Challenge: Current clinical LLM benchmarks fail to evaluate advanced clinical skills in AI and large language models (LLMs).
Approach: They propose a framework to evaluate large language models (LLMs) using two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios.
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates LLMs through two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios.

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LLMEval-Med: A Real-world Clinical Benchmark for Medical LLMs with Physician Validation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Current medical benchmarks have limitations in question design, data sources and evaluation methods.
Approach: They propose a new benchmark covering five core medical areas . it includes 2,996 questions created from real-world electronic health records .
Outcome: The proposed model covers five core medical areas and includes 2,996 questions created from real-world electronic health records and expert-designed clinical scenarios.
Automatic Evaluation of Healthcare LLMs Beyond Question-Answering (2025.naacl-short)

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Challenge: Current Large Language Models (LLMs) benchmarks are often based on open-ended or close-ended QA evaluations, avoiding the requirement of human labor.
Approach: They propose a multi-axis suite for healthcare LLM evaluation, exploring correlations between open and close benchmarks and metrics.
Outcome: The proposed framework explores correlations between open and close benchmarks and metrics in the healthcare domain, with blind spots and overlaps in existing methodologies.
From Scores to Steps: Diagnosing and Improving LLM Performance in Evidence-Based Medical Calculations (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks assess only the final answer with a wide numerical tolerance, overlooking systematic reasoning failures and potentially causing serious clinical misjudgments.
Approach: They propose a new step-by-step evaluation pipeline that assesses formula selection, entity extraction, and arithmetic computation.
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ClinicalMC: A Benchmark for Multi-Course Clinical Decision-Making with Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks assess LLM performance in single-course settings and lack systematic evaluation in multi-course scenarios, where a patient’s condition evolves over time.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to assess their performance in multi-course clinical decision-making scenarios where a patient’s condition evolves over time.
Outcome: The proposed model includes 1,275 Chinese and 5,804 English samples across four stages from admission to discharge.
Beyond the Leaderboard: Rethinking Medical Benchmarks for Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are proving significant potential in healthcare, prompting numerous benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities.
Approach: They propose a framework that deconstructs benchmark development into five stages from design to governance and provides a checklist of 46 medically-tailored criteria.
Outcome: The framework deconstructs benchmark development into five stages from design to governance and provides a comprehensive checklist of 46 medically-tailored criteria.
What Does Infect Mean to Cardio? Investigating the Role of Clinical Specialty Data in Medical LLMs (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: S-MedQA is an English question-answering dataset designed for benchmarking large language models in fine-grained clinical specialties.
Approach: They propose to use an English medical question-answering dataset to benchmark large language models in clinical specialties.
Outcome: The proposed dataset is designed to benchmark large language models in medical specialties.
Large Language Models Are Poor Clinical Decision-Makers: A Comprehensive Benchmark (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on evaluating large language models in close-ended QA tasks, but many clinical decisions involve answering open-ended questions without pre-set options.
Approach: They construct a benchmark to better understand large language models in the clinic . they use existing datasets to evaluate LLMs in clinical situations .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms human experts in multiple medical tasks.
CliMedBench: A Large-Scale Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Medical Large Language Models in Clinical Scenarios (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Chinese medical large language models (LLMs) are underperforming on this benchmark, especially where medical reasoning and factual consistency are vital.
Approach: They propose a benchmark with 14 expert-guided clinical scenarios to assess the medical ability of large language models across 7 pivot dimensions.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark has been validated in several ways.
CMedCalc-Bench: A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Chinese Medical Calculations in LLM (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing medical NLP benchmarks focus on qualitative reasoning and textual comprehension, but lack of fine-grained evaluation of intermediate reasoning.
Approach: They propose a Chinese medical calculation benchmark that disentangles clinical entity extraction from numerical computation.
Outcome: The proposed framework disentangles clinical entity extraction from numerical computation, enabling systematic diagnosis of model deficiencies.
Benchmarking LLMs on Authentic Cases from Medical Journals (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing medical benchmarks suffer from performance saturation due to medical exam questions.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of over 20 open-source and proprietary large language models and benchmark them against human medical experts.
Outcome: The new benchmark is based on authentic clinical cases sourced from medical journals and implements rigorous human review process to ensure the quality and reliability of the benchmark.

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