Papers by Jie Liu
Recyclable Tuning for Continual Pre-training (2023.findings-acl)
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Yujia Qin, Cheng Qian, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Ruobing Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Continual pre-training is the paradigm where pre-trained language models acquire fresh knowledge and gradually get upgraded. |
| Approach: | They propose to use adapted weights to recycle old PLMs for continual pre-training . they propose to combine initialization and distillation methods to achieve better performance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the convergence and performance of the upgraded PLM. |
Identifying Semantic Induction Heads to Understand In-Context Learning (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance, but lack of transparency in their inference logic raises concerns about their trustworthiness. |
| Approach: | They conduct a detailed analysis of the operations of attention heads to understand their in-context learning of LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed analysis of attention heads reveals that they increase the output logits of object tokens and recall objects . the proposed model is a novel approach to understand the in-context learning of large language models. |
A Regularization-based Transfer Learning Method for Information Extraction via Instructed Graph Decoder (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for information extraction (IE) focus on training task-specific models, while common knowledge among different IE tasks is not explicitly modeled. |
| Approach: | They propose a regularization-based transfer learning method for IE via an instructed graph decoder which decodes various complex structures into a graph uniformly based on corresponding instructions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can learn common knowledge from existing datasets and transfer it to a new dataset with new labels. |
Enhancing Cross-Tokenizer Knowledge Distillation with Contextual Dynamical Mapping (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Knowledge distillation (KD) approaches focus on homogeneous architectures with identical tokenizers, constraining their applicability in cross-architecture scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that uses contextual information to enhance sequence alignment precision and dynamically improves vocabulary mapping. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows significant advantages over existing methods for model compression . it can be used across multiple model families and across multiple benchmarks . |
Topology Imbalance and Relation Inauthenticity Aware Hierarchical Graph Attention Networks for Fake News Detection (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to detect fake news focus on mining lexical and syntactic features. |
| Approach: | They propose a topology imbalance and Relation inauthenticity aware Hierarchical Graph Attention Networks to identify fake news on social media. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on real-world datasets. |
E2-LLM: Efficient and Extreme Length Extension of Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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Jiaheng Liu, ZhiqiBai ZhiqiBai, Yuanxing Zhang, Chenchen Zhang, YuangZh YuangZh, Ge Zhang, JiakaiWang JiakaiWang, Haoran Que, Yukang Chen, Wenbo Su, Tiezheng Ge, Jie Fu, Wenhu Chen, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing techniques for extending context capabilities in LLMs require additional training procedures and access to datasets with long context (e.g., sequences of 32K tokens). |
| Approach: | They propose a solution to extend context capabilities in Large Language Models by training a single process over a sequence of 4K tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed solution significantly reduces the cost of continual-pretraining or fine-tuning over short sequences and improves robustness to diverse relative positions. |
Semantics of the Unwritten: The Effect of End of Paragraph and Sequence Tokens on Text Generation with GPT2 (2021.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that pre-trained language model GPT2 can generate better continuations by learning to generate the in the fine-tuning stage. |
| Approach: | They conduct experiments on an English essay dataset using Chinese-GPT2 . they find that the model can generate better continuations by learning to generate the in the fine-tuning stage. |
| Outcome: | The pre-trained language model GPT2 can generate better continuations by learning to generate the in the fine-tuning stage. |
LLMs Assist NLP Researchers: Critique Paper (Meta-)Reviewing (2024.emnlp-main)
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Jiangshu Du, Yibo Wang, Wenting Zhao, Zhongfen Deng, Shuaiqi Liu, Renze Lou, Henry Zou, Pranav Narayanan Venkit, Nan Zhang, Mukund Srinath, Haoran Zhang, Vipul Gupta, Yinghui Li, Tao Li, Fei Wang, Qin Liu, Tianlin Liu, Pengzhi Gao, Congying Xia, Chen Xing, Cheng Jiayang, Zhaowei Wang, Ying Su, Raj Shah, Ruohao Guo, Jing Gu, Haoran Li, Kangda Wei, Zihao Wang, Lu Cheng, Surangika Ranathunga, Meng Fang, Jie Fu, Fei Liu, Ruihong Huang, Eduardo Blanco, Yixin Cao, Rui Zhang, Philip Yu, Wenpeng Yin
| Challenge: | a comparative analysis of paper (meta-)reviews by large language models (LLMs) aims to identify and distinguish LLMs from human activities . |
| Approach: | They present a comparative analysis to identify and distinguish LLM activities from human activities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed analysis aims to improve recognition of instances when someone implicitly uses LLMs for reviewing activities. |
Automatic Label Sequence Generation for Prompting Sequence-to-sequence Models (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Prompting has shown to be sample efficient compared to fine-tuning with pre-trained models. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully automatic prompting method that uses natural language prompts on sequence-to-sequence models and a beam search method to generate a large amount of label sequence candidates. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms other no-manual-design methods on single label words and generates large amount of label sequence candidates. |
Mitigating Geospatial Knowledge Hallucination in Large Language Models: Benchmarking and Dynamic Factuality Aligning (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have extensive world knowledge, but often generate inaccurate geospatial knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for evaluation of large language models to mitigate hallucinations . they use Kahneman-Tversky Optimization to align LLMs with their reality . |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework uncovers hallucinations in 20 advanced LLMs. |
TIGS: An Inference Algorithm for Text Infilling with Gradient Search (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Text infilling is an under-explored challenge in the field of text generation. |
| Approach: | They propose an iterative inference algorithm based on gradient search that can be broadly applied to any sequence generative model for text infilling tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs well on three different text infilling tasks with different mask ratios and mask strategies compared with five state-of-the-art methods. |
The Tug of War Within: Mitigating the Fairness-Privacy Conflicts in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to enhance an LLM's privacy awareness with thousands of samples decrease its fairness awareness. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free method to Suppress the Privacy and faIrness coupled Neurons (SPIN) which theoretically and empirically decreases the mutual information between fairness and privacy awareness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces the mutual information between fairness and privacy awareness without compromising general capabilities. |
Beyond the Leaderboard: Rethinking Medical Benchmarks for Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are proving significant potential in healthcare, prompting numerous benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that deconstructs benchmark development into five stages from design to governance and provides a checklist of 46 medically-tailored criteria. |
| Outcome: | The framework deconstructs benchmark development into five stages from design to governance and provides a comprehensive checklist of 46 medically-tailored criteria. |
ReFreeKV: Towards Threshold-Free KV Cache Compression (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Towards the KV cache efficiency, we propose a new objective that lifts the threshold constraints for robust KV compression. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that adjusts KV cache budgets while preserving full-cache performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can reduce memory consumption while preserving full-cache performance. |
Few-shot Named Entity Recognition with Entity-level Prototypical Network Enhanced by Dispersedly Distributed Prototypes (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing prototypical networks for named entity recognition suffer from label dependency and tightly distributed prototypes, thus causing misclassifications. |
| Approach: | They propose an Entity-level Prototypical Network enhanced by dispersedly distributed prototypes to build entity-level prototypes and distribute them dispersionally. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms the previous models on two evaluation tasks and the Few-NERD settings in terms of overall performance. |
ProvBench: A Benchmark of Legal Provision Recommendation for Contract Auto-Reviewing (2025.acl-long)
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Xiuxuan Shen, Zhongyuan Jiang, Junsan Zhang, Junxiao Han, Yao Wan, Chengjie Guo, Bingcheng Liu, Jie Wu, Renxiang Li, Philip S. Yu
| Challenge: | Contract review is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly . a benchmark is proposed to detect potential legal conflicts . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for legal provision recommendation and conflict detection for contract auto-reviewing which aims to recommend the legal provisions related to contract clauses and detect possible legal conflicts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task recommends legal provisions related to contract clauses and detects legal conflicts. |
OpenWebAgent: An Open Toolkit to Enable Web Agents on Large Language Models (2024.acl-demos)
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Iat Long Iong, Xiao Liu, Yuxuan Chen, Hanyu Lai, Shuntian Yao, Pengbo Shen, Hao Yu, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | OpenWebAgent integrates large language models and large multimodal models to improve web automation. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate large language models and large multimodal models into an open toolkit to optimize web automation. |
| Outcome: | The open toolkit integrates both large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) it enables the development of powerful, task-oriented web agents, significantly enhancing user experience and operational efficiency on the web. |
PopAlign: Diversifying Contrasting Patterns for a More Comprehensive Alignment (2025.acl-long)
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Zekun Moore Wang, Shenzhi Wang, King Zhu, Jiaheng Liu, Ke Xu, Jie Fu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Wenhao Huang
| Challenge: | Typical approaches to training large language models rely on limited contrasting patterns . contrasting data is limited and models are susceptible to harmful response tendencies . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates contrasting patterns across the prompt, model, and pipeline levels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods in the comparison of RQ1 and RQ2 . the proposed framework significantly outperformed existing methods, leading to more comprehensive alignment. |
Unified Contextual Query Rewriting (2023.acl-industry)
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Yingxue Zhou, Jie Hao, Mukund Rungta, Yang Liu, Eunah Cho, Xing Fan, Yanbin Lu, Vishal Vasudevan, Kellen Gillespie, Zeynab Raeesy
| Challenge: | Large-scale conversational AI agents such as Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant are becoming increasingly popular in real-world applications to assist users in daily life. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified contextual query rewriting model that unifies QR for friction reduction and contextual carryover . they leverage the text-to-text unified framework which uses independent tasks with weighted loss to account for task importance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces friction and contextual carryover by using multiple auxiliary tasks. |
Ask To The Point: Open-Domain Entity-Centric Question Generation (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | *entity-centric question generation (ECQG) is a task motivated by real-world applications such as topic-specific learning, assisted reading, and fact-checking. |
| Approach: | They propose a PLM-based framework GenCONE with two modules: content focusing and question verification. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines and is effective and complementary in generating high-quality questions. |
Make Imagination Clearer! Stable Diffusion-based Visual Imagination for Multimodal Machine Translation (2025.acl-long)
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Andong Chen, Yuchen Song, Kehai Chen, Xuefeng Bai, Muyun Yang, Liqiang Nie, Jie Liu, Tiejun Zhao, Min Zhang
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that our model significantly outperforms existing multimodal MT and text-only MT. |
| Approach: | They propose a stable diffusion-based imagination network into a multimodal large language model to generate an image for each source sentence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing multimodal and text-only MT and achieves an average improvement of 14 BLEU points on Multi30K and MSCOCO multimodal MT benchmarks. |
Know Your Place: Diagnosing Implicit Social Adaptation Failures in Chinese Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies suggest that failures of large language models in social contexts are not due to limited linguistic competence, but to inappropriate recognition. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that decomposes social adaptation into three orthogonal dimensions and conduct controlled comparisons across multiple Chinese LLMs under implicit and explicit conditions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decomposes social adaptation into three orthogonal dimensions and conducts controlled comparisons across multiple Chinese LLMs under implicit and explicit conditions. |
TPA: Next Token Probability Attribution for Detecting Hallucinations in RAG (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches attribute hallucinations to a binary conflict between internal knowledge stored in FFNs and the retrieved context. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which mathematically attributes each next-token probability to seven distinct sources and aggregates source attributions by POS tags to quantify contribution of each model component to the generation of specific linguistic categories within a response. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments show that the proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance. |
Exploring Mode Connectivity for Pre-trained Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent years have witnessed the prevalent application of pre-trained language models (PLMs) in NLP. From the perspective of parameter space, PLMs provide generic initialization, starting from which high-performance minima could be found. |
| Approach: | They investigate the geometric connections of different minima through the lens of mode connectivity, which measures whether two minima can be connected with a low-loss path. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to find low-loss paths between two minima, and to understand how their mode connectivity affects their task knowledge. |
Conditional Bilingual Mutual Information Based Adaptive Training for Neural Machine Translation (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to improve neural machine translation use token-level adaptive training . however, standard models make predictions on condition of previous contexts . |
| Approach: | They propose a target-context-aware metric which can be supplemented by statistical metrics . they propose an adaptive training approach based on token- and sentence-level CBMI . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the Transformer baseline and other similar approaches on English-German and Chinese-English tasks. |
Knowledge Inheritance for Pre-trained Language Models (2022.naacl-main)
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Yujia Qin, Yankai Lin, Jing Yi, Jiajie Zhang, Xu Han, Zhengyan Zhang, Yusheng Su, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing large-scale pre-trained language models are mainly trained from scratch individually, ignoring that many well-taught PLMs are available. |
| Approach: | They propose a pre-training framework called knowledge inheritance and propose auxiliary supervision to efficiently learn larger PLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can be used to train large-scale language models with huge parameters and a large dataset can be adapted to domain adaptation and knowledge transfer. |
MAVEN: A Massive General Domain Event Detection Dataset (2020.emnlp-main)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Ziqi Wang, Xu Han, Wangyi Jiang, Rong Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Juanzi Li, Peng Li, Yankai Lin, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing datasets exhibit data scarcity and limited coverage of general-domain events. |
| Approach: | They present a MAssive eVENt detection dataset which contains 4,480 Wikipedia documents and 168 event types. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset shows that existing methods cannot achieve promising results on the small datasets. |
MAVEN-ARG: Completing the Puzzle of All-in-One Event Understanding Dataset with Event Argument Annotation (2024.acl-long)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Hao Peng, Yong Guan, Kaisheng Zeng, Jianhui Chen, Lei Hou, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Ruobing Xie, Jie Zhou, Juanzi Li
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for event understanding have limited coverage due to complexity of tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that augments MAVEN datasets with event argument annotations . they propose 98,591 events and 290,613 arguments obtained with laborious human annotation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the first all-in-one dataset supporting event detection, event argument extraction, and event relation extraction. |
Zero-Shot Information Extraction as a Unified Text-to-Triple Translation (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a number of information extraction tasks require task-specific training. |
| Approach: | They propose a text-to-triple translation framework for information extraction tasks . they propose enabling task-agnostic translation by leveraging latent knowledge of a pre-trained language model . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms the existing methods on open information extraction tasks. |
In-the-wild Audio Spatialization with Flexible Text-guided Localization (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for mapping monaural audio to binaural signals lack flexibility and interactive control needed in complex multi-object user-interactive environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a text-guided audio spatialization framework that utilizes diverse text prompts to evaluate binaural audio models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework learns binaural differences guided by 3D spatial location and relative position prompts, enhanced with flipped-channel audio. |
Rhetorically Controlled Encoder-Decoder for Modern Chinese Poetry Generation (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Rhetoric is a vital element in modern Chinese poetry, and plays an essential role in improving its aesthetics. however, to date, it has not been considered in research on automatic poetry generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a rhetorically controlled encoder-decoder for modern Chinese poetry generation . their model captures various rhetorical patterns in an encoder and incorporates mixtures . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of fluency, coherence, meaningfulness, and rhetorical aesthetics. |
EpiCoDe: Boosting Model Performance Beyond Training with Extrapolation and Contrastive Decoding (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to enhance performance of Large language models are limited due to the cost of training data and privacy concerns. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that enhances a finetuned model with its inferior version and adopts contrastive decoding to reduce predicted errors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods in data-scarcity scenarios across three domains and shows that it is more robust and robust. |
Formally Specifying the Intended Behavior of the Program: LLM-Driven Neuro-Symbolic Program Specification Synthesis (2026.acl-demo)
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Cheng Wen, Hu Junjie, YiKun Hu, Jie Su, Bin Yu, Dugang Liu, Zhiwu Xu, Weidi Sun, Shengchao Qin, Cong Tian
| Challenge: | Formal verification typically requires developers to write detailed formal specifications . a formal verification system that generates candidate specifications is costly and error-prone . |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-driven neuro-symbolic demonstration system that reframes specification writing as constrained structured synthesis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system reduces hallucinations and produces proof-ready annotations. |
KARL: Reinforcement Learning for LLM Agents on Multi-Turn Knowledge-Intensive Agentic Tasks (2026.acl-long)
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Xueqiao Sun, Xiao Liu, Bowen Lv, Hanchen Zhang, Bohao Jing, Zehan Qi, Yifan Xu, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models have shown remarkable potential as autonomous agents, but their effectiveness in knowledge-intensive tasks remains limited by passive knowledge utilization. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables LLM agents to dynamically explore structured knowledge sources through multi-turn interactions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing retrieval-augmented approaches on knowledge graph and database tasks while maximizing tool-use behaviors end-to-end. |
Revisiting Parallel Context Windows: A Frustratingly Simple Alternative and Chain-of-Thought Deterioration (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for extending the maximum context lengths of language models are lacking a strong baseline for in-context few-shot classification and on more challenging Chain-of-Thought reasoning, such as HotpotQA, deteriorate question miscomprehension and false inference. |
| Approach: | They propose to harness window-wise attention and positional embedding techniques to extend the maximum context lengths of language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is able to extend the maximum context lengths of language models, e.g., 2048 for LLaMA, by harnessing window-wise attention and positional embedding techniques. |
More Data, More Relations, More Context and More Openness: A Review and Outlook for Relation Extraction (2020.aacl-main)
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Xu Han, Tianyu Gao, Yankai Lin, Hao Peng, Yaoliang Yang, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Jie Zhou, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing methods for extracting relational facts from text have been successful . but with explosion of Web text, human knowledge is increasing drastically . |
| Approach: | They propose to improve relation extraction methods to extract relational facts from text . they analyze existing methods and show promising directions towards more powerful RE . |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can extract relational facts from text, but they are still lacking in the current field. |
Tell Me More! Towards Implicit User Intention Understanding of Language Model Driven Agents (2024.acl-long)
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Cheng Qian, Bingxiang He, Zhong Zhuang, Jia Deng, Yujia Qin, Xin Cong, Zhong Zhang, Jie Zhou, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Current language model-driven agents lack mechanisms for effective user participation, which is crucial given the vagueness commonly found in user instructions. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to inspect users’ implicit intentions through explicit queries and a model expert as the upstream in agent design to enhance user-agent interaction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach excels at identifying vague user tasks, recovering and summarizing critical missing information, setting precise and necessary agent execution goals, and minimizing redundant tool usage, thus boosting overall efficiency. |
Comments as Natural Logic Pivots: Improve Code Generation via Comment Perspective (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies decompose complex tasks into intermediate steps by prompting strategies, such as Chain-of-Thought and its variants. |
| Approach: | They propose to use code comments as natural logic pivot between natural language and code language to boost the code generation ability of code LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly improves the code pass rate on humanEval and MBPP, while the robustness of the logical comment decoding strategy is higher than the Chain-of-thoughts prompting. |
MMedAgent: Learning to Use Medical Tools with Multi-modal Agent (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Binxu Li, Tiankai Yan, Yuanting Pan, Jie Luo, Ruiyang Ji, Jiayuan Ding, Zhe Xu, Shilong Liu, Haoyu Dong, Zihao Lin, Yixin Wang
| Challenge: | Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit limited generality and often fall short when compared to specialized models. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-modal medical agent that picks the most suitable medical tools based on user inputs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed agent performs better than open-source models and the closed-source model, GPT-4o. |
GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infilling (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing pretraining frameworks do not perform well for all tasks of three main categories, such as natural language understanding (NLU), unconditional generation, and conditional generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a general language model based on autoregressive blank infilling to address this challenge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms BERT, T5, and GPT on a wide range of tasks across NLU, conditional and unconditional generation tasks. |
LLM×MapReduce-V3: Enabling Interactive In-Depth Survey Generation through a MCP-Driven Hierarchically Modular Agent System (2025.emnlp-demos)
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Yu Chao, Siyu Lin, Xiaorong Wang, Zhu Zhang, Zihan Zhou, Haoyu Wang, Shuo Wang, Jie Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Generating high-quality long-form survey articles poses significant challenges to AI Agent systems. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchically modular agent system for long-form survey generation . they use atomic models to implement skeleton initialization, digest construction, and skelet refinement . human evaluations demonstrate system surpasses representative baselines . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system surpasses representative baselines in both content depth and length, highlighting the strength of MCP-based modular planning. |
AnyGPT: Unified Multimodal LLM with Discrete Sequence Modeling (2024.acl-long)
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Jun Zhan, Junqi Dai, Jiasheng Ye, Yunhua Zhou, Dong Zhang, Zhigeng Liu, Xin Zhang, Ruibin Yuan, Ge Zhang, Linyang Li, Hang Yan, Jie Fu, Tao Gui, Tianxiang Sun, Yu-Gang Jiang, Xipeng Qiu
| Challenge: | Existing language models that use discrete representations for unified processing of various modalities are limited to text generation and do not include multimodal output. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal language model that utilizes discrete representations for unified processing of various modalities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be trained stably without any alterations to existing models or training paradigms. |
AssistedDS: Benchmarking How External Domain Knowledge Assists LLMs in Automated Data Science (2025.findings-emnlp)
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An Luo, Xun Xian, Jin Du, Fangqiao Tian, Ganghua Wang, Ming Zhong, Shengchun Zhao, Xuan Bi, Zirui Liu, Jiawei Zhou, Jayanth Srinivasa, Ashish Kundu, Charles Fleming, Mingyi Hong, Jie Ding
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have advanced the automation of data science workflows, yet it remains unclear whether they can critically leverage external domain knowledge as human data scientists do in practice. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate how large language models handle external domain knowledge in tabular prediction tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model evaluates whether it can critically leverage external domain knowledge as human data scientists do in practice. |
KACC: A Multi-task Benchmark for Knowledge Abstraction, Concretization and Completion (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on partial aspects of knowledge abstraction, concretization, and completion (KACC). |
| Approach: | They propose a unified knowledge graph benchmark to improve existing benchmarks . they collect new datasets that contain larger concept graphs and cross-view links . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark improves existing benchmarks in terms of dataset scale, task coverage, and difficulty. |
Identifying Factual Inconsistencies in Summaries: Grounding LLM Inference via Task Taxonomy (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have focused on specialized BERT-variants and recent LLMs to reason inconsistencies. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate task-specific taxonomy into inferences to facilitate both zero-shot and supervised paradigms. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms specialized non-LLM and recent LLM models in a number of domains. |
UltraEval-Audio: A Unified Framework for Comprehensive Evaluation of Audio Foundation Models (2026.acl-demo)
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Qundong Shi, Jie Zhou, Biyuan Lin, Junbo Cui, Guoyang Zeng, Yixuan Zhou, Ziyang Wang, Xin Liu, Zhen Luo, Yudong Wang, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation frameworks for audio foundation models are heavily reliant on English, making it difficult to objectively assess models’ performance on Chinese. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified framework that supports 10 languages, 14 task categories, 24 models, and 36 benchmarks with one-command evaluation and real-time leaderboards. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework supports 10 languages, 14 task categories, 24 models, and 36 benchmarks with one-command evaluation and real-time leaderboards. |
QSpell 250K: A Large-Scale, Practical Dataset for Chinese Search Query Spell Correction (2025.naacl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Chinese Search Query Spell Correction is a task designed to identify and correct typographical errors within queries. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale benchmark specifically developed for Chinese Query Spell Correction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark covers a broad range of topics, including formal entities, everyday colloquialisms and idiomatic expressions. |
AutoDetect: Towards a Unified Framework for Automated Weakness Detection in Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Jiale Cheng, Yida Lu, Xiaotao Gu, Pei Ke, Xiao Liu, Yuxiao Dong, Hongning Wang, Jie Tang, Minlie Huang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit significant but subtle weaknesses, such as mistakes in instruction-following or coding tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to automatically expose weaknesses in Large Language Models (LLMs) they use three LLM-powered agents to perform comprehensive weakness identification . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows that it is more effective than untargeted data augmentation methods like Self-Instruct to identify weaknesses in LLMs. |
Beyond Atomic Characters: Glyph-Aware Sub-character Alignment for Low-Resource Multilingual OCR (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Low-resource multilingual OCR models struggle with complex script structures and data scarcity. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for multilingual character recognition that integrates visual and linguistic backbones with a novel glyph-aware interface. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on high-resolution visual and language backbones with glyph-aware interface. |
InsLogicBench: An Argumentation Logic Grounded Benchmark for Complex Insurance Claims Adjudication (2026.acl-long)
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Jin Liu, Yunpeng Liu, Keyi Wang, Jie Shi, Xiao Xu, Wenkang Huang, Xingzhong Xu, Xin Liang, Yanghua Xiao
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for insurance claims adjudication are limited to information retrieval or simple multiple-choice setups. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that provides complete reasoning traces linking factual inputs, relevant policy clauses, and final verdicts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark shows that models often produce correct decisions but fail to provide precise justifications, highlighting a critical discrepancy between decision accuracy and logical reasoning capabilities. |
ℛ3: Advertisement Compliance ℛectification via Group-ℛelative Experience Extractor and Curriculum ℛeinforcement (2026.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods of content moderation are infeasible due to over-editing and compromise the advertiser’s original semantic intent. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to harmonize compliance with original intent preservation that integrates a data-driven framework and a curriculum to enforce compliance while maximizing semantic consistency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on industrial datasets and on online A/B testing on industrial video. |
AgentDropout: Dynamic Agent Elimination for Token-Efficient and High-Performance LLM-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for MAS suffer from high token consumption and inefficiency due to frequent generation and communication among multiple agents. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent system based on large language models that identifies redundant agents and communication across different communication rounds by optimizing the adjacency matrices of the communication graphs and eliminates them to enhance both token efficiency and task performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces prompt token consumption and completion token consumption by 18.4% and improves task performance by 1.14. |
Let’s Rectify Step by Step: Improving Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis with Diffusion Models (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Empirical evaluations conducted on eight benchmark datasets underscore the compelling advantages offered by DiffusionABSA when compared against robust baseline models. |
| Approach: | They propose a diffusion model which extracts aspects step by step and learns a denoising process that progressively restores them in a reverse manner. |
| Outcome: | Empirical evaluations on eight benchmark datasets underscore the compelling advantages offered by DiffusionABSA when compared against robust baseline models. |
HiEdit: Lifelong Model Editing with Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to lifelong model editing apply parameter perturbations to static and dense layers for all instances. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning framework that identifies the most knowledge-relevant layers for each editing instance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework boosts the performance of the competitive RLEdit by 8.48% with perturbing only half of the layers per edit. |
Revisiting Interpolation Augmentation for Speech-to-Text Generation (2024.findings-acl)
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Chen Xu, Jie Wang, Xiaoqian Liu, Qian Dong, Chunliang Zhang, Tong Xiao, JingBo Zhu, Dapeng Man, Wu Yang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to speech-to-text generation tasks are limited by the lack of extensive labeled datasets. |
| Approach: | They propose to use interpolation augmentation to construct virtual training samples by transforming inputs and labels to enhance generalization in other domains. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach significantly improves performance across diverse tasks, architectures, and data scales, offering a promising avenue for more robust S2T systems in resource-constrained settings. |
Controllable Preference Optimization: Toward Controllable Multi-Objective Alignment (2024.emnlp-main)
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Yiju Guo, Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Zexu Sun, Bowen Sun, Huimin Chen, Ruobing Xie, Jie Zhou, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing algorithms for achieving optimal alignment are mostly unidirectional . a recent study suggests that large language models can be ground with evident preferences . |
| Approach: | They propose to ground large language models with evident preferences . they propose to use controllable preference optimization to specify different objectives . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models can provide responses that match various preferences among the ”3H” desiderata. |
APB: Accelerating Distributed Long-Context Inference by Passing Compressed Context Blocks across GPUs (2025.acl-long)
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Yuxiang Huang, Mingye Li, Xu Han, Chaojun Xiao, Weilin Zhao, Sun Ao, Hao Zhou, Jie Zhou, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Long-context inference is crucial for advancing large language models, but its prefill speed remains a bottleneck. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient long-context inference framework that leverages multi-host approximate attention to enhance prefill speed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves speedups of 9.2, 4.2, and 1.6 without any degradation in performance. |
Multi-Granularity Semantic Revision for Large Language Model Distillation (2026.acl-long)
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Xiaoyu Liu, Yun Zhang, Wei Li, Simiao Li, Xudong Huang, Hanting Chen, Yehui Tang, Jie Hu, Zhiwei Xiong, Yunhe Wang
| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating large language models rely on student-generated outputs, which introduce generation errors and misguide the distillation process. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-granularity semantic revision method for LLM distillation that corrects errors using teacher-generated tokens and re-generates the sequence to minimize errors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces errors and misguides distillation on student models and improves consistency between teacher and student outputs. |
GEAR: Graph-based Evidence Aggregating and Reasoning for Fact Verification (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract information from evidence are unable to grasp relational and logical information among the evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph-based evidence aggregating and reasoning framework to integrate evidence from multiple pieces of evidence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves significant performance improvements on a large-scale benchmark dataset. |
RTADev: Intention Aligned Multi-Agent Framework for Software Development (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are efficient assistants to humans in software development tasks, but they can cause errors during the development process. |
| Approach: | They propose an intention aligned multi-agent framework that ensures that all agents work based on a consensus. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces errors and improves the quality of generated software code. |
PunchBench: Benchmarking MLLMs in Multimodal Punchline Comprehension (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks on punchline comprehension suffer from language shortcuts that allow models to rely on text, lack of question diversity, and narrow focus on a specific domain of multimodal content. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal punchline comprehension benchmark to assess models' ability to comprehend punchlines. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses in-context learning and chain-of-thought in punchline comprehension. |
GUI-explorer: Autonomous Exploration and Mining of Transition-aware Knowledge for GUI Agent (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | GUI automation is a key challenge in dynamic environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free GUI agent that integrates two mechanisms to explore trajectories in GUIs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed GUI-explorer shows significant improvements over existing agents. |
ZoomRAG: Hierarchical Random-walk Zooming across Multi-scale Information Graphs for Fast and Accurate RAG (2026.findings-acl)
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Xianming Hu, Jingyang Chen, Bin Tang, Yihe Liu, Yihong Huang, Hongbo Zhao, Nuoyi Chen, Jie Zhang, Ping Li, Kai Zhang
| Challenge: | retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful tool for NLP applications . but it is challenging to encode large knowledge bases as compact offline structures . |
| Approach: | They propose a coarse-to-fine hierarchical graph inference method that uses random walks to retrieve information from a corpus of documents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces offline indexing costs and accelerates retrieval. |
Improving the Robustness of Summarization Models by Detecting and Removing Input Noise (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Abstractive summarization models are typically evaluated using test data that is identically distributed as training data. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to detect and remove input noise from documents to be summarized without extra training or auxiliary models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method recovers a large fraction of the loss in performance, sometimes as large as 11 ROUGE-1 points, without extra training, auxiliary models, or prior knowledge of the type of noise. |
A Black-Box Attack on Code Models via Representation Nearest Neighbor Search (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating adversarial code examples face challenges such as limted availability of substitute variables and the creation of adversarials with noticeable perturbations. |
| Approach: | They propose a search seed based on historical attacks to find adversarial substitutes . they employ a pre-trained variable name encoder to map the search seed to a continuous vector space . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baseline methods in terms of ASR and QT. |
AlignBench: Benchmarking Chinese Alignment of Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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Xiao Liu, Xuanyu Lei, Shengyuan Wang, Yue Huang, Andrew Feng, Bosi Wen, Jiale Cheng, Pei Ke, Yifan Xu, Weng Lam Tam, Xiaohan Zhang, Lichao Sun, Xiaotao Gu, Hongning Wang, Jing Zhang, Minlie Huang, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | Effective evaluation of alignment for emerging Chinese LLMs is still significantly lacking, calling for real-scenario grounded, open-ended, challenging and automatic evaluations tailored for alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-dimensional benchmark for evaluating LLMs’ alignment in Chinese with 8 main categories, 683 real-scenario rooted queries and corresponding human verified references. |
| Outcome: | The benchmark uses a human-in-the-loop data curation pipeline, 683 real-scenario rooted queries and human verified references. |
A Survey of Post-Training Scaling in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Hanyu Lai, Xiao Liu, Junjie Gao, Jiale Cheng, Zehan Qi, Yifan Xu, Shuntian Yao, Dan Zhang, Jinhua Du, Zhenyu Hou, Xin Lv, Minlie Huang, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in understanding and generating human natural languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for scaling large language models using supervised fine-tuning, RLxF and test-time compute methodologies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to understand and generate human natural languages. |
Neural Gibbs Sampling for Joint Event Argument Extraction (2020.aacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for event argument extraction cannot adequately model the correlation between event arguments and their roles. |
| Approach: | They propose a Bayesian model to jointly extract event arguments using Gibbs sampling . they train two neural networks to model prior distribution and conditional distribution over event arguments . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can achieve comparable results to existing methods on two widely-used datasets. |
LCS: A Language Converter Strategy for Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing LT strategies cannot indicate the desired target language on zero-shot translation, i.e., the off-target issue. |
| Approach: | They propose a language converter strategy that embeds the target language into the top encoder layers to mitigate confusion in the encoder and ensures stable language indication for the decoder. |
| Outcome: | The proposed language converter strategy significantly mitigates off-target issue on multiUN, TED, and OPUS-100 datasets. |
AgentTuning: Enabling Generalized Agent Abilities for LLMs (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Open large language models (LLMs) with great performance in various tasks are far inferior to commercial models such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 when acting as agents to tackle complex tasks in the real world. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to enhance the agent capabilities of LLMs while maintaining their general abilities. |
| Outcome: | The AgentLM-70B is comparable to GPT-3.5-turbo on unseen agent tasks, demonstrating generalized agent capabilities. |
VENUS: A VLLM-driven Video Content Discovery System for Real Application Scenarios (2025.emnlp-industry)
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Minyi Zhao, Yi Liu, Jianfeng Wen, Boshen Zhang, Hailang Chang, Zhiheng Ouyang, Jie Wang, Wensong He, Shuigeng Zhou
| Challenge: | Video Content Discovery (VCD) is to identify specific videos defined by a pre-specified text policy. |
| Approach: | They propose a Vision-Language Large Model-driven video content discovery system called VENUS to solve these problems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system generates high-quality, VCD-specific data for model training and extends it to support it better. |
LongCLI-Bench: A Preliminary Benchmark and Study for Long-horizon Agentic Programming in Command-Line Interfaces (2026.findings-acl)
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Yukang Feng, Jianwen Sun, Zelai Yang, Jiaxin Ai, Chuanhao Li, Zizhen Li, Fanrui Zhang, Kang He, Rui Ma, Jifan Lin, Jie Sun, Yang Xiao, Sizhuo Zhou, Wenxiao Wu, Yiming Liu, Pengfei Liu, Shenglin Zhang, Kaipeng Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for agentic programming in long-horizon command-line interface tasks are limited by short task horizons, data contamination from GitHub scraping, and a lack of fine-grained evaluation metrics. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate agentic capabilities across long-horizon command-line interface tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks cover four engineering categories: from scratch, feature addition, bug fixing, and refactoring. |
Multi-Level Cross-Modal Alignment for Speech Relation Extraction (2024.emnlp-main)
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Liang Zhang, Zhen Yang, Biao Fu, Ziyao Lu, Liangying Shao, Shiyu Liu, Fandong Meng, Jie Zhou, Xiaoli Wang, Jinsong Su
| Challenge: | Existing studies use synthetic speech to train and evaluate SpeechRE models, hindering their development . modality gap issue limits performance of existing models, limiting future researches . |
| Approach: | They propose to use speech data to train and evaluate SpeechRE models by using real speech . they propose to train a cross-modal alignment model to bridge the modality gap . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can train to bridge the modality gap between speech encoder and text decoder . the proposed model is based on two real SpeechRE datasets . |
CARL: Constraint-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Planning with LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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Qiuyi Qi, Jinjian Zhang, Mutian Bao, Tian Liang, Guocong Li, Dongnan Liu, Wei Zhou, Jie Liu, Ming Kong, Linjian Mo, Feng Zhang, Qiang Zhu
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to constraint-aware planning fail to enhance the model’s intrinsic focus on constraints. |
| Approach: | They propose a constraint-aware reinforcement learning framework that encourages constraint focus and penalizes neglect of LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing frameworks and state-of-the-art reasoning models in a number of real-world applications. |
The Rise of Darkness: Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Role-Playing Dialogue Agents (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate their utility in character simulations, but they pose a risk of generating unsafe content. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which dynamically adjusts safety-utility preferences based on the degree of risk coupling and guides the model to generate responses biased toward utility or safety. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves safety metrics while maintaining utility. |
TTVS: Boosting Self-Exploring Reinforcement Learning via Test-time Variational Synthesis (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing test-time methods are limited in specialized or novel domains where supervision is prohibitively expensive or unavailable. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that augments training stream from unlabeled test queries. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments show TTVS outperforms state-of-the-art RL-based techniques on unlabeled test-time data. |
Unsupervised Paraphrasing by Simulated Annealing (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to generate accurate and different-appearing paraphrases require massive parallel samples for training. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach that accomplishes Unsupervised Paraphrasing by Simulated Annealing by performing local editing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing models in automatic and human evaluations on Quora, Wikianswers, MSCOCO, and Twitter. |
Stochastic Bridges as Effective Regularizers for Parameter-Efficient Tuning (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for tuning pre-trained language models ignore the running cost and only optimize the terminal cost. |
| Approach: | They propose to use stochastic bridges to regularize intermediate states and use regularization as running cost of PETs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can be used to tune large pre-trained language models . they can be compared to full-parameter fine-tuning by tuning a small number of parameters . |
Unifying Discrete and Continuous Representations for Unsupervised Paraphrase Generation (2023.emnlp-main)
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Mingfeng Xue, Dayiheng Liu, Wenqiang Lei, Jie Fu, Jian Lan, Mei Li, Baosong Yang, Jun Xie, Yidan Zhang, Dezhong Peng, Jiancheng Lv
| Challenge: | Existing unsupervised paraphrase generation methods require large-scale, manually annotated paraphrase datasets, which are labor-intensive to build. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-supervised pseudo-data construction method that generates diverse pseudo-paraphrases in distinct surface structures for a given sentence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method generates diverse pseudo-paraphrases in distinct surface structures for a given sentence. |
Confidence-Aware Scheduled Sampling for Neural Machine Translation (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Neural machine translation models are trained to maximize the likelihood of the next token given previous golden tokens as inputs, but at the inference stage, golden token is unavailable. |
| Approach: | They propose a scheduled sampling method that randomly replaces groundtruth tokens with predicted ones during training, ignoring real-time model competence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the Transformer and vanilla scheduled sampling on large-scale translations. |
ExpanRL: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Course Concept Expansion in MOOCs (2020.aacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for concept expansion in MOOCs are inefficient because of the diversity of MOOC courses and rapid updates. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) model for concept expansion in MOOCs that employs a two-level mechanism of seed selection and concept expansion. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on nine real MOOC datasets and maintains competitive performance under different settings. |
Prevent the Language Model from being Overconfident in Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Neural Machine Translation models are based on partial translation and a language model that predicts the next token based only on partial. |
| Approach: | They propose a Margin-based Token-level Objective and a Sentence-level Goal to maximize the Margin . they propose to model the next token based on partial translation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves translation adequacy and fluency on English-to-German, Chinese-to English and French translation tasks. |
Towards Tracing Trustworthiness Dynamics: Revisiting Pre-training Period of Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on pre-trained LLMs to better understand and improve their trustworthiness. |
| Approach: | They apply linear probing to LLMs to explore five key dimensions of trustworthiness: reliability, privacy, toxicity, fairness, and robustness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can distinguish concepts in each trustworthiness dimension, suggesting that it can be trained in early pre-training. |
MediaSum: A Large-scale Media Interview Dataset for Dialogue Summarization (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets for dialogue summarization are limited to their small sizes and are built from a narrow domain. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale media interview dataset consisting of 463.6K transcripts with abstractive summaries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is larger and contains multi-party conversations from multiple domains. |
CDT: A Comprehensive Capability Framework for Large Language Models Across Cognition, Domain, and Task (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on isolated abilities, lacking a holistic framework for assessing LLM capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a Cognition-Domain-Task framework which measures a model’s capabilities across three dimensions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance on dataset evaluation and data selection, while achieving higher scores on general and specific benchmarks. |
Disentangle-based Continual Graph Representation Learning (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing graph embedding methods overlook streaming nature of incoming data in real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a disentangle-based continual graph representation learning framework inspired by the human’s ability to learn procedural knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art continual graph representation learning framework and alleviate catastrophic forgetting problem. |
Reduce Catastrophic Forgetting of Dense Retrieval Training with Teleportation Negatives (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent research shows strong empirical advantages of dense retrieval in various information access scenarios, such as openQA. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which accumulates momentum negatives from past iterations and approximates future iteration with lookahead negatives as "teleportations" on web search and OpenQA, ANCE-Tele outperforms previous state-of-the-art systems of similar size and eliminates the dependency on sparse retrieval negatives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art systems on web search and OpenQA and is competitive among systems with significantly more parameters. |
Emergent Modularity in Pre-trained Transformers (2023.findings-acl)
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Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Zeng, Yankai Lin, Chaojun Xiao, Xiaozhi Wang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Ruobing Xie, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing studies on pre-trained Transformers show that they learn fine-grained neuron functions. |
| Approach: | They examine the presence of modularity in pre-trained Transformers . they focus on Mixture-of-Experts, a promising candidate for modularity . |
| Outcome: | The proposed structure stabilizes at the early stage, which is faster than neuron stabilization. |
The Box is in the Pen: Evaluating Commonsense Reasoning in Neural Machine Translation (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a test suite to evaluate commonsense reasoning capability of neural machine translation is presented . language models pretrained on large-scale corpora achieve a commonsensing accuracy of lower than 72% on target translations of this test suite. |
| Approach: | They propose a test suite to evaluate the commonsense reasoning capability of neural machine translation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed test suite performs poorly on commonsense reasoning of the three ambiguity types in terms of reasoning accuracy and reasoning consistency. |
RESIN-11: Schema-guided Event Prediction for 11 Newsworthy Scenarios (2022.naacl-demo)
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Xinya Du, Zixuan Zhang, Sha Li, Pengfei Yu, Hongwei Wang, Tuan Lai, Xudong Lin, Ziqi Wang, Iris Liu, Ben Zhou, Haoyang Wen, Manling Li, Darryl Hannan, Jie Lei, Hyounghun Kim, Rotem Dror, Haoyu Wang, Michael Regan, Qi Zeng, Qing Lyu, Charles Yu, Carl Edwards, Xiaomeng Jin, Yizhu Jiao, Ghazaleh Kazeminejad, Zhenhailong Wang, Chris Callison-Burch, Mohit Bansal, Carl Vondrick, Jiawei Han, Dan Roth, Shih-Fu Chang, Martha Palmer, Heng Ji
| Challenge: | Existing methods for event prediction are incomplete and noisy. |
| Approach: | They propose to use news-related event schemas to extract newsworthy events . they build a demo website and include a video demonstrating the framework . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can be applied to a wide variety of newsworthy scenarios. |
Exploring Memorization in Fine-tuned Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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Shenglai Zeng, Yaxin Li, Jie Ren, Yiding Liu, Han Xu, Pengfei He, Yue Xing, Shuaiqiang Wang, Jiliang Tang, Dawei Yin
| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown that pre-trained langauge models tend to memorize and regenerate segments of their pre-training corpus when prompted appropriately. |
| Approach: | They conduct the first comprehensive analysis to explore language models’ memorization during fine-tuning across tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed analysis shows that memorization presents a strong disparity among different fine-tuning tasks. |
Glyph: Scaling Context Windows via Visual-Text Compression (2026.acl-long)
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Jiale Cheng, Yusen Liu, Xinyu Zhang, Yulin Fei, Wenyi Hong, Ruiliang Lyu, Weihan Wang, Zhe Su, Xiaotao Gu, Xiao Liu, Yushi Bai, Jie Tang, Hongning Wang, Minlie Huang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) traditionally represent text as sequences of discrete tokens . a long-context scaling problem requires processing more tokens more efficiently . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that renders long texts into compact visual pages and processes them with a vision-language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework renders long texts into compact visual pages and processes them with a vision-language model. |
The Good and The Bad: Exploring Privacy Issues in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) (2024.findings-acl)
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Shenglai Zeng, Jiankun Zhang, Pengfei He, Yiding Liu, Yue Xing, Han Xu, Jie Ren, Yi Chang, Shuaiqiang Wang, Dawei Yin, Jiliang Tang
| Challenge: | Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful technique to facilitate language model generation with proprietary and private data, where data privacy is . a privacy issue that is currently under-explored, is posed by RAG. |
| Approach: | They propose to use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to facilitate language model generation with proprietary and private data where data privacy is a pivotal concern. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack methods demonstrate that RAG can mitigate the old risks, i.e., leakage of the LLMs’ training data. |
CLEVE: Contrastive Pre-training for Event Extraction (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing EE methods do not model event characteristics from large unsupervised data. |
| Approach: | They propose a contrastive pre-training framework for event extraction to better learn event knowledge from large unsupervised data and their semantic structures. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on ACE 2005 and MAVEN datasets on event extraction tasks. |
AutoQual: An LLM Agent for Automated Discovery of Interpretable Features for Review Quality Assessment (2025.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for assessing review quality are unscalable across domains and fail to adapt to evolving content patterns. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-based agent framework that automates the discovery of interpretable features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on a large-scale online platform with a billion-level user base. |
Think How to Think: Mitigating Overthinking with Autonomous Difficulty Cognition in Large Reasoning Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) excel at complex reasoning tasks but often suffer from overthinking. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage fine-tuning strategy that progressively inspires LRMs’ difficulty cognition and redundancy cognition of LRM. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly reduces inference costs by over 70% on easy tasks and 40% on complex ones without compromising performance. |
LLM-Guided Semantic Bootstrapping for Interpretable Text Classification with Tsetlin Machines (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Pretrained language models (PLMs) provide strong semantic representations but are costly and opaque. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that transfers pretrained language models into symbolic form and integrates them into symbolic models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves interpretability and accuracy across multiple text classification tasks while remaining fully symbolic and efficient. |
ChatGLM-Math: Improving Math Problem-Solving in Large Language Models with a Self-Critique Pipeline (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Yifan Xu, Xiao Liu, Xinghan Liu, Zhenyu Hou, Yueyan Li, Xiaohan Zhang, Zihan Wang, Aohan Zeng, Zhengxiao Du, Zhao Wenyi, Jie Tang, Yuxiao Dong
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have shown excellent mastering of human language but struggle in real-world applications that require mathematical problem-solving. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline to train a general Math-Critique model from the LLM itself to provide feedback signals and employ rejective fine-tuning and direct preference optimization over the Llm's own generations for data collection. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline outperforms existing LLMs that could be two times larger. |
LogicGame: Benchmarking Rule-Based Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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Jiayi Gui, Yiming Liu, Jiale Cheng, Xiaotao Gu, Xiao Liu, Hongning Wang, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang, Minlie Huang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated notable capabilities across various tasks, showcasing complex problem-solving abilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the rule-based logical reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) they create simulated scenarios in which models execute or plan operations to achieve specific outcomes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark evaluates the performance of large language models on a variety of scenarios with varying difficulty levels. |
Localized Low-Rank Adaptation within Clustered Parameter Subspaces (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) for large language models has been successful in various domains. |
| Approach: | They propose to perform low-rank updates within clustered parameter subspaces . they group rows/columns of update matrix into locally coherent, uncorrelated subspace blocks . |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that low-rank Adaptation (LoRA) is better than global adaptations in various domains. |
Outdated Issue Aware Decoding for Factual Knowledge Editing (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge editing methods retain outdated responses for reasoning questions . naively retraining LLMs can be computationally intensive and can lead to catastrophic forgetting . |
| Approach: | They propose a simple yet effective decoding strategy to enhance edited models on reasoning questions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outDates ISsue aware deCOding (DISCO) to improve models on reasoning questions. |
Hierarchy-Aware Global Model for Hierarchical Text Classification (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for hierarchical text classification are limited and lack holistic structural information. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchy-aware global model with two variants that learn hierarchy-based label embeddings through an encoder and conduct inductive fusion of label-alike text features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on three benchmark datasets. |
Comparing Biases and the Impact of Multilingual Training across Multiple Languages (2023.emnlp-main)
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Sharon Levy, Neha John, Ling Liu, Yogarshi Vyas, Jie Ma, Yoshinari Fujinuma, Miguel Ballesteros, Vittorio Castelli, Dan Roth
| Challenge: | Currently, studies on bias and fairness in natural language processing focus on a single language and/or across few attributes (e.g. gender, race). However, biases can manifest differently across languages for individual attributes. |
| Approach: | They adapt existing sentiment bias templates in English to Italian, Chinese, Hebrew, and Spanish for race, religion, nationality, and gender. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model favors groups that are dominant in each language's culture, indicating bias amplification, after multilingual finetuning. |
Divergent Thinking: Escape the Homogeneity Trap in Generative Commonsense Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Generative commonsense reasoning requires models to synthesize coherent narratives that satisfy lexical constraints and commonsensical logic. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows for deep semantic diversity rather than surface-level lexical variation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves over 10% improvement in overall accuracy on NoRa and SPICE score on CommonGen-Lite. |
Towards Multiple References Era – Addressing Data Leakage and Limited Reference Diversity in Machine Translation Evaluation (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent research shows a weak correlation between n-gram-based metrics and human evaluations in machine translation tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to use multiple references generated by LLMs to improve alignment between automatic metrics and human evaluations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves the alignment between automatic metrics and human evaluations on the WMT22 benchmark with 4 languages and achieves a maximum accuracy gain of 9.5%. |
OEE-CFC: A Dataset for Open Event Extraction from Chinese Financial Commentary (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Qizhi Wan, Changxuan Wan, Rong Hu, Dexi Liu, Xu Wenwu, Kang Xu, Zou Meihua, Liu Tao, Jie Yang, Zhenwei Xiong
| Challenge: | Existing corpora with unconventional entities serving as event arguments lack rich multi-events and shared arguments. |
| Approach: | They develop an open event template that includes 21 event argument roles and an open corpus supporting open event extraction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus includes 17,469 events, 44,221 arguments, 3,644 complex arguments, and 5,898 shared arguments. |
Self-Bootstrapped Visual-Language Model for Knowledge Selection and Question Answering (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a framework that leverages the visual-language model to select key knowledge retrieved by DPR and answer questions improves performance of the baseline on the open-domain Knowledge-based VQA benchmark, OK-VQA. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages visual-language models to retrieve related knowledge . they use dense passage retrieval to retrieve knowledge related to visual-linguistics . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves the baseline on the open-domain Knowledge-based VQA benchmark, OK-VQA. |
BMInf: An Efficient Toolkit for Big Model Inference and Tuning (2022.acl-demo)
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Xu Han, Guoyang Zeng, Weilin Zhao, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhengyan Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jun Zhang, Jia Chao, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Recent years, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit for big model inference and tuning which can support big model tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit can support big model inference and tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
MOOCCube: A Large-scale Data Repository for NLP Applications in MOOCs (2020.acl-main)
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Jifan Yu, Gan Luo, Tong Xiao, Qingyang Zhong, Yuquan Wang, Wenzheng Feng, Junyi Luo, Chenyu Wang, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Jie Tang
| Challenge: | Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a popular educational platform for advanced research. |
| Approach: | They propose to use MOOCCube to build a large-scale data repository of over 700 MOOC courses, 100k concepts, 8 million student behaviors with an external resource. |
| Outcome: | The proposed datasets show that they can facilitate research in MOOCs. |
A General Framework to Enhance Fine-tuning-based LLM Unlearning (2025.findings-acl)
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Jie Ren, Zhenwei Dai, Xianfeng Tang, Hui Liu, Jingying Zeng, Zhen Li, Rahul Goutam, Suhang Wang, Yue Xing, Qi He, Hui Liu
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to remove copyrighted and privacy-sensitive data from Large Language Models (LLMs) have been proposed to remove specific data from LLMs without requiring full retraining. |
| Approach: | They propose a general framework that enhances the utility of fine-tuning-based methods by distinguishing target data and suppressing related generations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the unlearning and utility of fine-tuning-based methods by distinguishing the target data and suppressing related generations. |
Beyond One-Preference-Fits-All Alignment: Multi-Objective Direct Preference Optimization (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent approaches to language model alignment assume homogeneous human preferences, but actual human preferences vary widely and are hard to satisfy with a single language model. |
| Approach: | They propose an RL-free extension of Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) that folds language modeling directly into reward modeling and trains language models as collective reward models that combine all objectives with specific weights. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method matches or outperforms existing methods in safety alignment and long-form question answering. |
FewRel 2.0: Towards More Challenging Few-Shot Relation Classification (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Few-shot domain adaptation and NOTA detection are two real-world challenges for few-shot relation classification models. |
| Approach: | They propose a task to investigate two aspects of few-shot relation classification models . they build upon the FewRel dataset by adding a new test set in a different domain . |
| Outcome: | The proposed task can evaluate few-shot domain adaptation and few- shot none-of-the-above detection on a new domain and NOTA relation choice. |
Black-Box Prompt Optimization: Aligning Large Language Models without Model Training (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models are often not well aligned with human intents, which requires additional training. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Black-Box Prompt Optimization (BPO) to perform alignments on large language models that are not well aligned with human intents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models and is model-agnostic. |
Task-Aware LLM Routing with Multi-Level Task-Profile-Guided Data Synthesis for Cold-Start Scenarios (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing routers generalize poorly in cold-start scenarios where in-domain training data is unavailable. |
| Approach: | They propose a task-type–aware router approach that models query-conditioned cost and performance via latent task-like variables with prior regularization derived from the synthesized task taxonomy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance and cost under cold-start and in-domain settings and enables efficient routing. |
FR-Spec: Accelerating Large-Vocabulary Language Models via Frequency-Ranked Speculative Sampling (2025.acl-long)
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Weilin Zhao, Tengyu Pan, Xu Han, Yudi Zhang, Sun Ao, Yuxiang Huang, Kaihuo Zhang, Weilun Zhao, Yuxuan Li, Jie Zhou, Hao Zhou, Jianyong Wang, Maosong Sun, Zhiyuan Liu
| Challenge: | Speculative sampling is an efficient way to accelerate the auto-regressive generation process of large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a frequency-ranked speculative sampling framework that optimizes draft candidate selection through vocabulary space compression. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that FR-Spec reduces LM Head computation overhead by 75% while ensuring the equivalence of the final output distribution. |
T-MES: Trait-Aware Mix-of-Experts Representation Learning for Multi-trait Essay Scoring (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for automatic essay scoring fail to learn trait representations and ignore correlations between trait scores. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-trait essay scoring method based on Trait-Aware Mix-of-Experts Representation Learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on existing methods and improves in computational efficiency. |
MAVEN-ERE: A Unified Large-scale Dataset for Event Coreference, Temporal, Causal, and Subevent Relation Extraction (2022.emnlp-main)
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Xiaozhi Wang, Yulin Chen, Ning Ding, Hao Peng, Zimu Wang, Yankai Lin, Xu Han, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing datasets only cover limited relation types at once, which prevents models from taking full advantage of relation interactions. |
| Approach: | They construct a large-scale human-annotated ERE dataset with improved annotation schemes to address these drawbacks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is larger than existing datasets of all the ERE tasks by at least an order of magnitude. |
Investigating Cross-Modal Skill Injection: Scenarios, Methods, and Hyperparameters (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing research lacks systematic analysis of the applicability and methodology of cross-modal skill injection. |
| Approach: | They investigate the applicability and methodology of cross-modal skill injection by integrating a domain-expert LLM into a VLM. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method enables transfer of domain-specific expertise from Large Language Models (LLMs) to VLMs without incurring additional training data requirements or significant computational overhead. |
KCS: Diversify Multi-hop Question Generation with Knowledge Composition Sampling (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to multi-hop question answering focus on generating simple questions and neglecting the integration of essential knowledge, such as relevant sentences within documents. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to expand the diversity of generated multi-hop questions by sampling varied knowledge compositions within a given context. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the overall accuracy of knowledge composition selection by 3.9% on hotpotQA and 2WikiMultihopQA datasets. |
CGF: Constrained Generation Framework for Query Rewriting in Conversational AI (2022.emnlp-industry)
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Jie Hao, Yang Liu, Xing Fan, Saurabh Gupta, Saleh Soltan, Rakesh Chada, Pradeep Natarajan, Chenlei Guo, Gokhan Tur
| Challenge: | Large-scale conversational AI agents such as Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant help millions of users to perform a lot of tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a Constrained Generation Framework for query rewriting at global and personalized levels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly boosts the query rewriting performance. |
MoEfication: Transformer Feed-forward Layers are Mixtures of Experts (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent work has shown that feed-forward networks (FFNs) in pre-trained Transformers are a key component, storing various linguistic and factual knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose to convert a model into its MoE version with the same parameters and build expert routers to decide which experts will be used for each input. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can use 10% to 30% of FFN parameters while maintaining over 95% original performance. |
ChatMusician: Understanding and Generating Music Intrinsically with LLM (2024.findings-acl)
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Ruibin Yuan, Hanfeng Lin, Yi Wang, Zeyue Tian, Shangda Wu, Tianhao Shen, Ge Zhang, Yuhang Wu, Cong Liu, Ziya Zhou, Liumeng Xue, Ziyang Ma, Qin Liu, Tianyu Zheng, Yizhi Li, Yinghao Ma, Yiming Liang, Xiaowei Chi, Ruibo Liu, Zili Wang, Chenghua Lin, Qifeng Liu, Tao Jiang, Wenhao Huang, Wenhu Chen, Jie Fu, Emmanouil Benetos, Gus Xia, Roger Dannenberg, Wei Xue, Shiyin Kang, Yike Guo
| Challenge: | Despite LLMs' impressive capabilities in musical knowledge, music reasoning remains an unsolved task. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source large language model (LLM) that integrates intrinsic musical abilities into LLaMA2 and GPT-3.5. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can understand and generate music with a pure text tokenizer without external multi-modal neural structures or tokenizers. |
Convolutional LoRA Aggregation for Unseen Tasks Adaptation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing LoRA selection methods rely on a few task samples, making it difficult to capture full scope of task-relevant information. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that selects appropriate LoRA modules and aggregates them using a convolutional LoRA aggregator. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework bridges the knowledge gap between selected modules and target task . it ensures comprehensive coverage of task-relevant LoRA modules . |
Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting During Domain Adaptation of Seq2seq Language Generation (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on lifelong learning requires incremental memory space to learn a model . existing work on experience replay or elastic weighted consolidation requires incremental space . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages a recall optimization mechanism to memorize parameters of previous tasks via regularization and a domain drift estimation algorithm to compensate the drift between different domains in the embedding space. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms SOTA models on paraphrase and dialog response generation tasks. |
RU22Fact: Optimizing Evidence for Multilingual Explainable Fact-Checking on Russia-Ukraine Conflict (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to verify factuality of claims do not provide sufficient evidence for explainable fact-checking systems. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to automatically retrieve and summarize evidence from the Web and a novel multilingual explainable fact-checking dataset on the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can retrieve and summarize evidence from the Web and generate explanations in 16 languages. |
MinosEval: Distinguishing Factoid and Non-Factoid for Tailored Open-Ended QA Evaluation with LLMs (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation methods overlook the distinction between factoid and non-factoidic questions. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that distinguishes open-ended questions and ranks candidate answers . they propose QA requires longer answer statements and nuanced reasoning processes . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method better aligns with human annotations and offers more interpretable results. |
Unraveling and Mitigating Safety Alignment Degradation of Vision-Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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Qin Liu, Chao Shang, Ling Liu, Nikolaos Pappas, Jie Ma, Neha Anna John, Srikanth Doss, Lluis Marquez, Miguel Ballesteros, Yassine Benajiba
| Challenge: | LLaVA-7B demonstrated a decline in safety alignment ability on multi-modal inputs compared to its LLM backbone. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to recover alignment ability from LLM backbone while preserving functional capabilities of VLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework recovers alignment ability that is inherent in the LLM backbone with minimal impact on fluency and linguistic capabilities of pre-trained VLMs. |
DeepGen: Diverse Search Ad Generation and Real-Time Customization (2022.emnlp-demos)
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| Challenge: | Existing systems that generate ads manually are not effective in generating ad copy and generating millions of ads for large businesses. |
| Approach: | They propose a system that generates fluent ads from advertiser’s web pages in an abstractive fashion and solves practical issues such as factuality and inference speed. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system generates fluent ads from advertiser’s web pages in an abstractive fashion and solves practical issues such as factuality and inference speed. |
DimonGen: Diversified Generative Commonsense Reasoning for Explaining Concept Relationships (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing models that describe concepts in everyday situations are difficult to summarize in a single sentence. |
| Approach: | They propose DimonGen, which generates sentences describing concept relationships in everyday scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models in terms of quality and diversity of generated sentences. |
Dialogue is Better Than Monologue: Instructing Meidcal LLMs via Strategic Conversations (2026.findings-eacl)
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Zijie Liu, Xinyu Zhao, Jie Peng, Jinhao Duan, Zhuangdi Zhu, Qingyu Chen, Kaidi Xu, Xia Hu, Tianlong Chen
| Challenge: | Existing tuning methods for medical AI models are monologue-based . existing benchmarks are based on licensing exams or research articles . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to expose limitations of monologue-based tuning for medical AI models . they use a large dialogue dataset to capture stepwise diagnostic reasoning . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms monologue-tuned models on a medical question answering task and improves accuracy on standard medical QA benchmarks. |
Few-Shot Text Ranking with Meta Adapted Synthetic Weak Supervision (2021.acl-long)
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Si Sun, Yingzhuo Qian, Zhenghao Liu, Chenyan Xiong, Kaitao Zhang, Jie Bao, Zhiyuan Liu, Paul Bennett
| Challenge: | Neural information retrieval models have shown advanced results in many ranking scenarios where massive relevance labels or clickthrough data are available. |
| Approach: | They propose a domain adaptive learning method that generalizes Neu-IR models from label-rich source domains to few-shot target domains. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the few-shot ranking accuracy of Neu-IR models on three TREC benchmarks in the web, news, and biomedical domains. |
On Transferability of Prompt Tuning for Natural Language Processing (2022.naacl-main)
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Yusheng Su, Xiaozhi Wang, Yujia Qin, Chi-Min Chan, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Kaiyue Wen, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Juanzi Li, Lei Hou, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models (PLMs) can achieve comparable performance to full-parameter fine-tuning by tuning a few soft prompts, but require much more training time than fine-timing. |
| Approach: | They empirically investigate the transferability of soft prompts across different downstream tasks and PLMs to determine what decides prompt transferability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can achieve comparable performance to full-parameter fine-tuning by tuning a few soft prompts, but requires much more training time than fine-timing. |
Beyond Literal Mapping: Benchmarking and Improving Non-Literal Translation Evaluation (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced machine translation (MT) a meta-evaluation dataset focused on non-literal translations is lacking . experimental results show the inaccuracies of traditional MT metrics and the limitations of LLM-as-a-Judge. |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-evaluation framework that leverages sub-agents to evaluate machine translation metrics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on the knowledge cutoff and score inconsistency problem. |
Best Practices for Distilling Large Language Models into BERT for Web Search Ranking (2025.coling-industry)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have highlighted the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as zero-shot relevance rankers. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a ranking loss to transfer ranking knowledge from LLMs to smaller models like BERT. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model has been successfully integrated into a commercial web search engine as of February 2024. |
Plug-and-Play Knowledge Injection for Pre-trained Language Models (2023.acl-long)
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Zhengyan Zhang, Zhiyuan Zeng, Yankai Lin, Huadong Wang, Deming Ye, Chaojun Xiao, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge injection methods are not suitable for enhancing pre-trained language models with external knowledge bases. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play knowledge injection method where knowledge bases are injected into frozen existing downstream models by a knowledge plugin. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the performance of knowledge injection on knowledge-driven tasks while keeping model parameters frozen. |
Towards Robust Visual Question Answering: Making the Most of Biased Samples via Contrastive Learning (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that biased samples can be brittle for VQA models . however, the improvements on OOD data severely sacrifice the performance on the in-distribution (ID) data. |
| Approach: | They propose a contrastive learning approach that exploits biased samples for unbiased information that contributes to reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves competitive performance on the OOD dataset while maintaining robustness on the ID dataset. |
NeuRAG: End-to-End Neural Knowledge Augmentation via Hyper-Neurons (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to grounding large language models in external knowledge are constrained by a decoupled architecture: retrieval and reasoning operate as separate stages, with retrieved text merely prepended as passive context. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end Neuralized RAG framework that unifies knowledge retrieval and fusion through Hyper-Neurons. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments across multiple datasets and LLMs demonstrate NeuRAG’s strong and consistent performance as a promising novel RAG paradigm. |
AndroidLab: Training and Systematic Benchmarking of Android Autonomous Agents (2025.acl-long)
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Yifan Xu, Xiao Liu, Xueqiao Sun, Siyi Cheng, Hao Yu, Hanyu Lai, Shudan Zhang, Dan Zhang, Jie Tang, Yuxiao Dong
| Challenge: | Existing studies on Android agents lack systematic research on open-source and closed-source models. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for Android agents that includes an operation environment and a reproducible benchmark. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework lifts the success rate of open-source LLMs and LMMs from 4.59% to 21.50% for LLM and 1.93% to 13.28% for LMM. |
The Stochastic Parrot on LLM’s Shoulder: A Summative Assessment of Physical Concept Understanding (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent years have witnessed remarkable advancements in large language models (LLMs) many researchers argue that LLMs may not * Equal contribution. |
| Approach: | They propose a task that summarises the memorization issue by using grid inputs that abstractly describe physical phenomena. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task alleviates the memorization issue by using grid-format inputs that abstractly describe physical phenomena. |
OlympiadBench: A Challenging Benchmark for Promoting AGI with Olympiad-Level Bilingual Multimodal Scientific Problems (2024.acl-long)
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, Jie Liu, Lei Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models have exceeded general human capabilities in various tasks. |
| Approach: | They present an Olympiad-level bilingual multimodal scientific benchmark featuring 8,476 problems from Olympiad level mathematics and physics competitions. |
| Outcome: | The best performing model, GPT-4V, attains an average score of 17.97% on OlympiadBench, with a mere 10.74% in physics, highlighting the benchmark rigor and the intricacy of physical reasoning. |
Beyond Text: Unveiling Privacy Vulnerabilities in Multi-modal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) can process text, images, and audio, but they introduce privacy vulnerabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a compositional structured prompt attack to exploit MRAG privacy vulnerabilities . they show that LMMs can generate outputs resembling retrieved content . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach generates outputs resembling retrieved content and exposes sensitive information. |
A Robust Semantics-based Watermark for Large Language Model against Paraphrasing (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to detect LLM-generated content use simple hashes of precedent tokens to partition vocabulary. |
| Approach: | They propose a semantics-based watermark framework to enhance the robustness against paraphrase. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is robust under different paraphrases and the semantic meaning of the sentences will be likely preserved under paraphrase. |
Scheduled Dialog Policy Learning: An Automatic Curriculum Learning Framework for Task-oriented Dialog System (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | et al., 2013) show that dialog policy learning is an important component of the task-oriented dialogue system. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates curriculum learning and policy optimization . they propose to train dialog agents from easy dialogues to complex ones . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art model on multi-task dialogues. |
GLGE: A New General Language Generation Evaluation Benchmark (2021.findings-acl)
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Dayiheng Liu, Yu Yan, Yeyun Gong, Weizhen Qi, Hang Zhang, Jian Jiao, Weizhu Chen, Jie Fu, Linjun Shou, Ming Gong, Pengcheng Wang, Jiusheng Chen, Daxin Jiang, Jiancheng Lv, Ruofei Zhang, Winnie Wu, Ming Zhou, Nan Duan
| Challenge: | Multi-task benchmarks focus on a range of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) tasks without considering the Natural Language Generation (NLG) models. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the generalization capabilities of NLG models across eight language generation tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks are based on GLUE and Su-perGLUE for English and several other languages. |
Synchronous Double-channel Recurrent Network for Aspect-Opinion Pair Extraction (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on aspect-opinion relation detection, but neglect to recognize the relations between aspects and opinion expressions. |
| Approach: | They propose a Synchronous Double-channel Recurrent Network to deal with AOPE task . they propose an opinion entity extraction unit, a relation detection unit, and a synchronization unit . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system achieves state-of-the-art in opinion entity extraction . it is based on three datasets based upon SemEval 2014 and 2015 benchmarks . |
Boosting Inference Efficiency: Unleashing the Power of Parameter-Shared Pre-trained Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Parameter-shared pre-trained language models (PLMs) have emerged as a successful approach in resource-constrained environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to enhance the inference efficiency of parameter-shared PLMs by pre-training models that can achieve even greater acceleration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves inference efficiency on autoregressive and autoencoding models. |
MIO: A Foundation Model on Multimodal Tokens (2025.emnlp-main)
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Zekun Moore Wang, King Zhu, Chunpu Xu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Jiaheng Liu, Yibo Zhang, Jessie Wang, Ning Shi, Siyu Li, Yizhi Li, Haoran Que, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Yuanxing Zhang, Ge Zhang, Ke Xu, Jie Fu, Wenhao Huang
| Challenge: | Existing models lack multimodal understanding capabilities, resulting in closed-source model that does not support multimodal interleaved sequences. |
| Approach: | They propose a foundation model built on multimodal tokens capable of understanding and generating speech, text, images, and videos in an end-to-end, autoregressive manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is able to understand speech, text, images, and videos in an end-to-end, autoregressive manner. |
NumNet: Machine Reading Comprehension with Numerical Reasoning (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing numerical MRC models are weak in numerical reasoning, such as addition, subtraction, sorting and counting. |
| Approach: | They propose a numerical MRC model that integrates numerical reasoning into existing MRC models and achieves an EM-score of 64.56% on the DROP dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms all existing machine reading comprehension models by considering the numerical relations among numbers on the DROP dataset. |
Prompt-Based Length Controlled Generation with Multiple Control Types (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing length control methods focus on a simple control type of “equal to” a target length. |
| Approach: | They propose a prompt-based method to achieve length controlled generation under different control types with high accuracy by using reinforcement learning and sample filtering with the reward signal given by rule-based reward models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of prompt-based length control on popular summarization datasets like CNNDM and NYT under multiple control types. |
CM-Net: A Novel Collaborative Memory Network for Spoken Language Understanding (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for slot filling and intent detection fail to fully utilize cooccurrence relations between slots and intents, which restricts their potential performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel Collaborative Memory Network (CM-Net) that captures slot-specific and intent-specific features in a collaborative manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed network outperforms existing models on two benchmarks and a self-collected corpus. |
Graph Neural Networks with Generated Parameters for Relation Extraction (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing graph neural networks can only process multi-hop relational reasoning on pre-defined graphs and cannot be directly applied in natural language relational reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph neural network with generated parameters using natural language sentences as inputs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can process relational reasoning on graphs and in natural language processing tasks. |
RikiNet: Reading Wikipedia Pages for Natural Question Answering (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Using Wikipedia pages to answer open-domain questions remains challenging in natural language understanding. |
| Approach: | They propose a model which reads Wikipedia pages for natural question answering . it uses a dynamic paragraph dual-attention reader and a cascaded answer predictor . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the human model on the Natural Questions dataset . it achieves 74.3 F1 and 57.9 F1 on long-answer and short-answer tasks . |
Towards Faithful Industrial RAG: A Reinforced Co-adaptation Framework for Advertising QA (2026.acl-industry)
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Wenwei Li, Ming Xu, Tianle Xia, Lingxiang Hu, Yiding Sun, Linfang Shang, Liqun Liu, Peng Shu, Huan Yu, Jie Jiang
| Challenge: | Existing methods for QA in industrial environments are inherently relational and often updated. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that optimizes retrieval and generation through two components: Graph-aware Retrieval and evidence-constrained reinforcement learning. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on an internal advertising QA dataset show consistent gains across expert-judged dimensions including accuracy, completeness, safety, and URL validity. |
Marginal Utility Diminishes: Exploring the Minimum Knowledge for BERT Knowledge Distillation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Knowledge distillation (KD) has shown great success in BERT compression. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge distillation paradigm that extracts the teacher's hidden state knowledge and then compresses it into three dimensions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed paradigm gives rise to training speedup of 2.7x 3.4x for two kinds of student models and computing devices. |
Key Fact as Pivot: A Two-Stage Model for Low Resource Table-to-Text Generation (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for table-to-text generation use encoder-decoder framework, but lack of large parallel data is a problem for many domains. |
| Approach: | They propose a model to separate table-to-text generation into two stages: key fact prediction and surface realization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 27.34 BLEU score with only 1,000 parallel data, while the baseline model only achieves 9.71 BLUE score. |
TASO: Task-Aligned Sparse Optimization for Parameter-Efficient Model Adaptation (2025.emnlp-main)
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Daiye Miao, Yufang Liu, Jie Wang, Changzhi Sun, Yunke Zhang, Demei Yan, Shaokang Dong, Qi Zhang, Yuanbin Wu
| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown that LoRA introduces substantial parameter redundancy, which not only increases the number of trainable parameters but also hinders the effectiveness of fine-tuning. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that leverages importance information from the pretrained model’s weights to mitigate LoRA redundancy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly reduces the number of trainable parameters required for task adaptation while providing a task-aligned perspective for LoRA redundancy reduction. |
DecorateLM: Data Engineering through Corpus Rating, Tagging, and Editing with Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Ranchi Zhao, Zhen Thai, Yifan Zhang, Shengding Hu, Jie Zhou, Yunqi Ba, Jie Cai, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on vast datasets composed of billions of tokens harvested from diverse text sources. |
| Approach: | They propose a data engineering method to refine the pretraining corpus through data rating, tagging and editing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the quality of the pretraining corpus by enhancing 100 billion tokens of the training corpus. |
On the Generalization of Training-based ChatGPT Detection Methods (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies show that training-based methods are ineffective to detect LLM generated texts from unseen tasks or topics which are not collected during training. |
| Approach: | They propose to train classification models to distinguish LLMs from human texts by a distribution shift caused by prompts, text lengths, topics, and language tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can detect LLMs from black-box models, but they suffer from distribution shifts due to a wide range of factors, including prompts, text lengths, topics, and language tasks. |
Biomedical Question Answering via Multi-Level Summarization on a Local Knowledge Graph (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on how to effectively capture multi-document relationships remains an open question . Existing techniques to mitigate this problem include hierarchical summarization of semantically related chunks or integrating Knowledge Graphs (KGs). |
| Approach: | They propose a method which constructs a local knowledge graph from retrieved documents . they use propositional claims to construct a knowledge graph and contextualize a small language model . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms RAG on biomedical benchmarks and is generalizable and effective. |
Do Pre-trained Models Benefit Knowledge Graph Completion? A Reliable Evaluation and a Reasonable Approach (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models capture factual knowledge from massive texts . but they are still quite behind the SOTA KGC models in terms of performance . |
| Approach: | They propose to use open-world assumption to evaluate PLM-based knowledge graph completion models . they propose to convert each triple and its support information into natural prompt sentences . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is more accurate under the open-world assumption (OWA) this setting manual checks the correctness of knowledge that is not in KGs. |
Understanding LLMs’ Fluid Intelligence Deficiency: An Analysis of the ARC Task (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent research on fluid intelligence assessments has highlighted significant deficiencies in LLMs’ abilities. |
| Approach: | They analyze the challenges LLMs face in demonstrating fluid intelligence through controlled experiments using the most representative ARC task as an example. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model shows that it lacks the ability to combine skill composition and abstract input formats and lacks left-to-right decoding. |
WebCPM: Interactive Web Search for Chinese Long-form Question Answering (2023.acl-long)
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Yujia Qin, Zihan Cai, Dian Jin, Lan Yan, Shihao Liang, Kunlun Zhu, Yankai Lin, Xu Han, Ning Ding, Huadong Wang, Ruobing Xie, Fanchao Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Long-form question answering requires two procedures: information retrieval and information synthesis. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese long-form question answering dataset called WebCPM . the dataset is based on a web search interface that engages with a search engine in real time . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset generates answers that are no worse than human-written ones . the dataset is the first Chinese LFQA dataset . |
On the Vulnerability of Text Sanitization (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing reconstruction attacks on text sanitization are not able to accurately assess their effectiveness. |
| Approach: | They propose to use ASR to measure the effectiveness of reconstruction attacks to evaluate sanitization performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed reconstruction attacks achieve a 46.4% improvement in ASR over the state-of-the-art baseline with a privacy budget of =4.0 on the SST-2 dataset. |
Teaching Your Models to Understand Code via Focal Preference Alignment (2025.emnlp-main)
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Jie Wu, Haoling Li, Xin Zhang, Xiao Liu, Yangyu Huang, Jianwen Luo, Yizhen Zhang, Zuchao Li, Ruihang Chu, Yujiu Yang, Scarlett Li
| Challenge: | Existing methods for supervised fine-tuning focus on unit test feedback to construct preference pairs. |
| Approach: | They propose a preference alignment framework that mimics human iterative debugging to refine Code LLMs. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that Preference Learning improves on BigCodeBench and BigCodeBind tasks. |
Manual Evaluation Matters: Reviewing Test Protocols of Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction (2021.findings-acl)
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Tianyu Gao, Xu Han, Yuzhuo Bai, Keyue Qiu, Zhiyu Xie, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Distantly supervised relation extraction (RE) has attracted much attention in the past few years . previous methods to evaluate models manually or directly on autolabeled data have produced inaccurate evaluations . |
| Approach: | They propose to use distant supervision to generate large-scale autolabeled data . they build manually-annotated test sets for two DS-RE datasets and evaluate models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method produces 53% wrong labels at the entity pair level in the popular NYT10 dataset. |
GroupRank: A Groupwise Paradigm for Effective and Efficient Passage Reranking with LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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Meixiu Long, Duolin Sun, Dan Yang, Yihan Jiao, Lei Liu, Jiahai Wang, Binbin Hu, Yue Shen, Jie Feng, Zhehao Tan, Junjie Wang, Lianzhen Zhong, Jian Wang, Peng Wei, Jinjie Gu
| Challenge: | Existing rankers excel in lexical-matching scenarios, while they struggle with complex queries requiring deep reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a new paradigm that balances flexibility and context awareness to unlock the full potential of groupwise reranking. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves a state-of-the-art 65.2 NDCG@10 on BRIGHT and surpasses baselines by 2.1 points on R2MED while delivering a 6.4 inference speedup. |
Learning to Win Lottery Tickets in BERT Transfer via Task-agnostic Mask Training (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies show pre-trained language models contain matching subnetworks that have similar transfer learning performance as the original PLM. |
| Approach: | They propose to prune matching subnetworks using magnitude-based pruning . they propose to optimize the subnetwork structure towards the pre-training objectives . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is more efficient in searching subnetworks and advantageous when fine-tuning within a range of data scarcity. |
COIG-P: A High-Quality and Large-Scale Chinese Preference Dataset for Alignment with Human Values (2026.findings-eacl)
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Siwei Wu, JinCheng Ren, Xeron Du, Shuyue Guo, Xingwei Qu, Yiming Liang, Jie Liu, Yunwen Li, Tyler Loakman, Tianyu Zheng, Boyu Feng, Huaqing Yuan, Zili Wang, Jiaheng Liu, Wenhao Huang, Chenglin Cai, Haoran Que, Jian Yang, Yuelin Bai, Zekun Moore Wang, Zhouliang Yu, Qunshu Lin, Ding Pan, Yuchen Eleanor Jiang, Tiannan Wang, Wangchunshu Zhou, Shenzhi Wang, Xingyuan Bu, Minghao Liu, Guoyin Wang, Ge Zhang, Chenghua Lin
| Challenge: | Existing Chinese preference datasets suffer from limited scale, restricted domain coverage, and insufficiently rigorous data validation. |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-based data annotation pipeline with no human intervention to annotate Chinese preference datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline outperforms existing Chinese preference datasets on AlignBench and Chinese Reward Benchmark. |
SeDev: Structured Semantic Exploration for LLM-Driven Code Generation (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in automating code generation, but they suffer from insufficient exploration of the vast solution space. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale LLM-driven code generation framework that efficiently finds high-quality solutions in only a few iterations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines while maintaining reasonable time and computational costs. |
Scheduled Sampling Based on Decoding Steps for Neural Machine Translation (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Neural machine translation models are trained to maximize the likelihood of next token given previous golden tokens as inputs, but at the inference stage, golden token is unavailable. |
| Approach: | They propose to use scheduled sampling to replace ground-truth tokens with predicted tokens to bridge the gap between training and inference. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods outperform the Transformer baseline and vanilla scheduled sampling on three large-scale WMT tasks. |
Evolving Agentic Workflow Driven by Human-Agent Collaboration (2026.findings-acl)
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Yuxin Liu, Jinxuan Zhang, Yuezhang Peng, Hefeng Zhou, Xiangfeng Wang, Jiong Lou, Chentao Wu, Jie LI, Jingjing Qu, Chaochao Lu
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to generate agentic workflows using large language models are limited by high manual design costs, inefficient agentic search, and poor dynamic adaptability to new tasks and human preferences. |
| Approach: | They propose an evolutionary framework for generating agentic workflows through human-agent collaboration using evolutionary algorithms that mutate and cross over their structures, prompts, and LLM backbones. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses other automated baselines by 27.34% while achieving comparable performance to o1-preview at only one-fourth of the cost. |
Medical Dialogue System: A Survey of Categories, Methods, Evaluation and Challenges (2024.findings-acl)
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Xiaoming Shi, Zeming Liu, Li Du, Yuxuan Wang, Hongru Wang, Yuhang Guo, Tong Ruan, Jie Xu, Xiaofan Zhang, Shaoting Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing medical dialogue systems have significant potential to simplify diagnostic procedure and reduce the cost of collecting information from patients. |
| Approach: | They analyze 325 papers from well-known computer science, natural language processing conferences and journals to find out the major challenges of medical dialog systems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed systems have been surveyed in the medical community but have not been evaluated from a technical perspective. |
UltraEval: A Lightweight Platform for Flexible and Comprehensive Evaluation for LLMs (2024.acl-demos)
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Shengding Hu, Ranchi Zhao, Jie Zhou, Hanghao Wu, Jiajie Zhang, Xu Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation platforms are complex and poorly modularized, hindering seamless incorporation into researcher’s workflows. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight evaluation framework characterized by lightweight, comprehensiveness, modularity, and efficiency that integrates models, data, and metrics into a unified evaluation workflow. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework is lightweight, comprehensive, modular, and efficient. |
NaturalCodeBench: Examining Coding Performance Mismatch on HumanEval and Natural User Queries (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) generate code for productive activities, but current benchmarks for code synthesis are oriented towards introductory tasks on algorithm and data science. |
| Approach: | They propose a code benchmark to mirror the complexity and variety of scenarios in real-world coding tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark improves on 39 large language models with close HumanEval scores and achieves an efficiency increase of more than 4 times. |
Fully Hyperbolic Neural Networks (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing hyperbolic neural networks encode features in the hyperbolical space yet formalize most of their operations in the tangent space. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully hyperbolic framework to build hyperbolical networks based on the Lorentz model by adapting Lorentzer transformations to formalize essential operations of neural networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework has better performance on four NLP tasks compared with existing hyperbolic models . |
Variator: Accelerating Pre-trained Models with Plug-and-Play Compression Modules (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Chaojun Xiao, Yuqi Luo, Wenbin Zhang, Pengle Zhang, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhengyan Zhang, Ruobing Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have been successful on NLP tasks but require huge parameter sizes and computational resources. |
| Approach: | They propose a parameter-efficient acceleration method that enhances computational efficiency through plug-and-play compression plugins. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method saves 53% computational costs using only 0.9% additional parameters with a performance drop of less than 2%. |
BranchNorm: Robustly Scaling Extremely Deep Transformers (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on DeepNorm scales Transformers into extremely deep (1000 layers) due to the training instability of Transformers, the depths of these SOTA models are still relatively shallow. |
| Approach: | They propose a branch-rescaled model which dynamically rescales the non-residual branch of Transformer in accordance with the training period. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach significantly outperforms existing shallow models on multiple translation tasks and achieves better training stability and convergent performance. |
DVAGen: Dynamic Vocabulary Augmented Generation (2025.emnlp-demos)
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| Challenge: | Existing dynamic vocabulary approaches struggle to generalize to novel or out-of-vocabulary words, limiting their flexibility in handling diverse token combinations. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source framework for training, evaluation, and visualization of dynamic vocabulary-augmented language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework validates the effectiveness of dynamic vocabulary-augmented language models on modern LLMs and shows support for batch inference significantly improving inference throughput. |
MirrorQA: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs on Mirror-Orientation Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, yet their ability to perform left–right reasoning in mirror contexts remains underexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate MLLMs' ability to distinguish left from right from a subject-centered perspective. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that even the best performing models achieve only 65.40% accuracy, far below the 99.28% accuracy of humans. |
HMEAE: Hierarchical Modular Event Argument Extraction (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing event extraction methods classify each argument role independently, ignoring conceptual correlations between different argument roles. |
| Approach: | They propose a Hierarchical Modular Event Argument Extraction model to provide inductive bias from the concept hierarchy of event argument roles. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on real-world datasets and shows that it leverages useful knowledge from the concept hierarchy. |
A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Models under Data Scarcity: Challenges and Solutions (2026.acl-long)
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Zhiyin Yu, Yuchen Mou, Juncheng Yan, Junyu Luo, Chunchun Chen, Xing Wei, Yunhui Liu, Hongru Sun, Yuxing Zhang, Jun Xu, Yatao Bian, Ming Zhang, Wei Ye, Tieke He, Jie Yang, Guanjie Zheng, Zhonghai Wu, Bo Zhang, Lei Bai, Xiao Luo
| Challenge: | Existing research on reinforcement learning for LLMs under data scarcity has not been unified. |
| Approach: | They propose a top-up hierarchical framework built around three complementary perspectives: data-centric, training-centric and framework-centric. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework provides a clear conceptual foundation for understanding the design space of data-efficient RL for large language models and to guide researchers working in this emerging area. |
Uncertainty Quantification for In-Context Learning of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)
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Chen Ling, Xujiang Zhao, Xuchao Zhang, Wei Cheng, Yanchi Liu, Yiyou Sun, Mika Oishi, Takao Osaki, Katsushi Matsuda, Jie Ji, Guangji Bai, Liang Zhao, Haifeng Chen
| Challenge: | Existing studies on in-context learning have focused on quantifying the uncertainty associated with the model's response, but they neglect the complexity of the LLM and the uniqueness of in-constitut learning. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to quantify the uncertainty associated with in-context learning and propose corresponding estimation method to quantify both types of uncertainties. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method offers an unsupervised way to understand the prediction of in-context learning in a plug-and-play fashion. |
XDailyDialog: A Multilingual Parallel Dialogue Corpus (2023.acl-long)
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Zeming Liu, Ping Nie, Jie Cai, Haifeng Wang, Zheng-Yu Niu, Peng Zhang, Mrinmaya Sachan, Kaiping Peng
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for open-domain dialogue modeling limited to a single language . absence of multilingual datasets hinders development of robust open- domain dialog systems . |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual parallel open-domain dialog dataset to explore multilingual and cross-lingual open- domain dialog. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to explore multilingual and cross-lingual open-domain dialogs in other languages. |
TasTe: Teaching Large Language Models to Translate through Self-Reflection (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to enhance LLMs' performance in machine translation are unable to fully exploit their instruction-following capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for translating through self-reflection that involves two stages of inference . they propose to use the framework to refine LLMs' preliminary translations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can produce translation outputs that match the quality of NMT systems. |
Mitigating the Privacy Issues in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) via Pure Synthetic Data (2025.emnlp-main)
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Shenglai Zeng, Jiankun Zhang, Pengfei He, Jie Ren, Tianqi Zheng, Hanqing Lu, Han Xu, Hui Liu, Yue Xing, Jiliang Tang
| Challenge: | Existing literature suggests that RAG systems may face privacy issues when the retrieval process involves private data. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage synthetic data generation paradigm that uses attributes to preserve contextual information from the original data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach preserves key contextual information from the original data while reducing privacy risks. |
Bilingual Mutual Information Based Adaptive Training for Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to token-level adaptive training only use static word frequency information without considering the source language. |
| Approach: | They propose a bilingual mutual information based adaptive objective that assigns weights to target tokens with higher BMI . they propose to use this approach to improve token-level adaptive training . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves token-level adaptive training on two languages. |
Simulating Classroom Education with LLM-Empowered Agents (2025.naacl-long)
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Zheyuan Zhang, Daniel Zhang-Li, Jifan Yu, Linlu Gong, Jinchang Zhou, Zhanxin Hao, Jianxiao Jiang, Jie Cao, Huiqin Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li
| Challenge: | Initial studies have focused on task-specific, independent LLM-empowered agents, but the potential of LLMs within a multi-agent collaborative framework for classroom simulation with real user participation remains unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent classroom simulation teaching framework that recognizes representative class roles and introduces a novel class control mechanism for automatic classroom teaching. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can simulate dynamic learning environment for users with active teacher-student and student-studente interactions. |
Search-P1: Path-Centric Reward Shaping for Stable and Efficient Agentic RAG Training (2026.acl-industry)
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Tianle Xia, Ming Xu, Lingxiang Hu, Yiding Sun, Wenwei Li, Linfang Shang, Liqun Liu, Peng Shu, Huan Yu, Jie Jiang
| Challenge: | Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models by incorporating external knowledge, yet traditional singleround retrieval struggles with complex multistep reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that introduces path-centric reward shaping for agentic RAG training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on existing methods with an average accuracy gain of 7.7 points. |
RoleLLM: Benchmarking, Eliciting, and Enhancing Role-Playing Abilities of Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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Noah Wang, Z.y. Peng, Haoran Que, Jiaheng Liu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Yuhan Wu, Hongcheng Guo, Ruitong Gan, Zehao Ni, Jian Yang, Man Zhang, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Wanli Ouyang, Ke Xu, Wenhao Huang, Jie Fu, Junran Peng
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have paved the way for complex tasks such as role-playing. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to benchmark, elicit, and enhance role-playing abilities in Large Language Models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves role-playing abilities with 168,093 samples. |
FinDABench: Benchmarking Financial Data Analysis Ability of Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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Shu Liu, Shangqing Zhao, Chenghao Jia, Xinlin Zhuang, Zhaoguang Long, Jie Zhou, Aimin Zhou, Man Lan, Yang Chong
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, but their proficiency and reliability in the specialized domain of financial data analysis remain uncertain. |
| Approach: | FinDABench is a benchmark designed to evaluate the financial data analysis capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) it comprises 15,200 training instances and 8,900 test instances, all meticulously crafted by human experts. |
| Outcome: | FinDABench measures the financial data analysis capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across three dimensions: 1) Core Ability; 2) Analytical Ability; 3) Technical Ability. |
Instruction Position Matters in Sequence Generation with Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) can perform conditional sequence generation tasks, such as translation or summarization, through instruction fine-tuning. |
| Approach: | They propose to shift the position of task instructions after the input sentences to enhance the model's instruction-following capability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms traditional settings across various model scales (1B / 7B & 13B) and different sequence generation tasks (translation and summarization) without any additional data or annotation costs. |
Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environments (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are generalist agents capable of operating within complex environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a class of tools that can serve as a middleware layer shielding LLMs from environmental complexity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tool can shield the LLM from environmental complexity in two representative complex environments. |
LongBench: A Bilingual, Multitask Benchmark for Long Context Understanding (2024.acl-long)
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Yushi Bai, Xin Lv, Jiajie Zhang, Hongchang Lyu, Jiankai Tang, Zhidian Huang, Zhengxiao Du, Xiao Liu, Aohan Zeng, Lei Hou, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang, Juanzi Li
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) can only handle texts a few thousand tokens long, limiting their applications on longer sequence inputs, such as books, reports, and codebases. |
| Approach: | They propose a bilingual, multi-task benchmark for long context understanding that extends context windows and more sophisticated memory mechanisms to improve models' long context capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms open-source models but struggles on longer contexts. |
ERICA: Improving Entity and Relation Understanding for Pre-trained Language Models via Contrastive Learning (2021.acl-long)
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Yujia Qin, Yankai Lin, Ryuichi Takanobu, Zhiyuan Liu, Peng Li, Heng Ji, Minlie Huang, Maosong Sun, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing pre-training objectives do not explicitly model relational facts in text . Experimental results show that ERICA can improve typical PLMs on several language understanding tasks, including relation extraction, entity typing and question answering. |
| Approach: | They propose a contrastive learning framework ERICA to obtain a deep understanding of entities and relations in text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can improve PLMs on several language understanding tasks, especially under low-resource settings. |
OpenCoder: The Open Cookbook for Top-Tier Code Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Siming Huang, Tianhao Cheng, Jason Klein Liu, Weidi Xu, Jiaran Hao, Liuyihan Song, Yang Xu, Jian Yang, Jiaheng Liu, Chenchen Zhang, Linzheng Chai, Ruifeng Yuan, Xianzhen Luo, Qiufeng Wang, YuanTao Fan, Qingfu Zhu, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Yang Gao, Jie Fu, Qian Liu, Houyi Li, Ge Zhang, Yuan Qi, Xu Yinghui, Wei Chu, Zili Wang
| Challenge: | Code LLMs lack reproducible data pipelines and training protocols for reproducible advancements in code intelligence. |
| Approach: | They propose a top-tier code LLM that releases model weights and inference code . reproducible data pipelines, rigorous experimental ablation results and training protocols are included . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves comparable performance to leading models and serves as an "open cookbook" reproducible training data, rigorous experimental ablation results, and detailed training protocols are also included in the model. |
Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning Makes Generalized and Calibrated Neural Text Retrievers (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Prompt tuning is a technique that updates few parameters in pre-trained models for language understanding and generation tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to leverage prompt tuning for neural text retrieval to improve generalization and cross-domain generalization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can mitigate the two issues faced by fine-tuning retrieval methods and improve the out-of-domain zero-shot generalization of the retrieval models. |
CodRED: A Cross-Document Relation Extraction Dataset for Acquiring Knowledge in the Wild (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing relation extraction methods focus on extracting relational facts between entity pairs within single sentences or documents. |
| Approach: | They present a problem of cross-document relation extraction (CRE) using human annotations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the first human-annotated cross-document RE dataset . it shows that it is challenging to existing RE methods including strong BERT-based models. |
ONSEP: A Novel Online Neural-Symbolic Framework for Event Prediction Based on Large Language Model (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | TKGF is a technique that requires experience during testing and relying on a single short-term history. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates dynamic causal rule mining and dual history augmented generation to enhance event prediction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows significant performance improvements across diverse datasets and significantly improves Hit@k. |
TGEA: An Error-Annotated Dataset and Benchmark Tasks for TextGeneration from Pretrained Language Models (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Using pretrained language models, we propose an error-annotated dataset for text generation . we use carefully selected prompt words to guide GPT-2 to generate candidate sentences . |
| Approach: | They propose an error-annotated dataset with multiple benchmark tasks for text generation from pretrained language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset covers 24 types of errors according to common sense and linguistics. |
On Uncertainty Calibration and Selective Generation in Probabilistic Neural Summarization: A Benchmark Study (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Modern deep models for summarization generate miscalibrated predictive uncertainty, compromising reliability and trustworthiness in real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose to use probabilistic methods to improve the uncertainty quality of neural summarization models by using three large-scale benchmarks with varying difficulty. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods consistently improve the model’s generation and uncertainty quality, leading to improved selective generation performance (i.e., abstaining from low-quality summaries) in practice. |
ABC-Bench: Benchmarking Agentic Backend Coding in Real-World Development (2026.findings-acl)
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Jie Yang, Honglin Guo, Li Ji, Jiazheng Zhou, Rui Zheng, Zhikai Lei, Shuo Zhang, Zhiheng Xi, Shichun Liu, Yuxin Wang, Bo Wang, Yining Zheng, Tao Gui, Xipeng Qiu
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have redefined the role of AI in software engineering . current benchmarks focus on localized code generation, but neglect dynamic, full-process requirements of real-world engineering. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate agentic backend coding within a realistic, executable workflow. |
| Outcome: | The ABC-Bench benchmark evaluates agentic backend coding within a realistic, executable workflow. |
UNICORN: A Unified Causal Video-Oriented Language-Modeling Framework for Temporal Video-Language Tasks (2024.emnlp-main)
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Yuanhao Xiong, Yixin Nie, Haotian Liu, Boxin Wang, Jun Chen, Rong Jin, Cho-Jui Hsieh, Lorenzo Torresani, Jie Lei
| Challenge: | Recent advances in large multimodal models have encouraged the development of large multi-modal models . however, it is unclear how to extend these models to the more complex video domain . |
| Approach: | They propose a visual instruction tuning framework to address temporal video-language tasks . they collect a dataset and fine-tune the framework on instruction-following data . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can perform better on established temporal video-language tasks without training objectives and intensive pre-training. |
CritiqueLLM: Towards an Informative Critique Generation Model for Evaluation of Large Language Model Generation (2024.acl-long)
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Pei Ke, Bosi Wen, Andrew Feng, Xiao Liu, Xuanyu Lei, Jiale Cheng, Shengyuan Wang, Aohan Zeng, Yuxiao Dong, Hongning Wang, Jie Tang, Minlie Huang
| Challenge: | Existing models for NLP evaluations lack the ability to generate informative critiques in pointwise grading and pairwise comparison especially without references. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which can acquire pointwise grading critiques with pseudo references and revise these critiques via multi-path prompting to obtain informative evaluation data in different tasks and settings. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms all open-source models and even GPT-4 in system-level correlations of pointwise grading. |
Chain of Methodologies: Scaling Test Time Computation without Training (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing prompts for complex reasoning tasks are limited to specific tasks with few-shot examples due to constraints like context length and information extraction accuracy. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to build structured reasoning processes by injecting human insights into LLMs' training data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines in the analysis of large language models. |
Mitigating Hallucinations in LM-Based TTS Models via Distribution Alignment Using GFlowNets (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing mitigation strategies for Text-to-Speech systems require excessive training resources or inference latency. |
| Approach: | They propose a GFlOwNet-guided distribution AlignmenT framework that mitigates hallucinations without relying on massive resources or inference latency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces over 50% character error rates and lowers uncertainty by up to 58% on challenging test cases. |
Stand on The Shoulders of Giants: Building JailExpert from Previous Attack Experience (2025.emnlp-main)
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Xi Wang, Songlei Jian, Shasha Li, Xiaopeng Li, Bin Ji, Ma Jun, Xiaodong Liu, Jing Wang, Jianfeng Zhang, Jie Yu, Feilong Bao, null Wangbaosheng
| Challenge: | Existing methods to generate human-aligned content with a “jailbreak prompt” are inefficient and repetitive, causing inefficiency and a lack of experience. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates past attack experiences to aid current jailbreak attempts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves both attack effectiveness and efficiency compared to the current black-box jailbreak method. |
POINTS-Reader: Distillation-Free Adaptation of Vision-Language Models for Document Conversion (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yuan Liu, Zhongyin Zhao, Le Tian, Haicheng Wang, Xubing Ye, Yangxiu You, Zilin Yu, Chuhan Wu, Zhou Xiao, Yang Yu, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to training document conversion models with manual annotation are costly and time-consuming, and training student models by distilling outputs from teacher models can significantly limit their performance in real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully automated framework for constructing high-quality document extraction datasets and models capable of handling diverse document formats and layouts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models and improves on annotated documents. |
Continual Relation Learning via Episodic Memory Activation and Reconsolidation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to learn incessantly emerging novel relations are overfitting the few memorized examples of old relations, causing confusion among existing relations. |
| Approach: | They introduce episodic memory activation and reconsolidation (EMAR) to continual relation learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models in catastrophic forgetting old relations. |
Diverse, Controllable, and Keyphrase-Aware: A Corpus and Method for News Multi-Headline Generation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for news headline generation focus on producing a single short sentence . et al., 2017; Gehrmann e.t., 2018; Zhong ee., 2019) focus on single-headline generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to generate multiple headlines with keyphrases of user interests . they propose generating multiple keyphrase-relevant headlines using a transformer decoder . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art in terms of quality and diversity. |
GenProve: Learning to Generate Text with Fine-Grained Provenance (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for large language models (LLMs) are coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that combines supervised fine-tuning and group relative policy optimization to generate fluent answers while simultaneously producing sentence-level provenance triples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms 14 strong large language models in joint evaluation. |
Benchmarking Egocentric Clinical Intent Understanding Capability for Medical Multimodal Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks fail to evaluate egocentric clinical intent understanding of medical multimodal large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark leveraging clinician gaze as a Cognitive Cursor to assess intent understanding across surgery, emergency simulation and diagnostic interpretation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark addresses challenges of visual homogeneity of anatomical structures, strict temporal-causal dependencies in clinical workflows, and implicit adherence to safety protocols. |
ConceptMath: A Bilingual Concept-wise Benchmark for Measuring Mathematical Reasoning of Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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Yanan Wu, Jie Liu, Xingyuan Bu, Jiaheng Liu, Zhanhui Zhou, Yuanxing Zhang, Chenchen Zhang, ZhiqiBai ZhiqiBai, Haibin Chen, Tiezheng Ge, Wanli Ouyang, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | ConceptMath evaluates concept-wise mathematical reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) Existing benchmarks that evaluate general mathematical reasoning with an average accuracy fail to probe the fine-grained failure modes of mathematical reasoning on specific datasets. |
| Approach: | They introduce a bilingual, fine-grained benchmark that evaluates concept-wise mathematical reasoning of Large Language Models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks evaluate concept-wise mathematical reasoning of Large Language Models with concept-based accuracies. |
AndroidGen: Building an Android Language Agent under Data Scarcity (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing LLMs lack high-quality data sources and lack robust data filtration strategies. |
| Approach: | They develop a framework to enhance the capabilities of LLM-based agents under data scarcity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the capabilities of LLM-based agents under data scarcity. |
CompTab: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Real-World TableQA with Complex Reasoning and Irregular Tables (2026.acl-long)
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Zhen Yang, Wei Du, Jie Wang, Wenze Zhou, Xiangfeng Meng, Zhengyang Wang, Suping Sun, Ziwei Du, Haodong Zou, Jie Chen, Yongbin Liu, Shicheng Tan, Jiahao Ying, Shu Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on well-structured tables and fail to reflect irregular structures and complex reasoning commonly encountered in real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate TableQA under complex reasoning and irregular table conditions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves generalization and realism of large language models under complex and irregular table conditions. |
Different Tunes Played with Equal Skill: Exploring a Unified Optimization Subspace for Parameter-Efficient Tuning (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing delta tuning algorithms freeze most of the parameters and only optimize minimal adaptive parameters. |
| Approach: | They propose to decompose DETs into a unified optimization subspace and conduct optimization within the subspace. |
| Outcome: | The proposed DETs achieve comparable performance to the original DET and can be transferred to another DET with non-trivial performance. |
Course Concept Expansion in MOOCs with External Knowledge and Interactive Game (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to expand course concepts in MOOCs suffer from semantic drifts and lack of knowledge guidance. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a boundary search method to search for new concepts via external knowledge base and then use heterogeneous features to verify the results. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on the datasets from Coursera and XuetangX. |
P-Tuning: Prompt Tuning Can Be Comparable to Fine-tuning Across Scales and Tasks (2022.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods of prompt tuning cannot handle hard sequence labeling tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to optimize prompt tuning to tune continuous prompts with a frozen language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method matches finetuning with prompt tuning while having only 0.1%-3% tuned parameters. |
COIG-CQIA: Quality is All You Need for Chinese Instruction Fine-tuning (2025.findings-naacl)
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Yuelin Bai, Xeron Du, Yiming Liang, Leo Jin, Junting Zhou, Ziqiang Liu, Feiteng Fang, Mingshan Chang, Tianyu Zheng, Xincheng Zhang, Nuo Ma, Zekun Moore Wang, Ruibin Yuan, Haihong Wu, Hongquan Lin, Wenhao Huang, Jiajun Zhang, Chenghua Lin, Jie Fu, Min Yang, Shiwen Ni, Ge Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for Chinese instruction tuning are not well-aligned with Chinese users’ interaction patterns. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Chinese instruction tuning datasets to improve instruction fine-tuning for Chinese users. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset shows that Chinese models achieve competitive performance in diverse benchmarks. |
Hiring Now: A Skill-Aware Multi-Attention Model for Job Posting Generation (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Creating job requirements is a crucial step in the recruiting process, but it is difficult to specify the level of education, experience, relevant skills per the job description. |
| Approach: | They propose a conditional text generation task to generate job requirements based on job descriptions . they use a hierarchical decoder to label the job description with multiple skills . a skill knowledge graph is constructed to capture the global prior knowledge about skills based upon the model . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is evaluated on real-world job posting data. |
AgencyBench: Benchmarking the Frontiers of Autonomous Agents in 1M-Token Real-World Contexts (2026.acl-long)
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Keyu Li, Junhao Shi, Yang Xiao, Mohan Jiang, Jie Sun, Yunze Wu, Dayuan Fu, Shijie Xia, Xiaojie Cai, Tianze Xu, Weiye Si, Wenjie Li, Dequan Wang, Pengfei Liu
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks focus on single agentic capability, failing to capture long-horizon real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that evaluates 6 agentic capabilities across 32 real-world scenarios. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that closed-source models outperform open-source model (48.4% vs 32.1%) integrating models with advanced scaffolds to form autonomous agents is a paradigm shift. |
MT-Bench-101: A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues (2024.acl-long)
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Ge Bai, Jie Liu, Xingyuan Bu, Yancheng He, Jiaheng Liu, Zhanhui Zhou, Zhuoran Lin, Wenbo Su, Tiezheng Ge, Bo Zheng, Wanli Ouyang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly enhanced dialogue systems, but evaluation of their capabilities remains a challenge. |
| Approach: | They propose a model to evaluate the fine-grained abilities of Large Language Models in multi-turn dialogues. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model evaluates 21 popular chatbots based on MT-Bench-101 . it includes 3 overarching abilities and 13 distinct tasks within multi-turn dialogue scenarios. |
ELLE: Efficient Lifelong Pre-training for Emerging Data (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing pre-trained language models are typically trained with static data, ignoring that streaming data of various sources may continuously grow. |
| Approach: | They propose to use function preserved model expansion to expand existing PLM's width and depth to improve efficiency of knowledge acquisition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves pre-training efficiency and performance over existing models on BERT and GPT. |
SSR-A: Spatial- and Semantic-Aware Instructions and Curriculum Reinforcement for Advertisement Compliant Rectification (2026.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to fix non-compliant images suffer from over-editing, destroying original intent and perceptual similarity. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for the minimalist rectification of non-compliant image ads. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both compliance and preservation of visual and commercial consistency. |
STAPO: Selective Trajectory-Aware Policy Optimization for LLM Agent Training (2026.acl-long)
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Qiuyi Qi, Tian Liang, Mutian Bao, Jinjian Zhang, Dongnan Liu, Wei Zhou, Linjian Mo, Ming Kong, Jie Liu, Feng Zhang, Qiang Zhu
| Challenge: | Prior work has explored step-level supervision using Shannon-entropy-based uncertainty signals, which conflate inherent state complexity with agent confidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical group-based RL framework that leverages normalized entropy to locate outlier steps associated with trajectory neglect and optimizes them via a mechanism of trajectory-aware reward and trajectory-independent penalty. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on ALFWorld, WebShop, and Search-Augmented QA show that STAPO achieves state-of-the-art performance while substantially alleviating trajectory neglect. |
GraphReader: Building Graph-based Agent to Enhance Long-Context Abilities of Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Shilong Li, Yancheng He, Hangyu Guo, Xingyuan Bu, Ge Bai, Jie Liu, Jiaheng Liu, Xingwei Qu, Yangguang Li, Wanli Ouyang, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing models for long contexts struggle to handle long inputs due to limited context window and memory usage. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph-based agent system that analyzes long texts into a graphical graph . GraphReader consistently outperforms GPT-4-128k across context lengths from 16k to 256k . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on four challenging benchmarks. |
Enhancing One-Shot Pruned Pre-trained Language Models through Sparse-Dense-Sparse Mechanism (2025.coling-main)
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Guanchen Li, Xiandong Zhao, Lian Liu, Zeping Li, Yixing Xu, Dong Li, Lu Tian, Jie He, Ashish Sirasao, Emad Barsoum
| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models (PLMs) are robust in contextual understanding but their considerable size incurs significant computational and storage costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a Sparse-Dense-Sparse pruning framework to prune PLMs . they prune less critical connections using conventional pruning methods . |
| Outcome: | The proposed pruning framework outperforms SparseGPT and Wanda under identical sparsity. |
One Comment from One Perspective: An Effective Strategy for Enhancing Automatic Music Comment (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for automatic comment generation generate common and meaningless comments for music. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-perspective strategy to enhance automatic music comment generation by combining different perspectives on a music comment dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on two music comment datasets and outperformed existing models by a substantial margin. |
Asclepius: A Spectrum Evaluation Benchmark for Medical Multi-Modal Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Jie Liu, Wenxuan Wang, Su Yihang, Jingyuan Huang, Yudi Zhang, Cheng-Yi Li, Wenting Chen, Xiaohan Xing, Kao-Jung Chang, Linlin Shen, Michael R. Lyu
| Challenge: | Medical Multi-Modal Large Language Models (Med-MLLMs) are a promising new form of artificial general intelligence due to their ability to tackle complex tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a new benchmark that comprehensively assesses medical multi-modal large language models in terms of distinct medical specialties and different diagnostic capacities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model covers 15 medical specialties and different diagnostic capacities, and excludes overlap with existing VQA dataset. |
HoH: A Dynamic Benchmark for Evaluating the Impact of Outdated Information on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Current approaches to addressing knowledge outdating in LLMs struggle with retrieval and generation aspects when handling outdated information. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the impact of outdated information on RAG . they use token-level diff algorithms and LLM pipelines to create a large-scale QA dataset . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark analyzes the impact of outdated information on RAG performance. |
Situated Embedding Models for Context-Aware Dense Retrieval (2026.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Existing embedding models are not well-equipped to encode situated context effectively, i.e., situating a chunk’s meaning within its context. |
| Approach: | They propose to represent short chunks in a way that is conditioned on a broader context window to enhance retrieval performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art embedding models on a book-plot retrieval dataset. |
GCDT: A Global Context Enhanced Deep Transition Architecture for Sequence Labeling (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing systems for sequence labeling are limited by shallow connections between consecutive hidden states and insufficient modeling of global information. |
| Approach: | They propose a global context enhanced deep transition architecture for sequence labeling . they deepen the state transition path at each position in a sentence and assign tokens with global representations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture outperforms the best reported results on two standard sequence labeling tasks. |
Learning from Context or Names? An Empirical Study on Neural Relation Extraction (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets may leak shallow heuristics via entity mentions, thus contributing to the high performance on RE benchmarks. |
| Approach: | They propose an entity-masked contrastive framework for relation extraction to gain a deeper understanding on textual context and type information while avoiding rote memorization of entities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the effectiveness and robustness of neural models in different RE scenarios. |
Language Prior Is Not the Only Shortcut: A Benchmark for Shortcut Learning in VQA (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Qingyi Si, Fandong Meng, Mingyu Zheng, Zheng Lin, Yuanxin Liu, Peng Fu, Yanan Cao, Weiping Wang, Jie Zhou
| Challenge: | Visual Question Answering (VQA) models are prone to learn the shortcut solution formed by dataset biases rather than the intended solution. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset that considers varying types of shortcuts by constructing different distribution shifts in multiple OOD test sets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset considers varying types of shortcuts by constructing different distribution shifts in multiple OOD test sets. |
ARGUS: Policy-Adaptive Ad Governance via Evolving Reinforcement with Adversarial Umpiring (2026.acl-industry)
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Deyi Ji, Junyu Lu, Xuanyi Liu, Liqun Liu, Hailong Zhang, Peng Shu, Huan Yu, Jie Jiang, Tianrun Chen, Lanyun Zhu
| Challenge: | Existing regulatory policies create label inconsistencies and reasoning ambiguities in historical datasets. |
| Approach: | They propose a policy-adaptive governance system that enables evolving reinforcement through multi-agent adversarial umpiring. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms fine-tuning baselines on industrial and public datasets . it enables evolving reinforcement through multi-agent adversarial umpiring . |
SepSeq: A Training-Free Framework for Long Numerical Sequence Processing in LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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Jie Sun, Yu Liu, Lu Han, Qiwen Deng, Xiang Shu, Yang Xiao, Lintao Ma, Xingyu Lu, Jun Zhou, Pengfei Liu, Jiancan Wu, Xiang Wang
| Challenge: | Existing large-scale large-context models suffer from performance degradation when processing long numerical sequences. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to mitigate attention dispersion by strategically inserting separator tokens into the model to recalibrat attention to local segments while preserving global context. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves accuracy and reduces inference token consumption by 16.4% on 9 widely-adopted LLMs. |
DeepStruct: Pretraining of Language Models for Structure Prediction (2022.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Pretrained language models perform structural understanding tasks that focus on understanding one aspect of the text. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for improving the structural understanding abilities of language models by pretraining them to generate structures from the text on task-agnostic corpora. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs state-of-the-art on 21 of 28 datasets. |
TiMem: Temporal-Hierarchical Memory Consolidation for Long-Horizon Conversational Agents (2026.findings-acl)
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Kai Li, Xuanqing Yu, Ziyi Ni, Yi Zeng, Yao Xu, Zheqing Zhang, Xin Li, Jitao Sang, Xiaogang Duan, Xuelei Wang, Chengbao Liu, Jie Tan
| Challenge: | Existing memory frameworks provide limited support for temporally structured information across hierarchical levels, leading to fragmented memories and unstable long-horizon personalization. |
| Approach: | They propose a temporal–hierarchical memory framework that organizes conversations through a Temporal Memory Tree. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines while reducing the recalled memory length by 52.20%. |
Span-based Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Attention-based Span-specific and Contextual Semantic Representations (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods treat each span token equally important, ignoring significant features. |
| Approach: | They propose a span-based joint extraction framework with attention-based semantic representations that utilizes span-specific and contextual representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on ACE2005, CoNLL2004 and ADE. |
OpenCodeInterpreter: Integrating Code Generation with Execution and Refinement (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | OpenCodeInterpreter-33B provides a high level of performance for code generation, executing, and iterative refinement. |
| Approach: | They propose a family of open-source code systems for generating, executing, and iteratively refining code. |
| Outcome: | The OpenCodeInterpreter-33B performs well on humanEval, MBPP, and EvalPlus benchmarks. |
GenTool: Enhancing Tool Generalization in Language Models through Zero-to-One and Weak-to-Strong Simulation (2025.findings-acl)
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Jie He, Jennifer Neville, Mengting Wan, Longqi Yang, Hui Liu, Xiaofeng Xu, Xia Song, Jeff Z. Pan, Pei Zhou
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) can expand their capabilities by integrating external tools. |
| Approach: | They propose a training framework that prepares LLMs for diverse generalization challenges in tool utilization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the tool-usage capabilities of LLMs by up to 8B parameters, surpassing GPT-4o. |
CORBA: Contagious Recursive Blocking Attacks on Multi-Agent Systems Based on Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing security models rely on open-ended communication, but the collaborative process itself can be exploited and disrupted. |
| Approach: | They propose a new threat class, called Denial-of-Collaboration, which corrupts collaborative structure and transforms communication topology into self-sabotage. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attacks bypass conventional safety alignments that are not designed to detect behavioral or systemic attacks. |
Re3: Relevance & Recency Retrieval for Mitigating Temporal Hallucination (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing retrievers suffer from temporal-semantic misalignment and outdated-document interference . Existing frameworks suffer from both temporal validity and outdated factual versions . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that mitigates temporal hallucinations by embedding heterogeneous temporal signals into the semantic space to ensure retrieval fidelity. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that Re3 outperforms baselines by 9.7% in generation accuracy . the framework outperformed strongest baselines on challenging dynamic tasks . |
DocRED: A Large-Scale Document-Level Relation Extraction Dataset (P19-1)
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Yuan Yao, Deming Ye, Peng Li, Xu Han, Yankai Lin, Zhenghao Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Lixin Huang, Jie Zhou, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing relation extraction methods focus on extracting intra-sentence relations for single entities. |
| Approach: | They propose a relation extraction dataset from Wikipedia and Wikidata with three features . document-level relation extraction is a task to identify relational facts between entities . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the largest human-annotated dataset for document-level RE from plain text. |
Tell Me How to Ask Again: Question Data Augmentation with Controllable Rewriting in Continuous Space (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing data augmentation techniques for natural language processing tasks are difficult to design. |
| Approach: | They propose a controllable rewriting based question data augmentation method for machine reading comprehension, question generation and question-answering natural language inference tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method generates high-quality, high-quality question data samples on machine reading comprehension, question generation, and question-answering natural language inference tasks. |