Challenge: Existing studies on Android agents lack systematic research on open-source and closed-source models.
Approach: They propose a framework for Android agents that includes an operation environment and a reproducible benchmark.
Outcome: The proposed framework lifts the success rate of open-source LLMs and LMMs from 4.59% to 21.50% for LLM and 1.93% to 13.28% for LMM.

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Challenge: Existing LLMs lack high-quality data sources and lack robust data filtration strategies.
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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are promising foundations to build generally-capable agents . however, the community lacks a unified interactive framework that covers diverse environments for comprehensive evaluation of agents.
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Challenge: Existing benchmarks focus on single agentic capability, failing to capture long-horizon real-world scenarios.
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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for LLM-based mobile agents are insufficient to evaluate their capabilities.
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DroidCall: A Dataset for LLM-powered Android Intent Invocation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: We present DroidCall, the first training and testing dataset for accurate Android intent invocation.
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A Survey on Evaluation of LLM-based Agents (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: This paper provides the first comprehensive survey of evaluation methods for LLM-based agents . LLMs are static, having fixed knowledge, and confined to text-to-text interaction.
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