Challenge: End-to-end spoken dialogue models have higher potential ceiling in expressiveness and perceptual ability than cascaded systems.
Approach: They propose a modality-aware adaptive post-training recipe that constrains preference updates to the semantic channel and improves acoustic behavior via explicit anchoring.
Outcome: The proposed model improves speech quality and expressiveness across spoken dialogue benchmarks and architectures.

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Challenge: a novel offline RL method can train dialog models to produce better conversations without the risk of humans teaching it harmful chat behaviors.
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Dual-Axis Generative Reward Model Toward Semantic and Turn-taking Robustness in Interactive Spoken Dialogue Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Reinforcement learning (RL) has improved text- and vision-language models, but its application in SDMs is hindered.
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Challenge: Existing studies on reinforcement learning from human or AI feedback have focused on semantic rewards at the utterance level.
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Leveraging Implicit Feedback from Deployment Data in Dialogue (2024.eacl-short)

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Challenge: Xu et al., 2023) and Bai ed., 2019) use crowdworkers to collect signals from natural dialogue episodes.
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SDiaReward: Modeling and Benchmarking Spoken Dialogue Rewards with Modality and Colloquialness (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: SDiaReward is an end-to-end spoken dialogue system that integrates paralinguistic nuances and spontaneous nature of human conversation.
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Challenge: Existing approaches to training dialogue agents are supervised learning, but this is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming.
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Plug-and-Play Conversational Models (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large conversational models that generate coherent and fluent responses often require large dialogue datasets.
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Rewarding What Matters: Step-by-Step Reinforcement Learning for Task-Oriented Dialogue (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing RL methods focus on generation tasks while neglecting dialogue state tracking (DST) for understanding.
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Behavior-SD: Behaviorally Aware Spoken Dialogue Generation with Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Spoken dialogues lack explicit modeling of behavior traits that are often overlooked in language models . et al.: our work opens new possibilities for developing behaviorally-aware dialogue systems .
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Rethinking Supervised Learning and Reinforcement Learning in Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Dialogue policy learning for task-oriented dialogue systems has enjoyed great progress through using reinforcement learning methods.
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