimensional space. |
| Outcome: | The toolkit and pre-trained embeddings are available on http://openke.thunlp.org/. |
Put It Back: Entity Typing with Language Model Enhancement (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing Entity typing models suffer from noisy labels due to distant supervision . |
| Approach: | They propose to enhance existing entity typing models with language model enhancement to measure compatibility between context sentences and labels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art model on benchmark datasets and is available on github. |
CLLE: A Benchmark for Continual Language Learning Evaluation in Multilingual Machine Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for Continual Language Learning (CLL) are limited due to the complexity of the task and the lack of unified benchmarks. |
| Approach: | They propose a Continual Language Learning Evaluation benchmark CLLE in multilingual translation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is effective when compared with other strong benchmarks. |
StateX: Enhancing RNN Recall via Post-training State Expansion (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies show that RNNs with large recurrent states are expensive to train . however, the ability to recall contextual information from long contexts is underperforms them in certain aspects. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that expands the states of pre-trained RNNs by scaling them up to 1.3B . they use a recurrent architecture that compresses contextual information into a fixedsize state . |
| Outcome: | Experiments on models with up to 1.3B parameters show that StateX expands state sizes without incurring high post-training costs or compromising other capabilities. |
Unsupervised Multi-Granularity Summarization (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Ming Zhong, Yang Liu, Suyu Ge, Yuning Mao, Yizhu Jiao, Xingxing Zhang, Yichong Xu, Chenguang Zhu, Michael Zeng, Jiawei Han
| Challenge: | Experimental results confirm the substantial superiority of GranuSum on multi-granularity summarization over strong baselines. |
| Approach: | They propose to rank events by their salience and annotate a benchmark for GranuSum that contains multiple summaries at different granularities for each document cluster. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is capable of producing multi-granular summaries in unsupervised manner over strong baselines. |
Different Tunes Played with Equal Skill: Exploring a Unified Optimization Subspace for Parameter-Efficient Tuning (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing delta tuning algorithms freeze most of the parameters and only optimize minimal adaptive parameters. |
| Approach: | They propose to decompose DETs into a unified optimization subspace and conduct optimization within the subspace. |
| Outcome: | The proposed DETs achieve comparable performance to the original DET and can be transferred to another DET with non-trivial performance. |
QTSumm: Query-Focused Summarization over Tabular Data (2023.emnlp-main)
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Yilun Zhao, Zhenting Qi, Linyong Nan, Boyu Mi, Yixin Liu, Weijin Zou, Simeng Han, Ruizhe Chen, Xiangru Tang, Yumo Xu, Dragomir Radev, Arman Cohan
| Challenge: | Existing text generation systems that can provide accurate table summaries can facilitate more efficient access to relevant data insights. |
| Approach: | They propose a query-focused task where text generation models have to perform human-like reasoning and analysis over the given table to generate a tailored table summary. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves existing baselines on table-to-text generation and large language models by concatenating generated facts to the model input. |
Refining and Synthesis: A Simple yet Effective Data Augmentation Framework for Cross-Domain Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) data augmentation has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to data sparsity. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to augment ABSA data using pseudo labels for target domain . they refine generated labeled data using a natural language inference filter . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms 7 strong baselines on 4 kinds of ABSA tasks. |
Benchmarking Multi-National Value Alignment for Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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Chengyi Ju, Weijie Shi, Chengzhong Liu, Jiaming Ji, Jipeng Zhang, Ruiyuan Zhang, Jiajie Xu, Yaodong Yang, Sirui Han, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Existing studies on large language models focus on ethical reviews, failing to capture the diversity of national values. |
| Approach: | They propose a national value extraction pipeline to efficiently construct value assessment datasets and a model-based model with instruction tagging to process raw data sources. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark evaluates the alignment of LLMs with the values of five major nations: China, the United States, the UK, France, and Germany. |
Pre-train and Plug-in: Flexible Conditional Text Generation with Variational Auto-Encoders (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing conditional generation models cannot handle emerging conditions due to their joint end-to-end learning fashion. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for conditional text generation that decouples the text generation module from the condition representation module to allow "one-to-many" conditional generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decouples the text generation module from the condition representation module to allow “one-to-many” conditional generation. |
RankAdaptor: Hierarchical Rank Allocation for Efficient Fine-Tuning Pruned LLMs via Performance Model (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Current compression techniques entail structural pruning and a recovery phase that leverages the Low-Rank Adaptation algorithm. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical rank allocation method that enables efficient fine-tuning of pruned LLMs according to layerwise specific recovery requirements. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods across pruning settings and LLM architectures with improvements ranging from 0.7% to 5.5%. |
Transfer Knowledge from Natural Language to Electrocardiography: Can We Detect Cardiovascular Disease Through Language Models? (2023.findings-eacl)
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Jielin Qiu, William Han, Jiacheng Zhu, Mengdi Xu, Michael Rosenberg, Emerson Liu, Douglas Weber, Ding Zhao
| Challenge: | Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown powerful ability in various downstream applications. |
| Approach: | They propose an approach for cardiovascular disease diagnosis and automatic ECG diagnosis report generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach generates high-quality cardiac diagnosis reports and achieves competitive zero-shot classification performance even compared with supervised baselines. |
Open Domain Question Answering based on Text Enhanced Knowledge Graph with Hyperedge Infusion (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to improve knowledge base are incomplete and difficult to understand. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel QA method by leveraging text information to enhance the incomplete KB. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on the WebQuestionsSP benchmark prove the effectiveness of the proposed model. |
LLM×MapReduce: Simplified Long-Sequence Processing using Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Zihan Zhou, Chong Li, Xinyi Chen, Shuo Wang, Yu Chao, Zhili Li, Haoyu Wang, Qi Shi, Zhixing Tan, Xu Han, Xiaodong Shi, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing studies have focused on extending the context length of large language models (LLMs) due to their quadratic computational complexity and a lack of high-quality long training examples, most LLMs are trained with a limited window size. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free framework that enables large language models to effectively process long texts using a divide-and-conquer strategy for comprehensive document understanding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms open-source and commercial long-context LLMs and is compatible with several models. |
InterIDEAS: Philosophical Intertextuality via LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a new dataset aims to bridge philosophy, literary studies, and natural language processing (NLP) by integrating theories of intertextuality with bibliometric techniques. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that bridges philosophy, literary studies, and natural language processing (NLP) it combines theories of intertextuality from literary studies with bibliometric techniques and recent LLMs . |
| Outcome: | a new dataset bridges philosophy, literary studies, and natural language processing (NLP) to analyze intertextuality . the proposed method helps scholars understand the intellectual, social, and historical relations embedded in texts . it also contributes to the development of language models, authors say . |
Ideology Takes Multiple Looks: A High-Quality Dataset for Multifaceted Ideology Detection (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets for the ID task only label a text as ideologically left- or right-leaning as a whole, regardless whether the text containing one or more different issues. |
| Approach: | They construct an ideological schema for a multifaceted ideology detection task using MITweet and an English Twitter dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task uses a MITweet dataset with 12,594 English Twitter posts, each annotated with a Relevance and an Ideology label for all twelve facets. |
Learning from Context or Names? An Empirical Study on Neural Relation Extraction (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets may leak shallow heuristics via entity mentions, thus contributing to the high performance on RE benchmarks. |
| Approach: | They propose an entity-masked contrastive framework for relation extraction to gain a deeper understanding on textual context and type information while avoiding rote memorization of entities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the effectiveness and robustness of neural models in different RE scenarios. |
CRUXEVAL-X: A Benchmark for Multilingual Code Reasoning, Understanding and Execution (2025.acl-long)
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Ruiyang Xu, Jialun Cao, Yaojie Lu, Ming Wen, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, Ben He, Shing-Chi Cheung, Le Sun
| Challenge: | Existing code benchmarks focus on code generation, while those for code reasoning are insufficient. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-lingual code reasoning benchmark that contains 19 programming languages and at least 600 subjects for each language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model trains on Python and achieves 34.4% Pass@1 in other languages, revealing the cross-language generalization of LLMs. |
CiteEval: Principle-Driven Citation Evaluation for Source Attribution (2025.acl-long)
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Yumo Xu, Peng Qi, Jifan Chen, Kunlun Liu, Rujun Han, Lan Liu, Bonan Min, Vittorio Castelli, Arshit Gupta, Zhiguo Wang
| Challenge: | Current evaluation frameworks rely on NLI to assess binary or ternary support from cited sources, which is suboptimal for citation evaluation. |
| Approach: | They propose a citation evaluation framework based on fine-grained citation ratings within a broad context and construct a multi-domain benchmark with high-quality human annotations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework provides a high-quality human annotation benchmark and a suite of model-based metrics that exhibit strong correlation with human judgments. |
Plug-and-Play Document Modules for Pre-trained Models (2023.acl-long)
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Chaojun Xiao, Zhengyan Zhang, Xu Han, Chi-Min Chan, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Xiangyang Li, Zhonghua Li, Zhao Cao, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large-scale pre-trained models have been widely adopted for document-oriented NLP tasks, such as question answering. |
| Approach: | They propose to decouple document encoding from downstream tasks by introducing a document plugin into the backbone of a PTM. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can encode documents once and for all across different scenarios. |
Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Automated Feature Generation on Tabular Data (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for automated feature generation rely on predefined operator libraries and do not incorporate feature semantics, limiting their ability to produce high-quality features. |
| Approach: | They propose a Memory-Augmented LLM-based Multi-Agent System (MALMAS) that decomposes the generation process into agents with distinct responsibilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method extracts informative features from raw tabular data without manual intervention and is crucial for accurate, generalizable machine learning. |
ERNIE: Enhanced Language Representation with Informative Entities (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing pre-trained language models rarely consider incorporating knowledge graphs (KGs) Existing models capture rich semantic patterns from plain text and can be fine-tuned to improve performance of NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate knowledge graphs into pre-trained language models to enhance language representation with external knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can take full advantage of lexical, syntactic, and knowledge information simultaneously. |
Can Brain Signals Reveal Inner Alignment with Human Languages? (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Brain Signals, such as Electroencephalography, and human languages have been explored independently for many downstream tasks, however, the connection between them has not been well explored. |
| Approach: | They introduce a multimodal transformer alignment model to observe coordinated representations between EEG and language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieved an F1-score improvement of 1.7% on ZuCo and 9.3% on Zuco datasets for sentiment analysis, and 7.4% on ZuCO for relation detection. |
ECO v1: Towards Event-Centric Opinion Mining (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on event-centric opinion mining focus on entity-centric opinions . entity-centered opinions focus on sentimental polarity of events, while event-centered ones focus on content . |
| Approach: | They propose to perform event-centric opinion mining on event-argument structure and expression categorizing theory and benchmark it against a pioneer corpus. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task is feasible and challenging, and the results are beneficial for future studies. |
Shall We Team Up: Exploring Spontaneous Cooperation of Competing LLM Agents (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Zengqing Wu, Run Peng, Shuyuan Zheng, Qianying Liu, Xu Han, Brian Kwon, Makoto Onizuka, Shaojie Tang, Chuan Xiao
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in social simulations, where they are guided by carefully crafted instructions to exhibit human-like behaviors. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Large Language Models (LLMs) as agents to simulate the gradual transition from non-cooperative to cooperative behaviors of agents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can simulate the gradual transition from non-cooperative to cooperative behaviors in three competitive scenarios. |
IsOBS: An Information System for Oracle Bone Script (2020.emnlp-demos)
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| Challenge: | Oracle bone script (OBS) documents are the oldest continuously-used writing system in the world and are important for linguistic and historical research. |
| Approach: | They construct an information system for OBS to symbolize, serialize, and store OBS data at the character-level using efficient databases and retrieval modules. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system symbolizes, serializes, and stores OBS data at the character-level, based on efficient databases and retrieval modules. |
ACE-Router: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Web (2026.acl-long)
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Zhiyuan Yao, Zishan Xu, Yifu Guo, Zhiguang Han, Cheng Yang, Shuo Zhang, Weinan Zhang, Xingshan Zeng, Weiwen Liu
| Challenge: | Existing routers that use hardcoded tools are limited by scalability and generality bottlenecks. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline for training history-aware routers to empower precise navigation in large-scale ecosystems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline can train routers with dynamic context understanding to create the plug-and-play Light Routing Agent. |
ProSparse: Introducing and Enhancing Intrinsic Activation Sparsity within Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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Chenyang Song, Xu Han, Zhengyan Zhang, Shengding Hu, Xiyu Shi, Kuai Li, Chen Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Guangli Li, Tao Yang, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Activation sparsity is a promising paradigm for accelerating model inference . few large language models achieve high activation spar and comparable performance . |
| Approach: | They propose a method to achieve activation sparsity and acceleration in large language models . they introduce ReLU activation and adopt progressive sparse regularization . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves high activation sparsity and comparable model performance. |
Efficient Table Retrieval and Understanding with Multimodal Large Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Tabular data is often captured in image form across a wide range of real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables MLLMs to answer queries over large tables. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods by 7.0% in retrieval recall and 6.1% in answer accuracy on a newly constructed dataset with 48,504 unique tables. |
DocRED: A Large-Scale Document-Level Relation Extraction Dataset (P19-1)
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Yuan Yao, Deming Ye, Peng Li, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhenghao Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Lixin Huang, Jie Zhou, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing relation extraction methods focus on extracting intra-sentence relations for single entities. |
| Approach: | They propose a relation extraction dataset from Wikipedia and Wikidata with three features . document-level relation extraction is a task to identify relational facts between entities . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the largest human-annotated dataset for document-level RE from plain text. |