Papers by Bo Li
CE-RM: A Pointwise Generative Reward Model Optimized via Two-Stage Rollout and Unified Criteria (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown that rule-based evaluation methods are ineffective for open-ended natural language generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a pointwise generative reward model with a dedicated two-stage rollout method and unified query-based criteria that can be trained with 5.7K high-quality data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior performance on diverse reward model benchmarks, especially in Best-of-N scenarios, and delivers more effective improvements in downstream RL practice. |
OOP: Object-Oriented Programming Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | None Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as a key tool for automated programming. |
| Approach: | They compare performance of None Large language models with language understanding models on functional programming and object-oriented programming benchmarks. |
| Outcome: | The models perform relatively well on functional programming (FP) and object-oriented programming (OOP) benchmarks, while exhibiting poor performance on OOP benchmarks. |
MACS: Modality-Aware Capacity Scaling for Efficient Multimodal MoE Inference (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for expert parallelism inference suffer from a significant efficiency bottleneck . existing methods fail to address information heterogeneity and modality dynamics . |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free inference framework that scales experts without training . they propose an Entropy-Weighted Load mechanism to quantify the semantic value of visual tokens . |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that MACS outperforms existing methods on multimodal benchmarks. |
Guardrails and Security for LLMs: Safe, Secure and Controllable Steering of LLM Applications (2025.acl-tutorials)
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Traian Rebedea, Leon Derczynski, Shaona Ghosh, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, Faeze Brahman, Liwei Jiang, Bo Li, Yulia Tsvetkov, Christopher Parisien, Yejin Choi
| Challenge: | Pretrained generative models provide novel ways for users to interact with computers. |
| Approach: | This tutorial provides an overview of key guardrail mechanisms developed for LLMs along with evaluation methodologies and a detailed security assessment protocol. |
| Outcome: | This tutorial provides an overview of key guardrail mechanisms developed for LLMs, along with evaluation methodologies and a detailed security assessment protocol. |
Distance-Based Propagation for Efficient Knowledge Graph Reasoning (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Knowledge graph completion (KGC) aims to predict unseen edges in knowledge graphs (KGs) . a few recent attempts to address this problem sacrifice the performance to gain efficiency. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that aggregates path information to solve this problem by aggregating paths in a fixed window for each source-target pair. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can cut down on the number of propagated messages by 90% while achieving competitive performance on multiple KG datasets. |
Towards LLM-powered Attentive Listener: A Pragmatic Approach through Quantity Self-Repair (2025.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Quantity Maxims dictates that human speakers aim for optimal quantity of information during conversation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use heuristic path-finding to enable decoder-only LLMs to travel among multiple "Q-alternatives" and search for optimal quantity in coordination with a conversation goal. |
| Outcome: | The proposed techniques are based on heuristic path-finding and can be used to construct human-like, user-centered conversation agents. |
SiLP: Enhancing Non-Dominant Language Capabilities with a Selective Bidirectional Language Projection Framework (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to improve performance of large language models rely on additional training objectives or language-specific parameters. |
| Approach: | They propose a bidirectional language projection framework that enables efficient multilingual alignment and language shift using the intrinsic parameters. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance of non-dominant languages and improves internal representations. |
SMARTAVE: Structured Multimodal Transformer for Product Attribute Value Extraction (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Qifan Wang, Li Yang, Jingang Wang, Jitin Krishnan, Bo Dai, Sinong Wang, Zenglin Xu, Madian Khabsa, Hao Ma
| Challenge: | Existing methods for product attribute value extraction are noisy and incomplete with missing values for most retailers. |
| Approach: | They propose a Structure Mltimodal trAnsformeR for producT Attribute Value Extraction which jointly encodes the structured product information from multiple modalities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on two multimodal product datasets. |
AT²PO: Agentic Turn-based Policy Optimization via Tree Search (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the development of autonomous agents capable of executing complex, multi-turn tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for agentic reinforcement learning that integrates turn-level tree search with tree search to address key challenges. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework addresses key challenges: limited exploration diversity, sparse credit assignment, and misaligned policy optimization. |
Zero-shot Sharpness-Aware Quantization for Pre-trained Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot quantization methods are based on overfitting problem in adversarial learning process, leading to sub-optimal performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a zero-shot sharpness-aware quantization framework for the quantization of various PLMs by optimizing a minimax problem. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can achieve significant performance gains on discriminative and generative PLMs. |
A Generative Pre-Trained Language Model for Channel Prediction in Wireless Communications Systems (2025.emnlp-main)
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Bo Lin, Huanming Zhang, Yuhua Jiang, Yucong Wang, Tengyu Zhang, Shaoqiang Yan, Hongyao Li, Yihong Liu, Feifei Gao
| Challenge: | Existing model-based channel prediction methods suffer from limited accuracy due to imperfect temporal modeling, while existing AI-based methods suffers from limited generalization due to inadequate training strategies. |
| Approach: | They propose a generative pre-trained language model for channel prediction based on channel correlation and train it based upon transformer decoder architecture. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can learn various channel characteristics and perform impressive tasks across multiple dimensions. |
Perform like an Engine: A Closed-Loop Neural-Symbolic Learning Framework for Knowledge Graph Inference (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge graphs are incomplete and therefore lack interpretability. |
| Approach: | They propose a closed-loop neural-symbolic learning framework EngineKG to address the natural incompleteness of knowledge graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines on link prediction tasks on four real-world datasets. |
Revisiting Knowledge Distillation for Autoregressive Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Autoregressive language models (LMs) are expensive and memory intensive, preventing the development of industrial applications. |
| Approach: | They propose an adaptive teaching approach to improve the KD of autoregressive language models by distilling knowledge into a small student model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can achieve consistent and significant performance gains across all model types and sizes. |
EmbodiedBERT: Cognitively Informed Metaphor Detection Incorporating Sensorimotor Information (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for metaphor detection rely on heuristics such as Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and Selection Preference Violation (SPV). |
| Approach: | They propose a cognitively motivated module that leverages the cognitive information of embodiment that can be derived from word embeddings and explicitly models the process of sensorimotor change that has been demonstrated as essential for metaphor processing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed module can improve metaphor detection compared with the heuristic MIP that has been applied previously. |
A Unified Span-Based Approach for Opinion Mining with Syntactic Constituents (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for fine-grained opinion mining (OM) are based on span-based annotations, but they are not effective. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified span-based approach for the end-to-end OM setting using syntactic constituents and multi-task learning to integrate them into the proposed model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves significant improvements over previous work on the MPQA 2.0 dataset and reduces the number of wrongly-predicted opinion expressions and roles. |
XLM-E: Cross-lingual Language Model Pre-training via ELECTRA (2022.acl-long)
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Zewen Chi, Shaohan Huang, Li Dong, Shuming Ma, Bo Zheng, Saksham Singhal, Payal Bajaj, Xia Song, Xian-Ling Mao, Heyan Huang, Furu Wei
| Challenge: | ELECTRA-style tasks are used to pretrain cross-lingual models for NLP tasks . masked language modeling tasks require massive computation resources, rendering such models quite expensive . |
| Approach: | They propose to use ELECTRA-style tasks to pre-train a cross-lingual language model . they propose to pretrain the model on multilingual and parallel corpora . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on cross-lingual understanding tasks with much less computation cost. |
Rethinking Smoothness for Fast and Adaptable Entity Alignment Decoding (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for integrating knowledge graphs rely on entity and relation embeddings . Fig. 1 shows how to decode knowledge graph in under 6 seconds . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that only utilizes entity embeddings to decode knowledge graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reconstructs KG representation by maximizing smoothness of entity embeddings. |
Towards Better Utilization of Multi-Reference Training Data for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | a high proportion of Chinese training data is multi-referenced for the grammatical error correction task . however, there are many ways to correct an erroneous input sentence . a systematic study on multi-referencing training data has been proposed . |
| Approach: | They propose two new approaches and a simple two-stage training strategy to better utilize multi-reference training data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods show that Chinese training data contain multiple references. |
Toward Robust In-Context Learning: Leveraging Out-of-distribution Proxies for Target Inaccessible Demonstration Retrieval (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) perform well on Out-of-Distribution tasks, but performance degrades as distribution shift becomes more severe. |
| Approach: | They propose a demonstration search framework that incorporates an OOD proxy to approximate the inaccessible target domain and guide the retrieval process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enhances robustness in out-of-distribution tasks by incorporating an OOD proxy to approximate the inaccessible target domain and guide the retrieval process. |
UHGEval: Benchmarking the Hallucination of Chinese Large Language Models via Unconstrained Generation (2024.acl-long)
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Xun Liang, Shichao Song, Simin Niu, Zhiyu Li, Feiyu Xiong, Bo Tang, Yezhaohui Wang, Dawei He, Cheng Peng, Zhonghao Wang, Haiying Deng
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) produce hallucinated text, compromising their practical utility in professional contexts. |
| Approach: | They have developed an unconstrained hallucination generation evaluation benchmark that contains hallucines generated by large language models with minimal restrictions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks are based on a Chinese-language dataset that is lacking in the field. |
SEGMENT+: Long Text Processing with Short-Context Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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Wei Shi, Shuang Li, Kerun Yu, Jinglei Chen, Zujie Liang, Xinhui Wu, Yuxi Qian, Feng Wei, Bo Zheng, Jiaqing Liang, Jiangjie Chen, Yanghua Xiao
| Challenge: | Existing frameworks that increase context window do not guarantee robust performance across long input tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables language models to handle extended inputs within limited context windows efficiently. |
| Outcome: | The framework improves performance on long-document question-answering and Needle-in-a-Haystack tasks. |
Re-ViLM: Retrieval-Augmented Visual Language Model for Zero and Few-Shot Image Captioning (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Zhuolin Yang, Wei Ping, Zihan Liu, Vijay Korthikanti, Weili Nie, De-An Huang, Linxi Fan, Zhiding Yu, Shiyi Lan, Bo Li, Mohammad Shoeybi, Ming-Yu Liu, Yuke Zhu, Bryan Catanzaro, Chaowei Xiao, Anima Anandkumar
| Challenge: | Existing methods for image-to-text generation store all knowledge within parameters, thus requiring computational-expensive fine-tuning. |
| Approach: | They propose a Retrieval-augmented Visual Language Model that stores all the knowledge within parameters and can be used to retrieve it from the external database. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly boosts performance for image-to-text generation tasks with 4x less parameters compared with baseline methods. |
The Efficiency vs. Accuracy Trade-off: Optimizing RAG-Enhanced LLM Recommender Systems Using Multi-Head Early Exit (2025.acl-long)
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Huixue Zhou, Hengrui Gu, Zaifu Zhan, Xi Liu, Kaixiong Zhou, Yongkang Xiao, Mingfu Liang, Srinivas Prasad Govindan, Piyush Chawla, Jiyan Yang, Xiangfei Meng, Huayu Li, Buyun Zhang, Liang Luo, Wen-Yen Chen, Yiping Han, Bo Long, Rui Zhang, Tianlong Chen
| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for Large Language Models (LLMs) for Click-Through Rate prediction require a careful balance between computational efficiency and predictive accuracy. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates Retrieval-Augmented Generation with a novel multi-head early exit architecture to address both challenges. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces retrieval time while maintaining high model performance. |
Beyond Linguistic Cues: Fine-grained Conversational Emotion Recognition via Belief-Desire Modelling (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) is essential for dialogue systems to identify the emotions expressed by speakers. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that incorporates both belief and desire to accurately identify emotions by extracting emotion-eliciting events from utterances and construct graphs that represent beliefs and desires in conversations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on four popular ERC datasets and validates its performance with multiple state-of-the-art models. |
Building Data-Driven Occupation Taxonomies: A Bottom-Up Multi-Stage Approach via Semantic Clustering and Multi-Agent Collaboration (2025.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for creating robust occupation taxonomies are slow and expensive . a robust taxonomy is critical for job recommendation and labor market intelligence applications . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that automates creation of occupation taxonomies from job postings . they use global semantic clustering to distill core occupations, then a reflection-based multi-agent system to iteratively build a coherent hierarchy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework produces taxonomies that capture unique regional characteristics. |
Enhancing Neural Models with Vulnerability via Adversarial Attack (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on adversarial attack to improve performance of NLSM tasks has not been done. |
| Approach: | They propose a general two-stage training framework to enhance neural models with Vulnerability via adversarial attack. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves neural models with Vulnerability via adversarial attack on NLSM datasets. |
A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulation (2026.eacl-long)
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Bo Ni, Yu Wang, Leyao Wang, Branislav Kveton, Franck Dernoncourt, Yu Xia, Hongjie Chen, Reuben Luera, Samyadeep Basu, Subhojyoti Mukherjee, Puneet Mathur, Nesreen K. Ahmed, Junda Wu, Li Li, Huixin Zhang, Ruiyi Zhang, Tong Yu, Sungchul Kim, Jiuxiang Gu, Zhengzhong Tu, Alexa Siu, Zichao Wang, Seunghyun Yoon, Nedim Lipka, Namyong Park, Zihao Lin, Trung Bui, Yue Zhao, Tyler Derr, Ryan A. Rossi
| Challenge: | Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled high-fidelity generation of synthetic user conversation. |
| Approach: | They propose a taxonomy covering user granularity and simulation objectives . they analyze core techniques and evaluation methodologies to help them understand the latest developments . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model enables high-fidelity generation of synthetic user conversation. |
FastMem: Fast Memorization of Prompt Improves Context Awareness of Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models struggle with context awareness, leading to inaccuracies in tasks requiring faithful adherence to provided information. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to enhance LLMs' context awareness by updating only the last Feed-Forward Network module to maximize the likelihood of the prompt before inference . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the accuracy of Llama 3-8B-Inst on the NQ-SWAP dataset from 59.1% to 71.6% and reduces the output structure failure rate of Qwen 1.5-4B-Chat from 34.9% to 25.5%. |
UFO: A UI-Focused Agent for Windows OS Interaction (2025.naacl-long)
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Chaoyun Zhang, Liqun Li, Shilin He, Xu Zhang, Bo Qiao, Si Qin, Minghua Ma, Yu Kang, Qingwei Lin, Saravan Rajmohan, Dongmei Zhang, Qi Zhang
| Challenge: | UFO is a UI-Fcused agent designed to fulfill user requests tailored to Windows OS applications . it decomposes user requests using divide-and-conquer approach, enabling seamless navigation and addressing sub-tasks across multiple applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a UI-Fcused Windows OS agent that decomposes user requests using a divide-and-conquer approach and incorporates a control interaction module tailored for Windows OS. |
| Outcome: | The proposed agent decomposes user requests using divide-and-conquer approach, enabling seamless navigation and addressing sub-tasks across multiple applications. |
Be Helpful but Don’t Talk too Much - Enhancing Helpfulness in Conversations through Relevance in Multi-Turn Emotional Support (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a helpful speaker should maintain an "effect-effort" tradeoff for a conversation to help and support . a study aimed to cultivate the awareness of "optimal relevance" into the cognitive process of conversation agents . |
| Approach: | They integrate the "Cognitive Relevance Principle" into emotional support agents . they found that the "relevance principle" is effective in generating human-like, helpful, harmless conversations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves human-likedness and support in multi-turn conversations . the source code will be available at https://github.com/CN-Eyetk/VLESA-ORL.git . |
Allocating Large Vocabulary Capacity for Cross-Lingual Language Model Pre-Training (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models require a more expressive vocabulary to represent all languages . however, increasing the vocabulary size significantly slows down the pre-training speed . |
| Approach: | They propose an algorithm VoCap to determine the desired vocabulary capacity of each language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm improves cross-lingual model pre-training while reducing side effects of increasing vocabulary size. |
Unifying Inference-Time Planning Language Generation (2026.findings-acl)
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Prabhu Prakash Kagitha, Bo Sun, Ishan Desai, Andrew Zhu, Cassie Huang, Manling Li, Ziyang Li, Li Zhang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are used to generate a formal representation of a plan in a planning language. |
| Approach: | They propose a unifying organizational framework based on intermediate representations to unify the inference-time LLM-as-formalizer methodology for classical planning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework subsumes most existing work and proposes new ones that involve syntactically similar but high-resource intermediate languages. |
Solid-SQL: Enhanced Schema-linking based In-context Learning for Robust Text-to-SQL (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing text-to-SQL approaches have overlooked the critical aspect of system robustness. |
| Approach: | They propose a robust text-to-SQL solution that integrates with LLMs . their method achieves SOTA SQL execution accuracy levels of 82.1% and 58.9% . |
| Outcome: | The proposed solution achieves SOTA SQL execution accuracy levels of 82.1% and 58.9% on the general Spider and Bird benchmarks. |
DisComp: A Two-Stage Prompt Optimization Framework Combining Task-Agnostic and Task-Aware Compression (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Extended prompts can lead to substantial computational overhead and increased hardware demands, limiting the scalability and efficiency of large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage prompt compression framework that combines task-agnostic and task-based strategies to efficiently compress prompt length without compromising performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms task-agnostic and task-specific compression methods on three benchmark datasets and is up to 6.56 faster at inference compared to the best token-level compression method. |
Adaptive Backtracking for Privacy Protection in Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing privacy protection methods are prone to privacy leakage, but they are not effective in ensuring the privacy of users. |
| Approach: | They propose to capture latent leakage tendency of large language models during generation process and to construct a new benchmark for personal information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves privacy by up to 14% over strong baselines against adversarial attacks, avoiding the degradation of response utility. |
Multi-Attribute Controlled Text Generation with Contrastive-Generator and External-Discriminator (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on controlled text generation focus on single-attribute control, but in practical applications, they lack controllability. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for multi-attribute controlled text generation that can effectively generate texts with more attributes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves remarkable controllability while keeping the text fluent and diverse. |
MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing (2026.acl-industry)
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Junbo Niu, Zheng Liu, Zhuangcheng Gu, Bin Wang, Linke Ouyang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Tao Chu, Tianyao He, Fan Wu, Qintong Zhang, Zhenjiang Jin, Guang Liang, Rui Zhang, Wenzheng Zhang, Yuan Qu, Zhifei Ren, Yuefeng Sun, Zirui Tang, Boyu Niu, Yuanhong Zheng, Dongsheng Ma, Ziyang Miao, Hejun Dong, Siyi Qian, Junyuan Zhang, Fangdong Wang, Jingzhou Chen, Xiaomeng Zhao, Liqun Wei, Wei Li, Shasha Wang, RuiLiang Xu, Yuanyuan Cao, Lu Chen, Qianqian Wu, Huaiyu Gu, Lindong Lu, Dechen Lin, null Shenguanlin, Xuanhe Zhou, Linfeng Zhang, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Jiaqi Wang, Bo Zhang, Lei Bai, Pei Chu, Weijia Li, Jiang Wu, Lijun Wu, Zhenxiang Li, Guangyu Wang, Zhongying Tu, Chao Xu, Kai Chen, Bowen Zhou, Dahua Lin, Wentao Zhang, Conghui He
| Challenge: | Document images are characterized by higher resolutions, denser content, and more complex structural layouts. |
| Approach: | They propose a 1.2B-parameter document parsing vision-language model that decouples layout analysis from local content recognition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses general-purpose and domain-specific models on multiple benchmarks while maintaining significantly lower computational overhead. |
Decomposition for Enhancing Attention: Improving LLM-based Text-to-SQL through Workflow Paradigm (2024.findings-acl)
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Yuanzhen Xie, Xinzhou Jin, Tao Xie, Matrixmxlin Matrixmxlin, Liang Chen, Chenyun Yu, Cheng Lei, Chengxiang Zhuo, Bo Hu, Zang Li
| Challenge: | In-context learning of large-language models has achieved remarkable success in the field of natural language processing . however, the single-step chain-of-thought prompting approach faces challenges such as attention diffusion and inadequate performance in complex tasks like text-to-SQL. |
| Approach: | They propose a workflow paradigm method to enhance the attention and problem-solving scope of large-language models through decomposition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods on three datasets and improves the upper limit of LLM-based approaches. |
SELECting over Tokens: Curating Pre-training Data at Scale via Token Classification (2026.acl-long)
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Xin Tong, Weidong Zhang, Jiaang Li, Haibin Chen, Shilei Liu, Langming Liu, Kangtao Lv, Yujin Yuan, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing pipelines rely on expert-crafted heuristic rules, which lack content-aware, fine-grained noise detection. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reframes data refinement as a highly efficient token classification task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing pipelines on benchmarks and is 2.5x faster at inference. |
Toward Structured Knowledge Reasoning: Contrastive Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Experience (2025.findings-acl)
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Jiawei Gu, Ziting Xian, Yuanzhen Xie, Ye Liu, Enjie Liu, Ruichao Zhong, Mochi Gao, Yunzhi Tan, Bo Hu, Zang Li
| Challenge: | Large language models struggle to infer implicit relationships embedded in tabular formats . authors introduce a framework that builds experience memory representations and enhances generalization through contrastive In-Context Learning (ICL). |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that builds experience memory representations and enhances generalization through contrastive In-Context Learning to simulate human-like knowledge transfer. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on Text-to-SQL and TableQA show CoRE significantly improves performance . it achieves gains of 3.44% and 4.24%, with up to 17.2% on challenging tasks . |
Just Like a Human Would, Direct Access to Sarcasm Augmented with Potential Result and Reaction (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | sarcasm is a form of irony conveying mockery and contempt . social media has become increasingly popular for identifying sarcasm . |
| Approach: | They develop a method to detect sarcasm from social media using augmented potentials. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baselines on benchmark datasets. |
From Pseudo-Balancing to True Specialization: Memory-Aware Routing for Mixture-of-Experts (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to optimize expert-centered load balancing fail to account for pseudo-balance phenomenon . severe knowledge overlap among experts leads to redundant representations and inefficient parameter utilization . |
| Approach: | They propose a method that prioritizes expert utilization over semantic alignment . they use memory-aware routing to ensure expert load balancing is consistent . |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that MAR improves expert specialization by 35% and accuracy by 2%-25% . MAR matches baseline performance with only half the experts . |
NaSGEC: a Multi-Domain Chinese Grammatical Error Correction Dataset from Native Speaker Texts (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies on Chinese grammatical error correction focus on learning essays. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese grammatical error correction dataset that annotates multiple references for 12,500 sentences from three native domains. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset can be used to facilitate research on Chinese grammatical error correction (CGEC) for native speaker texts from multiple domains. |
FinMaster: A Holistic Benchmark for Full-Pipeline Financial Management with Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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Junzhe Jiang, Chang Yang, Aixin Cui, Sihan Jin, Yujing Zhang, Yilin Xiao, Ruiyu Wang, Bo Li, Xiao Huang, Danny Dongning Sun, Xinrun Wang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks lack domain-specific data, realistic workflow-level task design, and standardized workflow- level evaluation. |
| Approach: | a new benchmark evaluates large language models on financial management workflows . the global financial services market is projected to grow to $37 trillion by 2027 . |
| Outcome: | a new benchmark for large language models on financial management workflows reveals critical capability gaps . accuracy drops from 90% on basic tasks to 40% on complex scenarios requiring multi-step reasoning . the global financial services market reached $25.8 trillion in 2022 and is projected to grow to $37 trillion by 2027 . |
Putting Captions to the Test: Evaluating Video Caption Quality through Multiple-Choice Question Answering (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing metrics for video captioning are based on text-based comparisons with ground-truth references. |
| Approach: | They propose a reference-free benchmark that assesses video captions based on their utility . they will release the benchmark to facilitate reproducible research . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark improves on human-verified, fine-grained questions . it correlates significantly better with human judgments than existing metrics . |
Rethinking Depression Prediction from a Fine-Grained Subscore Modeling Perspective via Multi-Task Learning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for depression assessment rely on standardized ratings, but they are time-consuming and subject to inter-rater variability. |
| Approach: | They propose a fine-grained model for subscore prediction via multi-task learning that can be used to predict depression severity using multiple tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines and Qwen3-14B direct scoring on the public E-DAIC dataset and to a large-scale private clinical dataset. |
Matching Distributions between Model and Data: Cross-domain Knowledge Distillation for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods require to learn to adapt the target model by exploiting the source data and sharing the network architecture across domains. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows to transfer the knowledge of source domain to the unlabeled target domain without using source data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework matches distributions between a trained source model and a set of target data and achieves superior performance on cross-domain text classification. |
Navigating the Infinite Dynamic Web Space: Effective In-Context Exploration via Cognitive Multi-Agent Collaboration (2026.eacl-long)
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Guozhao Mo, Yanjiang Liu, Yafei Shi, Jiawei Chen, Yang Li, Yaojie Lu, Hongyu Lin, Ben He, Le Sun, Bo Zheng, Xianpei Han
| Challenge: | Existing methods for dynamic web navigation rely on greedy strategies or value estimation, struggle to achieve effective backtracking and are heavily dependent on proprietary models. |
| Approach: | They propose a cognitive multi-agent collaboration framework that enhances cyberspace exploration capability through In-Context Exploration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses the proprietary model Claude-3.5 Sonnet on the WebArena benchmark. |
DisastQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering in Disaster Management (2026.findings-acl)
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Zhitong Chen, Kai Yin, Xiangjue Dong, Chengkai Liu, Xiangpeng Li, Bo Li, Junwei Ma, Yiming Xiao, Ali Mostafavi, James Caverlee
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for question answering (QA) are lacking in a high-stakes environment. |
| Approach: | They propose a rigorously verified benchmark of 3,000 expert-annotated questions . they propose 'keypoint-based evaluation protocol' emphasizing factual completeness over verbosity . |
| Outcome: | Experiments with 20 models reveal substantial divergences from general-purpose models such as MMLU-Pro. |
Facilitating Cross-lingual Transfer of Empathy through Language-independent Latent Diffusion: A Case Study in Chinese (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing human empathy data are limited to English . a new study examines the pragmatic transferability of empathy across languages . |
| Approach: | a team of researchers integrate language-independent diffusion processes to facilitate the cross-lingual transfer of empathy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method demonstrates that empathy can be transferred across languages without compromising linguistic naturalness. |
CaMML: Context-Aware Multimodal Learner for Large Models (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a lightweight module for tuning large multimodal models is introduced . CaMML integrates contextual samples into large models, enabling them to make inferences . |
| Approach: | They introduce a lightweight module for tuning large multimodal models . they have developed two models that have shown exceptional performance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms LLaVA-1.5 on ten widely recognized datasets with a noticeable margin. |
DISC: Plug-and-Play Decoding Intervention with Similarity of Characters for Chinese Spelling Check (2025.acl-long)
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Ziheng Qiao, Houquan Zhou, Yumeng Liu, Zhenghua Li, Min Zhang, Bo Zhang, Chen Li, Ji Zhang, Fei Huang
| Challenge: | Chinese spelling check (CSC) tasks require that incorrect characters are usually similar to the correct ones in either phonetics or glyph. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play decoding intervention with similarity of characters module for Chinese spelling check (CSC) they propose to incorporate phonetic and glyph similarities only during the inference phase. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly improves Chinese spelling check models on benchmarks and on benchmark datasets. |
MIT-10M: A Large Scale Parallel Corpus of Multilingual Image Translation (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets suffer from limitations in scale, diversity, and quality, hindering the development and evaluation of IT models. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale parallel corpus of multilingual image translation with over 10M image-text pairs derived from real-world data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better in tackling challenging and complex image translation tasks in the real world. |
SParC: Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing in Context (P19-1)
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Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Michihiro Yasunaga, Yi Chern Tan, Xi Victoria Lin, Suyi Li, Heyang Er, Irene Li, Bo Pang, Tao Chen, Emily Ji, Shreya Dixit, David Proctor, Sungrok Shim, Jonathan Kraft, Vincent Zhang, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Dragomir Radev
| Challenge: | Xu et al., 2017): a dataset for cross-domain semantic parsing in context with 4,298 question sequences. |
| Approach: | They present a dataset for cross-domainSemanticParsing inContext that consists of 4,298 coherent question sequences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset demonstrates that it has greater semantic diversity and can be generalized to unseen domains due to its cross-domain nature and the unseened databases at test time. |
Can Public Large Language Models Help Private Cross-device Federated Learning? (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that public data can be used to improve privacy-utility trade-offs for large and small language models. |
| Approach: | They propose to use large-scale public data to help differentially private FL training . they propose a distribution matching algorithm with theoretical grounding to sample public data close to private data distribution . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is efficient and effective for training private models by taking advantage of public data. |
Compressing Context to Enhance Inference Efficiency of Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable power and impressive generalisation abilities across various tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that prunes redundancies in the input context to make the input more compact. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces memory and inference time while maintaining comparable performance compared to full context. |
Video-MMMU: Evaluating Knowledge Acquisition from Multidisciplinary Professional Videos (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing video benchmarks do not evaluate the knowledge acquisition capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) existing video benchmark focuses on static, general visual understanding tasks, without evaluating whether models can acquire knowledge dynamically. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-modal, multi-discipline, multitrack benchmark that evaluates Large Multimodal Models’ ability to acquire knowledge from college-level, educational videos. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark reveals a substantial gap between human learners and current Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and focuses on improving their learning efficiency. |
Circuit Complexity Bounds for RoPE-based Transformer Architecture (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies provide the circuit complexity bounds to Transformer-like architectures. position embedding has emerged as a crucial technique in modern large language models. |
| Approach: | They propose to use position embedding to improve Transformer-like architectures by analyzing their circuits and analyzing the results. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is able to solve canonical tasks without embedding positional information. |
Token Preference Optimization with Self-Calibrated Visual-Anchored Rewards for Hallucination Mitigation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for predicting hallucinations suffer from two drawbacks: Lack of scalable token-level rewards and Neglect of visual-anchored tokens. |
| Approach: | They propose a Token Preference Optimization model with self-calibrated rewards . they propose based on visual-anchored tokens and visual-aware training objective . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves hallucination performance by focusing on visual-anchored tokens without fine-grained annotations. |
LLM2: Let Large Language Models Harness System 2 Reasoning (2025.naacl-short)
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| Challenge: | Empirical results on mathematical reasoning benchmarks substantiate the efficacy of Large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that combines an LLM with a process-based verifier to generate plausible candidates and provide timely process-driven feedback to distinguish desirable and undesirable outputs. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that LLM2 improves accuracy on GSM8K and self-consistency increases major@20 accuracy. |
ShopSimulator: Evaluating and Exploring RL-Driven LLM Agent for Shopping Assistants (2026.acl-long)
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Pei Wang, Yanan Wu, Xiaoshuai Song, Weixun Wang, Gengru Chen, Zhongwen Li, Kezhong Yan, Qi Liu, Ken Deng, Shuaibing Zhao, Shaopan Xiong, Xuepeng Liu, Xuefeng Chen, Wanxi Deng, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing studies on large language model-based agents focus on evaluation benchmarks without training support. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale Chinese shopping simulation environment that uses large language models to train agents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs poorly in a large-scale and challenging shopping environment in China. |
Boosting Text-to-SQL through Multi-grained Error Identification (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for error identification often overlook validation of generated results . text-to-SQL is a technology that converts natural language questions into executable SQL queries . |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate a multi-grained error identification method into existing methods to detect SQL errors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be integrated as a plugin into various methods, providing effective error identification and correction capabilities. |
Data Selection for Multi-turn Dialogue Instruction Tuning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Instruction-tuned language models often use noisy multi-turn dialogue datasets with topic drift, repetitive chitchat, and mismatched answer formats across turns. |
| Approach: | They propose a dialogue-level framework that scores whole conversations rather than isolated turns. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms strong single-turn selectors, dialogue-level LLM scorers and heuristic baselines on three multi-turn benchmarks and an in-domain Banking test set. |
ReLook: Vision-Grounded RL with a Multimodal LLM Critic for Agentic Web Coding (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at algorithmic code generation, but front-end development is lacking in visual fidelity and interaction. |
| Approach: | They propose an agentic, vision-grounded reinforcement learning framework that closes a loop by invoking a multimodal LLM as a tool. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines in front-end code generation. |
Musical Score Understanding Benchmark: Evaluating Large Language Models’ Comprehension of Complete Musical Scores (2026.acl-long)
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Congren Dai, Yue Yang, Krinos Li, Huichi Zhou, Shijie Liang, Zhang Bo, Enyang Liu, Ge Jin, Hongran An, Haosen Zhang, Peiyuan Jing, KinHei Lee, Zhenxuan Zhang, Xiaobing Li, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for musical score understanding are narrow in scope, focusing on isolated fragments, short excerpts, or multiple-choice formulations, rather than supporting holistic reasoning over entire scores. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for score-level musical understanding across textual and visual modalities. |
| Outcome: | The musical score understanding benchmark contains 1,800 question-answer pairs from works by Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Debussy, and others. |
A Middle Path for On-Premises LLM Deployment: Preserving Privacy Without Sacrificing Model Confidentiality (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Privacy-sensitive users require deploying large language models within their own infrastructure (on-premises) vulnerabilities in local environments can lead to unauthorized access and potential model theft. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that secures a few bottom layers in a secure environment . they propose metric to optimize trade-off between protection and customization flexibility . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines on five models with 1.3B to 70B parameters. |
Handling Ambiguity in Emotion: From Out-of-Domain Detection to Distribution Estimation (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that incorporating utterances without majority-agreed labels into an additional class reduces the classification performance of the other emotion classes. |
| Approach: | They propose to combine utterances without majority-agreed labels into an additional class . they propose to quantify uncertainty in emotion classification using evidential deep learning . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method retains classification accuracy while effectively detects ambiguous emotion expressions. |
Corrupted but Not Broken: Understanding and Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Corrupted Data in Visual Instruction Tuning (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yunhao Gou, Hansi Yang, Zhili Liu, Kai Chen, Yihan Zeng, Lanqing Hong, Zhenguo Li, Qun Liu, Bo Han, James Kwok, Yu Zhang
| Challenge: | Visual Instruction Tuning (VIT) aims to enhance Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), but its effectiveness is often compromised by corrupted datasets with issues such as hallucinated content and poor OCR quality. |
| Approach: | They propose a corruption-robust training paradigm that surpasses existing strategies for mitigating the effects of corrupted data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training paradigm surpasses existing strategies for mitigating the effects of corrupted data. |
Generating Temporally-ordered Event Sequences via Event Optimal Transport (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for temporal event ordering and event infilling ignore the global semantics of events, and the model adopts a word-level objective to model events in texts. |
| Approach: | They propose a temporal event ordering and event infilling task using a model that uses maximum likelihood estimation to model events in texts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on all evaluation datasets. |
MMDEND: Dendrite-Inspired Multi-Branch Multi-Compartment Parallel Spiking Neuron for Sequence Modeling (2025.acl-long)
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Kexin Wang, Yuhong Chou, Di Shang, Shijie Mei, Jiahong Zhang, Yanbin Huang, Man Yao, Bo Xu, Guoqi Li
| Challenge: | Vanilla spiking neurons are simplified from complex biological neurons with dendrites, soma, and synapses into single somatic compartments. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-branch, multi-compartment parallel spiking dendritic neuron with a proportion-adjustable multi-branched structure that enables long-term temporal dependencies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves better long-sequence modeling capability with fewer parameters and lower energy consumption. |
On-policy Reinforcement Fine-tuning with Offline reward for Multi-step Embodied Planning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Embodied planning requires agents to make coherent multi-step decisions based on dynamic visual observations and verbal goals. |
| Approach: | They propose an On-policy Reinforcement fine-tuning framework with offline rewards for Embodied Task Planning that preserves generalization benefits of RFT while addressing costly interaction and sparse rewards. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms closed-source and online-RL methods on EmbodiedBench, a recent benchmark for interactive embodied tasks. |
Joint Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Data for Information Retrieval (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have focused on neural information retrieval (IR) models. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which can benefit from both labeled and more abundant unlabeled data . they propose supervised retrieval over several strong baselines for IR . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can benefit from labeled and more abundant unlabeled data for representation learning in the context of IR. |
Beyond Query Memorization: Large Language Model Routing with Query Decomposition and Historical Matching (2026.acl-long)
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Bo Lv, Jingbo Sun, Jianwei Lv, Chen Tang, Shaojie Zhang, Nayu Liu, Guoxin Yu, Zihao Li, Qichao Zhang, Dongbin Zhao, Ping Luo, Yue Yu
| Challenge: | Existing routing methods rely on direct mapping from queries to models based on surface-level features, leading to poor generalizability on out-of-distribution data. |
| Approach: | They propose a new routing framework that recasts the routing task as a matching process of sifting similar queries from historical logs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves matching accuracy while lowering inference costs . it decouples linguistic surface forms from task-intrinsic requirements . |
See the World, Discover Knowledge: A Chinese Factuality Evaluation for Large Vision Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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Jihao Gu, Yingyao Wang, Pi Bu, Chen Wang, Ziming Wang, Tengtao Song, Donglai Wei, Jiale Yuan, Yingxiu Zhao, Yancheng He, Shilong Li, Jiaheng Liu, Meng Cao, Jun Song, Yingshui Tan, Xiang Li, Wenbo Su, Xiaoyong Zhu, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing models for large vision language models do not fully reflect their knowledge capacity and reliability, resulting in erroneous outputs that do not align with the image content or provide answers lacking knowledge evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese-based benchmark for visual factuality across 8 major topics and 56 subtopics and a multi-hop question construction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model decouples visual factuality into two parts: seeing the world and discovering knowledge. |
Marco-Bench-MIF: On Multilingual Instruction-Following Capability of Large Language (2025.acl-long)
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Bo Zeng, Chenyang Lyu, Sinuo Liu, Mingyan Zeng, Minghao Wu, Xuanfan Ni, Tianqi Shi, Yu Zhao, Yefeng Liu, Chenyu Zhu, Ruizhe Li, Jiahui Geng, Qing Li, Yu Tong, Longyue Wang, Weihua Luo, Kaifu Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for instruction-following are monolingual and centered on English . existing data are unable to capture linguistic and cultural subtle differences . |
| Approach: | They propose an extension of IFEval to a localized multilingual version called Marco-Bench-MIF . their benchmark addresses linguistic constraints and cultural references via translation and verification . |
| Outcome: | The proposed extension of IFEval to a localized multilingual version covers 30 languages with varying levels of localization. |
MoA: Heterogeneous Mixture of Adapters for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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Jie Cao, Tianwei Lin, Bo Yuan, Rolan Yan, Hongyang He, Wenqiao Zhang, Juncheng Li, Dongping Zhang, Siliang Tang, Yueting Zhuang
| Challenge: | Existing methods for parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) are limited by computational costs and performance degradation. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that integrates Low-Rank Adaptation and Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) they propose combining expert load imbalance and representation collapse to improve LLM performance . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms homogeneous MoE-LoRA architectures in performance and parameter efficiency. |
Domain-aware and Co-adaptive Feature Transformation for Domain Adaption Few-shot Relation Extraction (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to relation extraction focus on the source domain, which makes it difficult to accurately transfer useful knowledge to the target domain. |
| Approach: | They propose a domain-aware and co-adaptive feature transformation approach to address these issues by leveraging the target domain distribution features to guide the domain-based feature transformations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing models and achieves state-of-the-art performance on a benchmark dataset. |
CLUE: A Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmark (2020.coling-main)
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Liang Xu, Hai Hu, Xuanwei Zhang, Lu Li, Chenjie Cao, Yudong Li, Yechen Xu, Kai Sun, Dian Yu, Cong Yu, Yin Tian, Qianqian Dong, Weitang Liu, Bo Shi, Yiming Cui, Junyi Li, Jun Zeng, Rongzhao Wang, Weijian Xie, Yanting Li, Yina Patterson, Zuoyu Tian, Yiwen Zhang, He Zhou, Shaoweihua Liu, Zhe Zhao, Qipeng Zhao, Cong Yue, Xinrui Zhang, Zhengliang Yang, Kyle Richardson, Zhenzhong Lan
| Challenge: | Existing language evaluation benchmarks for English are limited to English . lack of such benchmarks makes it difficult to replicate success in other languages . |
| Approach: | They introduce a large-scale Chinese language understanding evaluation benchmark . the benchmark uses a set of current state-of-the-art pre-trained Chinese models . |
| Outcome: | The first large-scale Chinese Language Understanding Evaluation (CLUE) benchmark is released . the benchmark evaluates models across a wide range of tasks on original Chinese text . existing language evaluation benchmarks are mostly limited to English . |
A Pseudo Label based Dataless Naive Bayes Algorithm for Text Classification with Seed Words (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing supervised text classifications require a large number of manually labeled documents. |
| Approach: | They develop a pseudo-label based dataless Naive Bayes classifier with seed words . they initialize pseudo-labels for each document using seed word occurrences . |
| Outcome: | The proposed classifier outperforms traditional supervised text classification algorithms with seed words on an imbalanced dataset. |
EDDA: An Encoder-Decoder Data Augmentation Framework for Zero-Shot Stance Detection (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for enhancing text or data are limited by lack of logical connections between generated texts and training data. |
| Approach: | They propose an encoder-decoder data augmentation framework that combines large language models and chain-of-thought prompting to summarize texts into target-specific if-then rationales, establishing logical relationships. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves over state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets while enabling interpretable rationale-based learning. |
Social Welfare Function Leaderboard: On the Emergence of LLM Agents as the Welfare Dictator (2026.findings-acl)
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Zhengliang Shi, Ruotian Ma, Jen-tse Huang, Xinbei Ma, Xingyu Chen, Mengru Wang, Qu Yang, Yue Wang, Fanghua Ye, Ziyang Chen, Shanyi Wang, Cixing LI, Wenxuan Wang, Zhaopeng Tu, Xiaolong Li, Zhaochun Ren, Liefeng Bo
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly entrusted with high-stakes decisions that affect human welfare. |
| Approach: | They evaluate 20 state-of-the-art Large language models (LLMs) and 20 LLM dictators to create a social welfare function benchmark. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model creates dilemma between maximizing collective efficiency and ensuring distributive fairness. |
Prototype Tuning: A Meta-Learning Approach for Few-Shot Document-Level Relation Extraction with Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Few-Shot Document-Level Relation Extraction (FSDLRE) aims to develop models capable of generalizing to new categories with minimal support examples. |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-training approach to train Large Language Models to improve their ICL capabilities . they construct simulated episodes using relation types that do not overlap with test corpus . |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms baseline models on few-shot tasks. |
Instruction Data Selection via Answer Divergence (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for instruction tuning use data-centric methods, but they do not explicitly reflect what a particular base model is missing. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for instruction tuning that uses geometric structure of multi-sample outputs to select instruction data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms strong selectors on six benchmarks spanning reasoning, knowledge, and coding. |
Bipartite Graph Pre-training for Unsupervised Extractive Summarization with Graph Convolutional Auto-Encoders (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to rank sentences using pre-trained embeddings create a gap due to different optimization objectives. |
| Approach: | They propose a pre-trained embedding process that optimizes informative sentences . they use sentence-word bipartite graphs to model intra-sentential distinctive features . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms heavy BERT- or RoBERTa-based sentence ranking methods by providing summary-worthy representations. |
MPL: Multiple Programming Languages with Large Language Models for Information Extraction (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing research focuses on Python for code-style simulation, overlooking the potential of other widely-used PLs during the supervised fine-tuning phase. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that incorporates programming languages into IE tasks . they introduce function-prompt with virtual running to simulate code-style inputs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework exploits the potential of different programming languages during the supervised fine-tuning phase. |
Dr. Assistant: Enhancing Clinical Diagnostic Inquiry via Structured Diagnostic Reasoning Data and Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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Yue Guo, Fanfu Wang, Jianwei Lv, Xincheng Shi, Yuchen Li, Youya Wang, Yunsheng Zeng, Yujing Liu, Yunhao Qiao, Gen Li, Junfeng Wang, Bo Yuan
| Challenge: | Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) provide reasoning and inquiry guidance for physicians, yet they face high maintenance costs and low generalization capability. |
| Approach: | They propose a clinical diagnostic model with clinical reasoning and inquiry skills, the Dr. Assistant, and a pipeline to capture abstract reasoning logic. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms open-source models and achieves competitive performance to closed-source model. |
Too Good to be Bad: On the Failure of LLMs to Role-Play Villains (2026.findings-acl)
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Zihao Yi, Qingxuan Jiang, Ruotian Ma, Xingyu Chen, Qu Yang, Mengru Wang, Fanghua Ye, Ying Shen, Zhaopeng Tu, Xiaolong Li, Liefeng Bo
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with creative generation, but their ability to portray non-prosocial, antagonistic personas remains largely unexamined. |
| Approach: | They propose a moral alignment benchmark to test the safety of large language models . they find that models struggle with traits directly antithetical to safety principles . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model fails to accurately portray morally ambiguous or villainous characters . the model fails most with traits directly antithetical to safety principles . |
Reinforcement Learning on Pre-Training Data (2026.acl-long)
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Siheng Li, Kejiao Li, Zenan Xu, Guanhua Huang, Kun Li, Haoyuan Wu, null Wujiajia, Zihao Zheng, Chenchen Zhang, Kun Shi, Xue Gong, Qi Yi, Ruibin Xiong, Tingqiang Xu, Yuhao Jiang, Jianfeng Yan, Yuyuan Zeng, Guanghui Xu, Jinbao Xue, Zhijiang xu, Zheng Fang, Shuai LI, Qibin Liu, Xiaoxue Li, Zhuoyu Li, Yangyu Tao, Fei Gao, Cheng Jiang, Bochao Wang, Kai Liu, Jianchen Zhu, Wai Lam, Bo Zhou, Di Wang
| Challenge: | Recent progress in large language models is driven by scaling of training compute through pre-training with nexttoken prediction (NTP) or post-training (RL) Pre-training using NTP enables models to acquire extensive knowledge and skills from general data, but it suffers from data inefficiency and catastrophic forgetting in continual learning settings. |
| Approach: | They propose to scale training compute through pre-training with next-token prediction (NTP) or post-training by scaling reinforcement learning (RL) to improve learning from general data. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on multiple benchmarks and models show that the proposed approach improves continual pre-training and provides a strong foundation for post-training on Qwen3-8B-Base. |
SCCS: Semantics-Consistent Cross-domain Summarization via Optimal Transport Alignment (2023.findings-acl)
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Jielin Qiu, Jiacheng Zhu, Mengdi Xu, Franck Dernoncourt, Trung Bui, Zhaowen Wang, Bo Li, Ding Zhao, Hailin Jin
| Challenge: | Existing methods for multimodal summarization ignore the structure and semantics of the whole video and article. |
| Approach: | They propose a semantic-consistent cross-domain summarization model that extracts features from video and article and uses fusion methods to select representative one. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model produces high-quality multimodal summaries on three MSMO datasets. |
MAmmoTH-VL: Eliciting Multimodal Reasoning with Instruction Tuning at Scale (2025.acl-long)
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Jiawei Guo, Tianyu Zheng, Yizhi Li, Yuelin Bai, Bo Li, Yubo Wang, King Zhu, Graham Neubig, Wenhu Chen, Xiang Yue
| Challenge: | Current instruction-tuning datasets focus on simplistic visual question answering tasks, and provide phrase-level answers without any intermediate rationales. |
| Approach: | They propose to use open-source multimodal large language models to train MLLMs on a dataset with 12M instruction-response pairs to elicit CoT reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on benchmarks such as MathVerse, MMMU-Pro, and MuirBench, and gains improvements of up to 4% on non-reasoning-based benchmarks. |
Guess Me if You Can: Acronym Disambiguation for Enterprises (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial components of words or phrases . acronyms can be difficult to understand for people who are not familiar with the subject matter . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to automatically resolve the true meanings of acronyms in a given context . they use the enterprise corpus as input and a high-quality acronym disambiguation system as output . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can be deployed to any enterprise to support acronym disambiguation. |
Diagram-Driven Course Questions Generation (2025.emnlp-main)
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Xinyu Zhang, Lingling Zhang, Yanrui Wu, Muye Huang, Wenjun Wu, Bo Li, Shaowei Wang, Basura Fernando, Jun Liu
| Challenge: | Visual Question Generation (VQG) research focuses on natural images while neglecting diagrams, a critical component of educational materials. |
| Approach: | They propose a diagram-driven course questions generation task to generate diagram-relevant questions for specific courses. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing models on DiagramQG while maintaining strong generalizability across natural image datasets. |
Augmentation, Retrieval, Generation: Event Sequence Prediction with a Three-Stage Sequence-to-Sequence Approach (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to predict event sequences are complex and ignore the knowledge of external events. |
| Approach: | They propose a statistical induction problem to generate a sequence of events by exploring the similarity between the given goal and known sequences of events. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on an event sequence prediction task. |
Dynamic Expert Specialization: Towards Catastrophic Forgetting-Free Multi-Domain MoE Adaptation (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to adapt Mixture-of-Experts models to multiple domains are prohibitive computation, cross-domain interference or require separate runs per domain. |
| Approach: | They propose a dynamic expert specialization framework for multi-domain adaptation of Mixture-of-Experts models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces forgetting by 89% compared to full fine-tuning as domains scale from 2 to 6 and achieves faster convergence than conventional methods. |
Sensitivity-LoRA : Low-Load Sensitivity-Based Fine-Tuning for Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Hao Zhang, Bo Huang, Zhenjia Li, Xi Xiao, Hui Yi Leong, Zumeng Zhang, Xinwei Long, Tianyang Wang, Hao Xu
| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) is a promising approach to adapting LLMs to specialized tasks . existing rank allocation techniques remain computationally inefficient and unstable . |
| Approach: | They propose a low-rank adapted model that approximates model weight updates using low-ranked decomposition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is limited by its uniform rank allocation to each incremental matrix . it leverages the second-order derivatives of the loss function to capture weight sensitivity . |
Controlled Text Generation for Large Language Model with Dynamic Attribute Graphs (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Controlled Text Generation (CTG) aims to produce texts that exhibit specific desired attributes. |
| Approach: | They propose a pluggable CTG framework for Large Language Models to control text . they use attribute scorers to evaluate attributes of sentences and construct dynamic attribute graphs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves a peak improvement of 19.29% over baseline methods in two tasks. |
AMA: Adaptive Memory via Multi-Agent Collaboration (2026.findings-acl)
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Weiquan Huang, Zixuan Wang, Hehai Lin, Sudong Wang, Bo Xu, Qian Li, Beier Zhu, Linyi Yang, Chengwei Qin
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to longterm memory rely on rigid retrieval granularity, accumulation-heavy maintenance strategies, and coarse-grained update mechanisms. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages coordinated agents to manage memory across multiple granularities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks while reducing token consumption by approximately 80%. |
AIGuard: A Benchmark and Lightweight Detection for E-commerce AIGC Risks (2025.findings-acl)
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Wenhua Zhang, Weicheng Li, Xuanrong Rao, Lixin Zou, Xiangyang Luo, Chubin Zhuang, Yongjie Hong, Zhen Qin, Hengyu Chang, Chenliang Li, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing detection methods lack real-world scenarios and corresponding risk datasets . current MLLMs lack knowledge and have limited capability to detect the risk of AIGC content. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for AIGC risk detection in real-world e-commerce . it includes 253,420 image-text pairs across four critical categories . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves 9.68% higher recall than leading multimodal models while using only 25% of training resources. |
VideoQA-TA: Temporal-Aware Multi-Modal Video Question Answering (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for video question answering align visual or textual features directly with large language models, limiting the deep semantic association between modalities and hindering a comprehensive understanding of interactions within spatial and temporal contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose a temporal-aware framework for multi-modal video question answering that aligns videos and questions at fine-grained levels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves reasoning ability and accuracy of videoQA by aligning videos and questions at fine-grained levels. |
LANDeRMT: Dectecting and Routing Language-Aware Neurons for Selectively Finetuning LLMs to Machine Translation (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have shown promising results in multilingual translation with limited bilingual supervision. |
| Approach: | They propose a Language-Aware Neuron Detecting and Routing framework that fine tunes LLMs to Machine Translation with diverse translation training data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework selectively finetunes LLMs to MT tasks with diverse translation training data. |
Low-probability Tokens Sustain Exploration in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (2026.findings-acl)
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Guanhua Huang, Tingqiang Xu, Mingze Wang, Qi Yi, Xue Gong, Siheng Li, Ruibin Xiong, Kejiao Li, Yuhao Jiang, Bo Zhou
| Challenge: | Recent studies show that RLVR training is slow and results plateau as policy entropy collapses . low-probability regularization (Lp-Reg) reduces the number of low-quality exploratory tokens induced by RL training . |
| Approach: | They propose a method to reduce RLVR over-penalization by eliminating low-probability exploratory tokens . they propose 'Low-provability Regularization' to reduce the gradual elimination of low-quality exploratory entropy tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method eliminates low-probability exploratory tokens and prevents suppression of potentially valuable low-property candidates. |
Pruning via Merging: Compressing LLMs via Manifold Alignment Based Layer Merging (2024.emnlp-main)
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Deyuan Liu, Zhanyue Qin, Hairu Wang, Zhao Yang, Zecheng Wang, Fangying Rong, Qingbin Liu, Yanchao Hao, Bo Li, Xi Chen, Cunhang Fan, Zhao Lv, Dianhui Chu, Zhiying Tu, Dianbo Sui
| Challenge: | Existing methods for parameter pruning fail to utilize the knowledge from pruned parameters. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that uses manifold learning and the Information Bottleneck measure to merge similar layers to preserve model performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms pruning methods on multiple datasets and LLMs with quantization and achieves substantial compression ratios. |
GigaSpeech 2: An Evolving, Large-Scale and Multi-domain ASR Corpus for Low-Resource Languages with Automated Crawling, Transcription and Refinement (2025.acl-long)
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Yifan Yang, Zheshu Song, Jianheng Zhuo, Mingyu Cui, Jinpeng Li, Bo Yang, Yexing Du, Ziyang Ma, Xunying Liu, Ziyuan Wang, Ke Li, Shuai Fan, Kai Yu, Wei-Qiang Zhang, Guoguo Chen, Xie Chen
| Challenge: | GigaSpeech 2 is a large-scale, multi-domain, multilingual speech recognition corpus for low-resource languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale, multi-domain, multilingual speech recognition corpus for low-resource languages and an automated pipeline for data crawling, transcription, and label refinement. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus reduces the word error rate for Thai, Indonesian, and Vietnamese on a realistic YouTube test set by 25% to 40% compared to Whisper large-v3. |
HyperAdaLoRA: Accelerating LoRA Rank Allocation During Training via Hypernetworks without Sacrificing Performance (2026.findings-acl)
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Hao Zhang, Zhenjia Li, Yifan Gao, Xi Xiao, Heng Zhang, Shuyang Zhang, null Xiaoxincc, Bo Huang, Yuhang Wu, Tianyang Wang, Hao Xu
| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) assumes a uniform rank r for each incremental matrix, not accounting for the varying significance of weight matrices across modules and layers. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows for faster convergence of low-rank adaptive models . they use a hypernetwork to prune the outputs of the hypernetworks to generate parameters . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework accelerates convergence of AdaLoRA by leveraging a hypernetwork. |
Graph Enhanced Dual Attention Network for Document-Level Relation Extraction (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Document-level relation extraction requires inter-sentence reasoning capabilities to capture local and global contextual information for multiple relation facts. |
| Approach: | They propose to characterize the interaction between sentences and potential relation instances via a Graph Enhanced Dual Attention network (GEDA) . they also propose a simple yet effective regularizer based on the natural duality of the S2R and R2S attentions, whose weights are also supervised by the supporting evidence of relation instances during training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves competitive performance on an existing large-scale dataset while the predictions can be interpretable and easily observed. |
Not All Experts are Equal: Efficient Expert Pruning and Skipping for Mixture-of-Experts Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) LLMs achieve higher performance with fewer active parameters, but are still difficult to deploy due to their immense parameter sizes. |
| Approach: | They propose expert-level sparsification techniques to enhance the deployment efficiency of large language models by introducing plug-and-play expert pruning and skipping techniques. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods reduce model sizes and increase inference speed while maintaining satisfactory performance across a wide range of tasks. |
SparkRA: A Retrieval-Augmented Knowledge Service System Based on Spark Large Language Model (2024.emnlp-demo)
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Dayong Wu, Jiaqi Li, Baoxin Wang, Honghong Zhao, Siyuan Xue, Yanjie Yang, Zhijun Chang, Rui Zhang, Li Qian, Bo Wang, Shijin Wang, Zhixiong Zhang, Guoping Hu
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable achievements across various language tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a scientific literature LLM and a knowledge service system based on it . they collect scientific literature and then pre-train it using autoregressive training . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system provides literature investigation, paper reading, and academic writing functions. |
Text Detoxification: Data Efficiency, Semantic Preservation and Model Generalization (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for detoxification of text often rely on manually annotated data . xiangli: "detoxification of texts is a powerful way to remove toxic content" |
| Approach: | They propose a reinforcement learning framework that optimizes detoxification and semantic preservation without annotating large amounts of data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method overcomes major limitations and surpasses humanannotated references across multiple benchmarks. |
Memorize Step by Step: Efficient Long-Context Prefilling with Incremental Memory and Decremental Chunk (2024.emnlp-main)
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Zhiyuan Zeng, Qipeng Guo, Xiaoran Liu, Zhangyue Yin, Wentao Shu, Mianqiu Huang, Bo Wang, Yunhua Zhou, Linlin Li, Qun Liu, Xipeng Qiu
| Challenge: | Existing methods to optimize LLM for long sequences for long documents are slow and consume memory. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that starts with a small memory size and gradually increases it . they propose Decremental Chunk based on Incremental Memory (IMDC) which reduces chunk size while increasing memory size . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is faster (1.45x) and reduces GPU memory consumption by 23.3% compared to fixed-size memory. |
DAGCN: Distance-based and Aspect-oriented Graph Convolutional Network for Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in sentiment analysis tend to interference from local factors such as irrelevant words and edges, hindering the precise identification of opinion words. |
| Approach: | They propose a distance-based syntactic weight and Aspect-Fusion Attention to solve this problem. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on three public datasets and verify its effectiveness. |
2D-DPO: Scaling Direct Preference Optimization with 2-Dimensional Supervision (2025.findings-naacl)
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Shilong Li, Yancheng He, Hui Huang, Xingyuan Bu, Jiaheng Liu, Hangyu Guo, Weixun Wang, Jihao Gu, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing methods that optimize for scalar scores or ranking reward ignore multi-dimensional nature of human preferences. |
| Approach: | They propose to extend the preference of Direct Preference Optimization to two dimensions: segments and aspects. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decomposes the overall objective into multi-segment and multi-aspect objectives. |
Efficient KL Divergence Estimation via Truncated Top-K Integration for Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for estimating KL divergence using only top-k tokens suffer from high variance or systematic bias. |
| Approach: | They propose a top-k Importance-weighted KL Estimator that exploits the Zipfian structure of language model distributions by integrating only the top-K tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed estimator outperforms existing estimators on multiple benchmarks while exhibiting lower variance. |
MuCGEC: a Multi-Reference Multi-Source Evaluation Dataset for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Using a multi-reference multi-source evaluation dataset, Chinese grammatical error correction (CGEC) is relatively scarce. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-reference multi-source evaluation dataset for Chinese grammar error correction . the dataset contains 7,063 sentences written by Chinese-as-a-Second-Language learners . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset can be used to evaluate Chinese grammar errors in Chinese. |
MMSearch-R1: Incentivizing LMMs to Search (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to deploying large multimodal models rely on rigid pipelines . Existing methods such as retrieval-augmented generation and prompt engineered search rely only on rigid knowledge sources. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables LMMs to perform on-demand, multi-turn search in real-world Internet environments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models while reducing search calls by over 30%. |
LMMs-Eval: Reality Check on the Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models (2025.findings-naacl)
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Kaichen Zhang, Bo Li, Peiyuan Zhang, Fanyi Pu, Joshua Adrian Cahyono, Kairui Hu, Shuai Liu, Yuanhan Zhang, Jingkang Yang, Chunyuan Li, Ziwei Liu
| Challenge: | Current large foundational models have demonstrated transformative capabilities, approaching or surpassing human-level performances in many tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified and standardized multimodal benchmark framework with over 50 tasks and more than 10 models to promote transparent and reproducible evaluations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework has 50 tasks and more than 10 models to promote transparent and reproducible evaluations. |
OPeRA: A Dataset of Observation, Persona, Rationale, and Action for Evaluating LLMs on Human Online Shopping Behavior Simulation (2026.acl-long)
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Ziyi Wang, Yuxuan Lu, Wenbo Li, Amirali Amini, Bo Sun, Yakov Bart, Weimin Lyu, Jiri Gesi, Tian Wang, Jing Huang, Yu Su, Upol Ehsan, Malihe Alikhani, Toby Jia-Jun Li, Lydia Chilton, Dakuo Wang
| Challenge: | evaluating LLMs' ability to mimic real user behavior remains an open challenge due to the lack of high-quality, publicly available datasets that capture both the observable actions and the internal reasoning of an actual user. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset of Observation, Persona, Rationale, and Action collected from real human participants during online shopping sessions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is the first to evaluate how well current LLMs can accurately simulate the next web action of a specific user. |
A Simple yet Effective Training-free Prompt-free Approach to Chinese Spelling Correction Based on Large Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Using an LLM for Chinese spelling correction tasks is completely different from previous approaches . given a Chinese character, there may exist many others with the same or similar pronunciations, or with similar shapes. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free prompt-free approach to leverage large language models for Chinese spelling correction task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly improves performance on five public datasets, enabling them to compete with state-of-the-art domain-general CSC models. |
Self-adaptive Dataset Construction for Real-World Multimodal Safety Scenarios (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing dataset construction methods fail to cover the complexity of multimodal safety scenarios . lack of a unified evaluation metric makes them unproven . |
| Approach: | They propose a risk-oriented image-oriented self-adaptive dataset construction method for RMS . they automatically generate an RMS dataset comprising 35,610 image–text pairs with guidance responses . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method automatically generates an RMS dataset comprising 35,610 image–text pairs with guidance responses. |
AIR: Complex Instruction Generation via Automatic Iterative Refinement (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating complex instructions are resource-intensive and lack diversity. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to generate complex instructions with constraints using a document-generated initial instruction and an iterative refinement framework to incorporate LLM-as-judge guidance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly outperforms existing methods for generating complex instructions, and outperformed existing methods. |
Making MLLMs Blind: Adversarial Smuggling Attacks in MLLM Content Moderation (2026.findings-acl)
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Zhiheng Li, Zongyang Ma, Yuntong Pan, Ziqi Zhang, Xiaolei Lv, Bo Li, Jun Gao, Jianing Zhang, Chunfeng Yuan, Bing Li, Weiming Hu
| Challenge: | Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly being deployed as content moderators . however, they exploit the Human-AI capability gap and create adversarial environments . smuggling attacks exploit the human-AI gap and exploit the vulnerability . |
| Approach: | They construct a benchmark to evaluate the vulnerability of MLLMs as content moderators . they identify three root causes: limited capabilities of vision encoders, robustness gap in OCR . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model exploits the Human-AI capability gap and is vulnerable to smuggling attacks. |
Discovery and Reinforcement of Tool-Integrated Reasoning Chains via Rollout Trees (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to augment Large Language Models (LLMs) with computational capabilities have focused on short Chain-of-thought (CoT) integrating tool-use into long CoT remains underexplored due to the scarcity of training data and the challenge of integrating it without compromising the model’s intrinsic long-chain reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables spontaneous tool-use during long CoT reasoning without additional human annotation. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on AIME and GPQA-Diamond show that DART significantly outperforms existing methods, successfully harmonizing tool execution with long CoT reasoning. |
IGenBench: Benchmarking the Reliability of Text-to-Infographic Generation (2026.acl-long)
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Yinghao Tang, Xueding Liu, Boyuan Zhang, Tingfeng Lan, Yupeng Xie, Jiale Lao, Yiyao Wang, Haoxuan Li, Tingting Gao, Bo Pan, Luoxuan Weng, Xiuqi Huang, Minfeng Zhu, Yingchaojie Feng, Yuyu Luo, Wei Chen
| Challenge: | Generated infographics may appear correct at first glance but contain easily overlooked issues, such as distorted data encoding or incorrect textual content. |
| Approach: | They propose to evaluate reliability of text-to-infographic generation using IGenBench . they employ multimodal large language models to verify each question . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decomposes reliability verification into atomic yes/no questions based on a taxonomy of 10 question types. |
AutoETER: Automated Entity Type Representation for Knowledge Graph Embedding (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge graphs are incomplete whether they are constructed manually or automatically, limiting the effectiveness when exploited for downstream applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a KGE framework with an automatic type embedding mechanism which can be easily integrated into any existing KGE model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can model and infer all the relation patterns and complex relations compared to state-of-the-art models on four datasets. |
Adversarial Preference Learning for Robust LLM Alignment (2025.findings-acl)
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Yuanfu Wang, Pengyu Wang, Chenyang Xi, Bo Tang, Junyi Zhu, Wenqiang Wei, Chen Chen, Chao Yang, Jingfeng Zhang, Chaochao Lu, Yijun Niu, Keming Mao, Zhiyu Li, Feiyu Xiong, Jie Hu, Mingchuan Yang
| Challenge: | Modern language models rely on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to encourage safe behaviors, but they remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks due to three key limitations: (1) the inefficiency and high cost of human annotation; (2) the vast diversity of potential adversarials; and (3) the risk of feedback bias and reward hacking. |
| Approach: | They propose an iterative adversarial training method that incorporates three key innovations to address these challenges. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3 show that the proposed method significantly enhances robustness and reduces harmful outputs from 5.88% to 0.43%. |
StableMoE: Stable Routing Strategy for Mixture of Experts (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing learning-to-route methods suffer from the routing fluctuation issue . with the model scale growing, training speed will go slower and memory requirements are heavy . |
| Approach: | They propose a Mixture-of-Experts technique that can scale up the model size of Transformers with an affordable computational overhead. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing learning-to-route methods on language modeling and multilingual machine translation. |
Good Arguments Against the People Pleasers: How Reasoning Mitigates (Yet Masks) LLM Sycophancy (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have identified a critical drawback of aligning models with human judgments and outputs that are flawed or incorrect. |
| Approach: | They evaluate a range of LLMs to examine whether CoT reasoning mitigates sycophancy . they find that reasoning masks a tendency to scophage in some cases . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model models show that CoT reasoning reduces sycophancy but masks it in some cases. |
Class Lifelong Learning for Intent Detection via Structure Consolidation Networks (2023.findings-acl)
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Qingbin Liu, Yanchao Hao, Xiaolong Liu, Bo Li, Dianbo Sui, Shizhu He, Kang Liu, Jun Zhao, Xi Chen, Ningyu Zhang, Jiaoyan Chen
| Challenge: | Existing intent detection models can only handle predefined intent classes in the offline environment. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that continually learns new intent classes from new data . structure-based retrospection and contrastive knowledge distillation are used to solve these problems . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing models on three benchmarks. |
Emstremo: Adapting Emotional Support Response with Enhanced Emotion-Strategy Integrated Selection (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Emstremo aims to achieve strategic control of emotional alignment by perceiving and responding to the user’s emotions. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate strategies and emotions into a conversational emotional support agent called Emstremo that aims to achieve strategic control of emotional alignment by perceiving and responding to the user’s emotions. |
| Outcome: | Emstremo achieves strategic control of emotional alignment by perceiving and responding to the user’s emotions. |
From Parameters to Performance: A Data-Driven Study on LLM Structure and Development (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models have revolutionized a wide range of domains, driving significant advancements in both technology and real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They present a large-scale dataset encompassing diverse open-source LLM structures and their performance across multiple benchmarks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model validates the relationship between structural configurations and performance across multiple benchmarks and further corroborates the findings using mechanistic interpretability techniques. |
SynGEC: Syntax-Enhanced Grammatical Error Correction with a Tailored GEC-Oriented Parser (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to grammatical error correction are unreliable when processing ungrammatically . a new approach is proposed that incorporates dependency syntactic information into the encoder part of GEC models. |
| Approach: | They propose a syntax-enhanced grammatical error correction approach called SynGEC that incorporates dependency syntactic information into the encoder part of GEC models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms strong baselines and achieves competitive performance on mainstream English and Chinese GEC datasets. |
Probing the Plasticity and Correlation of LLM Value Systems: LLM Value Rankings are Not Stable (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have similar value rankings but little is known about how susceptible they are to external influence and how different values are correlated with each other. |
| Approach: | They propose to use 6 different value transformation prompting methods to examine the plasticity of LLM value systems by comparing them with 8 LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods are effective on 8 LLMs and 3 families. |
R3-RAG: Learning Step-by-Step Reasoning and Retrieval for LLMs via Reinforcement Learning (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Yuan Li, Qi Luo, Xiaonan Li, Bufan Li, Qinyuan Cheng, Bo Wang, Yining Zheng, Yuxin Wang, Zhangyue Yin, Xipeng Qiu
| Challenge: | RAG systems that integrate external knowledge with Large Language Models often become bottlenecks due to their limited parameters compared to LLMs and their inability to perform step-by-step reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that integrates external knowledge with Large Language Models to enhance factual correctness and mitigate hallucination. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines and can transfer well to different retrievers. |
AIR-Bench: Automated Heterogeneous Information Retrieval Benchmark (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Evaluation benchmarks based on predefined domains and human-labeled data face limitations in addressing evaluation needs for emerging domains. |
| Approach: | They propose an automated information retrieval benchmark based on predefined domains and human-labeled data . AIR-Bench is automated and Heterogeneous with three key features . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks are based on predefined domains and human-labeled data. |
VisualWebInstruct: Scaling up Multimodal Instruction Data through Web Search (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing vision-language models struggle with reasoning-focused tasks due to the lack of high-quality training data. |
| Approach: | They propose a new approach that leverages search engines to create a multimodal multimodal dataset . they use a set of 30,000 seed images to extract HTML data from 700K unique URLs . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves the best known performance on MMMU-Pro (40.7), MathVerse (42.6), and DynaMath (55.7). |
Decoding Knowledge Attribution in Mixture-of-Experts: A Framework of Basic-Refinement Collaboration and Efficiency Analysis (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing attribution methods for dense models fail to capture dynamic routing-expert interactions in sparse MoE architectures. |
| Approach: | They propose to analyze sparse MoE architectures against dense models to capture dynamic routing-expert interactions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm shows that sparse models achieve higher efficiency per layer . it also shows that deep Qwen-MoE mitigates expert failures while minimizing complexity . |
Analyzing Modality Robustness in Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | despite its importance, little attention has been paid to improving the robustness of multimodal models. |
| Approach: | They propose simple diagnostic checks for modality robustness in a trained multimodal model . they find MSA models highly sensitive to a single modality, which creates issues . |
| Outcome: | The proposed checks show that models are highly sensitive to a single modality, which creates issues in their robustness. |
MoC: Mixtures of Text Chunking Learners for Retrieval-Augmented Generation System (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for text chunking are limited by text chunks and lack of domain-specific knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a dual-metric evaluation method to quantify text chunking quality . they aim to generate a structured list of chunking regular expressions . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method enables direct quantification of chunking quality . it substantiates the need to integrate LLMs into chunking process . |
Incorporating Review-missing Interactions for Generative Explainable Recommendation (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models of explainable recommendation use user reviews as ground truths, but in practice, a large amount of users may not leave reviews after purchasing items. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate user preferences into explainable recommender models by leveraging generative models to predict the missing reviews and then training the model based on all the predicted and original reviews. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves the explanation quality on three publicly available datasets. |
Entity-centered Cross-document Relation Extraction (2022.emnlp-main)
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Fengqi Wang, Fei Li, Hao Fei, Jingye Li, Shengqiong Wu, Fangfang Su, Wenxuan Shi, Donghong Ji, Bo Cai
| Challenge: | Existing methods for relation extraction only use text snippets surrounding target entities in multiple documents. |
| Approach: | They propose a relation-extraction model that uses cross-path entity relation attention to detect the semantic relations between entities in a given text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in the dataset CodRED by 10%. |
Select Before Use: On the Importance of Reference Model Selection in Preference Alignment (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is used as the initialization and reference model for subsequent preference alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose to use RewardRank to estimate initial implicit alignment between reference model and preference objective to ensure LLMs generate safe, helpful, and instruction-aligned content. |
| Outcome: | Empirical evidence shows that using the selected model as reference can gain up to 67.6% relative increase on length-controlled win rate compared to baselines. |
Retrieval as Generation: A Unified Framework with Self-Triggered Information Planning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing models that ground retrieval on external evidence are limited in their ability to implement retrieval-augmented generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval-augmented generation model that embeds retrieval control directly into generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses strong RAG baselines and uses substantially fewer parameters. |
FSUIE: A Novel Fuzzy Span Mechanism for Universal Information Extraction (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing Universal Information Extraction models rely heavily on span boundaries in data during training, which does not reflect the reality of span annotation challenges. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that uses fuzzy spans to model various IE tasks . they propose generative Universal Information Extraction (UIE) to unify various ie tasks based on fuzzy span boundaries . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on a series of main IE tasks with small amounts of data and training epochs. |
Supervised Treebank Conversion: Data and Approaches (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on treebank conversion focuses on unsupervised treebanks . lack of manually labeled data means that sentences have two syntactic trees at the same time. |
| Approach: | They propose supervised treebank conversion using bi-tree aligned sentences . they propose two conversion approaches based on state-of-the-art deep biaffine parser . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art deep biaffine parser on the English WSJ dataset by 0.97 (93.76% -92.79%) |
DSRAG: A Double-Stream Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for Countless Intent Detection (2025.naacl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Current intent detection work experiments with minor intent categories. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval-augmented generation framework that uses query-to-query and query- to-metadata approaches to retrieve intents from metadata. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on query-to-query (Q2Q) and query- to-metadata (Q 2M) approaches. |
SafeChain: Safety of Language Models with Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Capabilities (2025.findings-acl)
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Fengqing Jiang, Zhangchen Xu, Yuetai Li, Luyao Niu, Zhen Xiang, Bo Li, Bill Yuchen Lin, Radha Poovendran
| Challenge: | Emerging large reasoning models (LRMs) leverage long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning to enhance their reasoning capabilities. |
| Approach: | They conduct a systematic study of LRM safety using human annotations to assess their safety. |
| Outcome: | The proposed safety measures are compared to state-of-the-art models on strong and wildjailbreak datasets. |
HYPERTTS: Parameter Efficient Adaptation in Text to Speech Using Hypernetworks (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems limited to predefined speaker styles or specific sets of speaker IDs. |
| Approach: | They propose a network that can adapt adapter parameters to new speakers . they compare two domain adaptation settings and find it to be very efficient . |
| Outcome: | The proposed Adapters improve speech synthesis performance on two domains and compare them with baselines. |
Syntax-Aware Opinion Role Labeling with Dependency Graph Convolutional Networks (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Opinion role labeling (ORL) is a fine-grained opinion analysis task . due to the scarcity of labeled data, ORL remains challenging for data-driven methods due to its complexity and complexity. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate syntactic knowledge into ORL models by comparing and integrating different representations and using dependency graph convolutional networks to encode parser information at different processing levels. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 4.34 higher F1 score than the current state-of-the-art. |
MGPO: Thinking with Images via Multi-Turn Grounding-Based Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | State-of-the-art large multimodal models face challenges when processing high-resolution images, as these inputs are converted into enormous visual tokens, many of which are irrelevant to the downstream task. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-turn grounding-based policy optimization framework that enables LMMs to iteratively focus on key visual regions by automatically cropping sub-images based on model-predicted grounding coordinates within a multiple-turn conversation framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on Qwen2.5-VL-7B with 21K samples and surpasses OpenAI’s o1 and GPT-4o models on the out-of-distribution (OOD) V* Bench. |
Soft-Prompting with Graph-of-Thought for Multi-modal Representation Learning (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to learn multi-modal tasks are based on chain-of-thought . however, human thought processes are non-linear and employ dynamic adjustment and updating mechanisms. |
| Approach: | They propose a chain-of-thought technique that adjusts the length of the chain to improve the performance of generated prompts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves multi-modal representation learning in visual, visual, and audio-visual tasks and also has good domain generalization performance due to better reasoning. |
Improving Seq2Seq Grammatical Error Correction via Decoding Interventions (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to grammatical error correction (GEC) are sequence-to-sequence and sequence-edit. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified decoding intervention framework that employs an external critic to assess the appropriateness of the token to be generated incrementally. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines and state-of-the-art methods on English and Chinese datasets. |
From 128K to 4M: Efficient Training of Ultra-Long Context Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Long-context capabilities are essential for document and video understanding, in-contact learning, and inference-time scaling. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient training recipe for building ultra-long context LLMs from aligned instruct model, pushing the boundaries of context lengths from 128K to 1M, 2M, and 4M tokens. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model extends the context window while maintaining short context capabilities while maintaining the performance of the existing model. |
RoChBert: Towards Robust BERT Fine-tuning for Chinese (2022.findings-emnlp)
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Zihan Zhang, Jinfeng Li, Ning Shi, Bo Yuan, Xiangyu Liu, Rong Zhang, Hui Xue, Donghong Sun, Chao Zhang
| Challenge: | Pre-trained language models (e.g., BERT) have been proved vulnerable to adversarial texts. |
| Approach: | They propose to fuse Chinese phonetic and glyph features into pre-trained models by using a more comprehensive adversarial graph. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods in significant ways on a wide range of tasks while remaining accurate on benign texts. |
Shall We Pretrain Autoregressive Language Models with Retrieval? A Comprehensive Study (2023.emnlp-main)
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Boxin Wang, Wei Ping, Peng Xu, Lawrence McAfee, Zihan Liu, Mohammad Shoeybi, Yi Dong, Oleksii Kuchaiev, Bo Li, Chaowei Xiao, Anima Anandkumar, Bryan Catanzaro
| Challenge: | a recent study shows that retrieval-augmented LMs can improve text generation quality and accuracy. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that reproduces RETRO parameters while retrieving a text corpus . they find RETRO outperforms GPT on text generation with less repetition . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms standard retrieval-augmented GPT and retrieval augmented GTP on text generation and accuracy tasks. |
GAIA: A Fine-grained Multimedia Knowledge Extraction System (2020.acl-demos)
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Manling Li, Alireza Zareian, Ying Lin, Xiaoman Pan, Spencer Whitehead, Brian Chen, Bo Wu, Heng Ji, Shih-Fu Chang, Clare Voss, Daniel Napierski, Marjorie Freedman
| Challenge: | Open source knowledge extraction tools are used for many real-world applications, but there is no comprehensive system for KE. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimedia knowledge extraction system that takes multimedia data from various sources and languages as input and creates a coherent, structured knowledge base. |
| Outcome: | The system achieves top performance at the recent NIST TAC SM-KBP2019 evaluation. |
AEGIS: A Holistic Benchmark for Evaluating Forensic Analysis of AI-Generated Academic Images (2026.acl-long)
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Bo Zhang, Tzu-Yen Ma, Zichen Tang, Junpeng Ding, Zirui Wang, Yizhuo Zhao, Peilin Gao, Zijie Xi, Zixin Ding, Haiyang Sun, Haocheng Gao, Yuan Liu, Liangjia Wang, Yiling Huang, Yujie Wang, Yuyue Zhang, Ronghui Xi, Yuanze Li, Jiacheng Liu, Zhongjun Yang, Haihong E
| Challenge: | AEGIS examines whether current models can effectively audit AI-generated images in academic papers. |
| Approach: | They propose a holistic benchmark for forensic analysis of AI-Generated academic ImageS that reveals limitations in academic image forensics. |
| Outcome: | AEGIS compared with existing benchmarks on seven academic categories and features key advances in forensic analysis. |
Noise Learning for Text Classification: A Benchmark (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing noise learning methods for text classification are underdeveloped . authors propose a noise learning benchmark for text classification . |
| Approach: | They propose to use four state-of-the-art methods of noise learning from the image domain to classify text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark of noise learning for text classification is based on four methods and five noise modes. |
SemAttack: Natural Textual Attacks via Different Semantic Spaces (2022.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to attack pre-trained language models suffer from low success rates or fail to search efficiently in the exponentially large perturbation space. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient framework to generate natural adversarial text by constructing different semantic perturbation functions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework generates natural adversarial texts for different languages with high success rates. |
Copyright Detective: A Forensic System to Evidence LLMs Flickering Copyright Leakage Risks (2026.acl-demo)
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Guangwei Zhang, Jianing Zhu, Cheng Qian, Neil Zhenqiang Gong, Rada Mihalcea, Zhaozhuo Xu, Jingrui He, Jiaqi W. Ma, Chaowei Xiao, Bo Li, Ahmed Abbasi, Dongwon Lee, Heng Ji, Denghui Zhang
| Challenge: | **Copyright Detective** is the first interactive forensic system for detecting, analyzing, and visualizing potential copyright risks in LLM outputs. |
| Approach: | They propose a system that detects copyright infringements and visualizes them . they use content recall testing, paraphrase-level similarity analysis and persuasive jailbreak probing . |
| Outcome: | The proposed system detects, analyzes, and visualizes potential copyright risks in LLM outputs. |
Exploiting Entity BIO Tag Embeddings and Multi-task Learning for Relation Extraction with Imbalanced Data (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to perform relation extraction are feature-based or kernel-based, but the results of our study show that they can improve the performance of a baseline model with more than 10% absolute increase in F1-score. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task architecture which jointly trains a model to perform relation identification with cross-entropy loss and relation classification with ranking loss. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on ACE 2005 Chinese and English corpus and significantly improves the performance of a baseline model with more than 10% increase in F1-score. |
Towards Statistical Factuality Guarantee for Large Vision-Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in image-conditioned text generation, but hallucinated outputs pose a major barrier to their use in safety-critical applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a conformal-prediction-based framework that achieves finite-sample distribution-free statistical guarantees to the factuality of LVLM output. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces the error rate of LLaVa-1.5 claims from 87.8% to 10.0% while ensuring that the output is accurate. |
MRE-MI: A Multi-image Dataset for Multimodal Relation Extraction in Social Media Posts (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to Multimodal Relation Extraction focus on single image scenarios . current approaches focus on text paired with a single image, ignoring valuable insights provided by remaining images. |
| Approach: | They propose a human-annotated dataset that includes multi-image and single-image instances for relation extraction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model significantly improves relation extraction in multi-image scenarios. |
Entity Relation Extraction as Dependency Parsing in Visually Rich Documents (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on key information extraction from visually rich documents focus on labeling the text within bounding boxes, while relations between words are unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dependency parsing model to extract semantic entities from visually rich documents by combining entity labeling and relation extraction tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves 65.96% F1 score on the FUNSD dataset. |
EchoMLLM: Incentivizing Echocardiographic Video Understanding with Keyframe Grounding and Report Generation (2026.findings-acl)
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Heyu Huang, Wanran Sun, Chi Chen, Bo Chen, Zonghao Guo, Yuhua Li, Ruixuan Li, Kunlun He, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Echocardiography analysis requires a dual capability: rigorous quantitative keyframe localization and comprehensive qualitative synthesis. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified framework designed for real-world echocardiography video understanding. |
| Outcome: | a new framework is designed to support real-world echocardiography video understanding . it reduces temporal grounding errors by up to 76% and improves report generation quality by 65% . |
Modelling Long-distance Node Relations for KBQA with Global Dynamic Graph (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies rely on deep graph neural networks (GNNs) to capture rich structural information, but they lack the structural information needed for QA. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which captures structural information from KBs and models long-distance node relations from two perspectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework models long-distance node relations from two perspectives . it is based on two widely used multi-hop KBQA datasets . |
LongDocURL: a Comprehensive Multimodal Long Document Benchmark Integrating Understanding, Reasoning, and Locating (2025.acl-long)
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Chao Deng, Jiale Yuan, Pi Bu, Peijie Wang, Zhong-Zhi Li, Jian Xu, Xiao-Hui Li, Yuan Gao, Jun Song, Bo Zheng, Cheng-Lin Liu
| Challenge: | Existing document understanding benchmarks only handle a small number of pages . existing models are limited to handling only a limited number of documents . |
| Approach: | They propose a long document understanding benchmark that integrates three primary tasks and 20 sub-tasks based on different primary tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing benchmarks on open-source and closed-source models . the model outpersforms other models on more than 33,000 pages of documents . |
ABC-Bench: Benchmarking Agentic Backend Coding in Real-World Development (2026.findings-acl)
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Jie Yang, Honglin Guo, Li Ji, Jiazheng Zhou, Rui Zheng, Zhikai Lei, Shuo Zhang, Zhiheng Xi, Shichun Liu, Yuxin Wang, Bo Wang, Yining Zheng, Tao Gui, Xipeng Qiu
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have redefined the role of AI in software engineering . current benchmarks focus on localized code generation, but neglect dynamic, full-process requirements of real-world engineering. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate agentic backend coding within a realistic, executable workflow. |
| Outcome: | The ABC-Bench benchmark evaluates agentic backend coding within a realistic, executable workflow. |
NewsBench: A Systematic Evaluation Framework for Assessing Editorial Capabilities of Large Language Models in Chinese Journalism (2024.acl-long)
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Miao Li, Ming-Bin Chen, Bo Tang, ShengbinHou ShengbinHou, Pengyu Wang, Haiying Deng, Zhiyu Li, Feiyu Xiong, Keming Mao, Cheng Peng, Yi Luo
| Challenge: | a novel evaluation framework assesses the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for editorial capabilities in Chinese journalism. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a benchmark dataset to assess the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for editorial capabilities in Chinese journalism. |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation framework is based on a dataset of 1,267 test samples in 24 news domains. |
Do not Abstain! Identify and Solve the Uncertainty (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing solutions rely on evasive responses when confronting uncertain scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to assess LLMs' ability to recognize and address uncertainty . they generate context-aware inquiries that highlight the confusing aspect of the original query . |
| Outcome: | Experiments with ConfuseBench show that LLMs struggle to identify root cause of uncertainty and solve it. |
Massive End-to-end Speech Recognition Models with Time Reduction (2024.naacl-long)
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Weiran Wang, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Haozhe Shan, Zhong Meng, Dongseong Hwang, Qiujia Li, Khe Chai Sim, Bo Li, James Qin, Xingyu Cai, Adam Stooke, Chengjian Zheng, Yanzhang He, Tara Sainath, Pedro Moreno Mengibar
| Challenge: | Using the neural architecture of Google’s universal speech model, we reduce the frame rate and speed up training and inference. |
| Approach: | They propose to use the neural architecture of Google’s universal speech model with additional funnel pooling layers to significantly reduce the frame rate and speed up training and inference. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods work with both connectionist temporal classification (CTC) and RNN-Transducer (RNN-T) and over two domains. |
Chinese SimpleQA: A Chinese Factuality Evaluation for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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Yancheng He, Shilong Li, Jiaheng Liu, Yingshui Tan, Weixun Wang, Hui Huang, Xingyuan Bu, Hangyu Guo, Chengwei Hu, Boren Zheng, Zhuoran Lin, Dekai Sun, Zhicheng Zheng, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Current frontier models sometimes generate false outputs or answers that are not substantiated by evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose Chinese SimpleQA, a Chinese benchmark to evaluate LLMs' factuality . they focus on Chinese language over 6 major topics with 99 diverse subtopics . |
| Outcome: | The Chinese SimpleQA benchmark evaluates the factuality ability of LLMs . the questions and answers are short and easy-to-evaluate . |
mABC: Multi-Agent Blockchain-inspired Collaboration for Root Cause Analysis in Micro-Services Architecture (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Wei Zhang, Hongcheng Guo, Jian Yang, Zhoujin Tian, Yi Zhang, Yan Chaoran, Zhoujun Li, Tongliang Li, Xu Shi, Liangfan Zheng, Bo Zhang
| Challenge: | Root cause analysis (RCA) in Micro-services architectures with escalating complexity is challenging due to fault propagation and circular dependencies among nodes. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework where multiple agents follow Agent Workflow and collaborate in blockchain-inspired voting to ensure the reliability of root cause analysis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces the number of steps and standardizes task processing through Agent Workflow. |
Point, Disambiguate and Copy: Incorporating Bilingual Dictionaries for Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to incorporate bilingual dictionaries into Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models have been criticized for lack of integration of bilingual lexical information into the neural architecture. |
| Approach: | They propose a neural architecture to incorporate bilingual dictionaries into Neural Machine Translation models by introducing three new components: Pointer, Disambiguator, and Copier. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves the following merits inherently compared with previous efforts: (1) Pointer leverages the semantic information from bilingual dictionaries, for the first time, to better locate source words whose translation in dictionary can potentially be used; (2) Disambiguator synthesizes contextual information from source view and target view, both of which contribute to distinguishing translation of a specific source word from multiple candidates in dicaries; (3) Copier systematically connects Pointer and Disambiguators based on a hierarchical |
BEEAR: Embedding-based Adversarial Removal of Safety Backdoors in Instruction-tuned Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Safety backdoors in large language models can be triggered while evading detection during normal interactions. |
| Approach: | They propose a bi-level optimization method that uses a key insight: backdoor triggers induce a uniform drift in the model’s embedding space . inner level identifies universal perturbations to the decoder’s embedded spaces that steer the model towards defender-defined unwanted behaviors; outer level fine-tunes the model to reinforce safe behaviors against these perturbations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed mitigation method reduces the success rate of safety backdoor attacks from over 95% to 1% for general harmful behaviors and from 47% to 0% for Sleeper Agents, without compromising the model’s usefulness. |
Unleashing the Native Recommendation Potential: LLM-Based Generative Recommendation via Structured Term Identifiers (2026.findings-acl)
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Zhiyang Zhang, Junda She, Kuo Cai, Bo Chen, Shiyao Wang, Xinchen Luo, Qiang Luo, Ruiming Tang, Han Li, Kun Gai, Guorui Zhou
| Challenge: | Existing methods for constructing item identifiers face bottlenecks due to their large output space and expensive vocabulary expansion and alignment training. |
| Approach: | They propose to use Large Language Models to develop general-purpose, semantically-aware recommender systems that can be generalized and reusable. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on real-world datasets show that GRAM outperforms baselines and significantly outperformed baselines. |
Consistency Regularization for Cross-Lingual Fine-Tuning (2021.acl-long)
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Bo Zheng, Li Dong, Shaohan Huang, Wenhui Wang, Zewen Chi, Saksham Singhal, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Xia Song, Furu Wei
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that consistency regularization improves cross-lingual fine-tuning . pre-trained cross-linguistic models can transfer task-specific supervision from one language to the other . |
| Approach: | They propose to improve cross-lingual fine-tuning with consistency regularization . they use example consistency regularized to penalize prediction sensitivity to four types of data augmentations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves cross-lingual fine-tuning across tasks . it can be generalized to other target languages without additional training . |
A Training-free LLM-based Approach to General Chinese Character Error Correction (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Chinese spelling correction (CSC) is a crucial task that aims to correct character errors in text. |
| Approach: | They propose a task that handles missing and redundant characters and an additional prompt-based large language model to improve performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed task is based on a high-quality dataset and a prompt-based large language model. |
GuessArena: Guess Who I Am? A Self-Adaptive Framework for Evaluating LLMs in Domain-Specific Knowledge and Reasoning (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation methods for large language models rely on static benchmarks and standardized evaluation protocols. |
| Approach: | They propose an adaptive evaluation framework that integrates dynamic domain knowledge modeling with progressive reasoning assessment to improve evaluation fidelity. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that the framework distinguishes LLMs in terms of domain knowledge coverage and reasoning chain completeness. |
MNER-MI: A Multi-image Dataset for Multimodal Named Entity Recognition in Social Media (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent research has focused on multimodal named entity recognition (MNER) but current approaches focus on text and a single accompanying image, leaving a significant research gap in multi-image scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose to construct a human-annotated MNER dataset with multiple images called MNER-MI and a temporal prompt model with multiple image to address the new challenges in multi-image scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results on both MNER-MI and MNER -MI-Plus, demonstrating its effectiveness. |
Improving Pretrained Cross-Lingual Language Models via Self-Labeled Word Alignment (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Experimental results show that denoising word alignment improves cross-lingual transferability . most applications and resources are still English-centric, making non-English users hard to access. |
| Approach: | They propose to denoise word alignment as a cross-lingual pre-training task . they first self-label word alignments for parallel sentences and then mask tokens . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves cross-lingual transferability on token-level tasks, especially on question answering, and structured prediction. |
CoSQL: A Conversational Text-to-SQL Challenge Towards Cross-Domain Natural Language Interfaces to Databases (D19-1)
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Tao Yu, Rui Zhang, Heyang Er, Suyi Li, Eric Xue, Bo Pang, Xi Victoria Lin, Yi Chern Tan, Tianze Shi, Zihan Li, Youxuan Jiang, Michihiro Yasunaga, Sungrok Shim, Tao Chen, Alexander Fabbri, Zifan Li, Luyao Chen, Yuwen Zhang, Shreya Dixit, Vincent Zhang, Caiming Xiong, Richard Socher, Walter Lasecki, Dragomir Radev
| Challenge: | CoSQL is a corpus for building cross-domain, general-purpose database querying dialogue systems. |
| Approach: | They present a corpus for building cross-domain, general-purpose database querying dialogue systems . they use a Wizard-of-Oz collection of 3k turns plus 10k+ annotated SQL queries . |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus is based on a Wizard-of-Oz dataset of 3k dialogues querying 200 complex DBs spanning 138 domains. |
Explain-Analyze-Generate: A Sequential Multi-Agent Collaboration Method for Complex Reasoning (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Multiagent debate (MAD) is a popular approach for large language models . however, the performance of LLMs is suboptimal in complex reasoning scenarios . |
| Approach: | They propose a sequential collaboration framework to enable agents to provide constructive assistance to peers by decomposing complex tasks into essential subtasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves the highest performance on 19 out of 23 tasks and lower costs compared to MAD. |
Bridging the Gap between Prior and Posterior Knowledge Selection for Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue Generation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge-grounded dialogue models lack prior and posterior knowledge selection . prior selection module may not learn to select knowledge properly because of lack of posterior information . |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge distillation-based training strategy to remove the exposure bias of knowledge selection. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on two knowledge-grounded dialogue datasets. |
MTRouter: Cost-Aware Multi-Turn LLM Routing with History–Model Joint Embeddings (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Multi-turn, long-horizon tasks require dozens of sequential model calls per episode. |
| Approach: | They propose a cost-aware multi-turn LLM routing tool which encodes interaction history and candidate models into joint history–model embeddings and learns an outcome estimator from logged trajectories to predict turn-level model utility. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces cost and performance by 58.7% on ScienceWorld and on Humanity’s Last Exam (HLE) and even reduces costs for held-out tasks. |
SATQuest: A Verifier for Logical Reasoning Evaluation and Reinforcement Fine-Tuning of LLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Yanxiao Zhao, Yaqian Li, Zi-Hao Bo, Rinyoichi Takezoe, Haojia Hui, Mo Guang, null Renlei, Xiaolin Qin, Kaiwen Long
| Challenge: | Large language models exhibit strong general reasoning abilities, yet the community lacks controllable, scalable, and verifiable tools to analyze and improve them. |
| Approach: | They propose a verifier that generates diverse SAT-based reasoning tasks from CNF instances and checks answers objectively with PySAT. |
| Outcome: | The proposed verifier generates diverse SAT-based reasoning tasks from CNF instances and checks answers objectively with PySAT. |
Intention Knowledge Graph Construction for User Intention Relation Modeling (2026.eacl-long)
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Jiaxin Bai, Zhaobo Wang, Junfei Cheng, Dan Yu, Zerui Huang, Weiqi Wang, Xin Liu, Chen Luo, Yanming Zhu, Bo Li, Yangqiu Song
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge graphs focus on connecting intentions but lacks the ability to model the relationships between different intentions. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to automatically generate an intention knowledge graph, capturing connections between user intentions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods and shows its utility. |
CM-TTS: Enhancing Real Time Text-to-Speech Synthesis Efficiency through Weighted Samplers and Consistency Models (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Neural Text-to-Speech systems are a promising approach for high-fidelity speech synthesis . but the efficiency of multi-step sampling in Diffusion Models presents challenges . |
| Approach: | They propose a novel architecture grounded in consistency models to improve model convergence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture achieves top-quality speech synthesis in fewer steps without adversarial training or pre-trained model dependencies. |
Learning Neural Representation for CLIR with Adversarial Framework (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies in cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) use general text representation models that are not optimized for the target task. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel text representation model based on adversarial learning which seeks a task-specific embedding space for CLIR. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art continuous space models and is better than the strong machine translation baseline. |
GraphReader: Building Graph-based Agent to Enhance Long-Context Abilities of Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Shilong Li, Yancheng He, Hangyu Guo, Xingyuan Bu, Ge Bai, Jie Liu, Jiaheng Liu, Xingwei Qu, Yangguang Li, Wanli Ouyang, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Existing models for long contexts struggle to handle long inputs due to limited context window and memory usage. |
| Approach: | They propose a graph-based agent system that analyzes long texts into a graphical graph . GraphReader consistently outperforms GPT-4-128k across context lengths from 16k to 256k . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on four challenging benchmarks. |
Improving Sharpness-Aware Minimization with Fisher Mask for Better Generalization on Language Models (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for fine-tuning pretrained language models suffer from poor generalization . however, they add a perturbation to each model parameter equally, which is sub-optimal . |
| Approach: | They propose a sharpness-aware minimization optimization procedure that introduces a Fisher mask to improve the efficiency of SAM. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the vanilla sharpness-aware minimization method on GLUE and SuperGLUE benchmarks. |
GoT-R1: Internalizing Graph-of-Thought via Structural Reinforcement for High-Density Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Chain-of-Thought reasoning suffers from an inherent mechanism flaw: linearity induces overthinking . emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has fundamentally redefined artificial intelligence . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that replaces verbose linear trajectories with high-density reasoning graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art models with reduced token overhead. |
LIME: Less Is More for MLLM Evaluation (2025.findings-acl)
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King Zhu, Qianbo Zang, Shian Jia, Siwei Wu, Feiteng Fang, Yizhi Li, Shuyue Guo, Tianyu Zheng, Jiawei Guo, Bo Li, Haoning Wu, Xingwei Qu, Jian Yang, Ruibo Liu, Xiang Yue, Jiaheng Liu, Chenghua Lin, Hamid Alinejad-Rokny, Min Yang, Shiwen Ni, Wenhao Huang, Ge Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing MLLM benchmarks and unified evaluation frameworks cannot accurately and efficiently reflect the ability of MLMLs. |
| Approach: | They propose a semi-automated benchmark curated using a pipeline that filters out uninformative samples and eliminates answer leakage by focusing on tasks that require image-based understanding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark reduces the number of samples by 76% and evaluation time by 77% while it can more effectively distinguish different models’ abilities. |
CARE-STaR: Constraint-aware Self-taught Reasoner (2025.findings-acl)
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Zhiliang Li, Bo Tang, Yijun Niu, Beihong Jin, Qiwen Shi, Yuchen Feng, Zhiyu Li, Jie Hu, Mingchuan Yang, Feiyu Xiong
| Challenge: | Recent research on instruction following has demonstrated that LLMs can handle complex instructions. |
| Approach: | They propose to assign constraints to different levels of constraints in instructions . they use chain-of-thought and self-taught reasoner methods to identify constraints . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on three instruction-following benchmarks. |
Segment First or Comprehend First? Explore the Limit of Unsupervised Word Segmentation with Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to measure word segmentation only assess the language model's understanding of the overall meaning of sentences, lacking an evaluation of the language models' understanding capabilities at a fine-grained level. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to explore the limit of unsupervised word segmentation with Large Language Models (LLMs) they employ current mainstream LLMs to perform word segmentations across multiple languages . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on existing methods and combines the advanced pattern recognition capabilities of Aho-Corasick automata with the deep insights of well-pretrained LLMs. |
Cache-of-Thought: Master-Apprentice Framework for Cost-Effective Vision Language Model Reasoning (2025.emnlp-main)
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Mingyuan Wu, Jize Jiang, Haozhen Zheng, Meitang Li, Zhaoheng Li, Beitong Tian, Bo Chen, Yongjoo Park, Minjia Zhang, ChengXiang Zhai, Klara Nahrstedt
| Challenge: | Recent Vision Language Models (VLMs) have shown tremendous promise in a wide range of realworld applications, but their size has made at-scale deployment and operation challenging due to high consumption of cloud computing resource, high latency, and expensive API calls. |
| Approach: | They propose a master–apprentice framework for collaborative inference between large and small vision language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves reasoning performance on widely-recognized and challenging general reasoning benchmarks and specifically boosts reasoning of apprentice VLMs by 36.6%. |
Can Brain Signals Reveal Inner Alignment with Human Languages? (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Brain Signals, such as Electroencephalography, and human languages have been explored independently for many downstream tasks, however, the connection between them has not been well explored. |
| Approach: | They introduce a multimodal transformer alignment model to observe coordinated representations between EEG and language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieved an F1-score improvement of 1.7% on ZuCo and 9.3% on Zuco datasets for sentiment analysis, and 7.4% on ZuCO for relation detection. |
kNN-CM: A Non-parametric Inference-Phase Adaptation of Parametric Text Classifiers (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on text-discriminating properties of semi-parametric models have not been done on non-parameter models. |
| Approach: | They propose an inference-phase approach that incorporates a neighborhood search into a model to enhance the capacity of a pre-trained parametric text classifier. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves performance on eight SuperGLUE tasks, three adversarial natural language inference datasets, 11 question-answering (QA) datasets and two sentiment classification datasets. |
Mitigating the Discrepancy Between Video and Text Temporal Sequences: A Time-Perception Enhanced Video Grounding method for LLM (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing video LLMs excel at capturing the overall description of a video but lack the ability to demonstrate an understanding of temporal dynamics and localized content within the video. |
| Approach: | They propose a Time-Perception Enhanced Video Grounding via Boundary Perception and Temporal Reasoning to improve LLMs' understanding of video temporality. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on three datasets: ActivityNet, Charades, and DiDeMo (up to 11.2% improvement on R@0.3). |
Improving Robustness of GNN-based Anomaly Detection by Graph Adversarial Training (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Graph neural networks excel at anomaly detection, but exhibit vulnerability to attacks . novel mechanism for graph adversarial training designed to bolster anomaly detectors . |
| Approach: | They propose a mechanism for graph adversarial training to bolster anomaly detection systems against potential poisoning attacks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method bolsters GNN-based anomaly detection systems against poisoning attacks. |
BatonVoice: An Operationalist Framework for Enhancing Controllable Speech Synthesis with Linguistic Intelligence from LLMs (2026.acl-long)
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Yue Wang, Ruotian Ma, Xingyu Chen, Zhengliang Shi, Morunliu Yang, Wanshun Chen, Huang Liu, Jiadi Yao, Xin He, Qu Yang, Qingxuan Jiang, Fanghua Ye, Juntao Li, Zhaopeng Tu, Xiaolong Li, Liefeng Bo, Min Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches often fail to leverage the linguistic intelligence of Large Language Models (LLMs) Existing models lack the ability to follow text instructions for controllable Text-to-Speech (TTS). |
| Approach: | They propose a framework where an LLM acts as a conductor, understanding user instructions and generating a textual plan - explicit vocal features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms open- and closed-source models in speech synthesis and achieves zero-shot cross-lingual generalization. |
Hypergraph-Based Session Modeling: A Multi-Collaborative Self-Supervised Approach for Enhanced Recommender Systems (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Presently, graph-based recommendations are limited by session dependencies and data sparsity in real-world scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which uses multi-collaborative self-supervised learning in hypergraph neural networks to model item transitions and to mitigate the challenges of data sparsity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods in a number of domains and consistently outperformed existing methods. |
SafeRAG: Benchmarking Security in Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language Model (2025.acl-long)
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Xun Liang, Simin Niu, Zhiyu Li, Sensen Zhang, Hanyu Wang, Feiyu Xiong, Zhaoxin Fan, Bo Tang, Jihao Zhao, Jiawei Yang, Shichao Song, Mengwei Wang
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs) however, the incorporation of external knowledge increases the vulnerability of LLMs . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the RAG security using a dataset . they classify attack tasks into silver noise, inter-context conflict, soft ad, and white Denial-of-Service . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark evaluates the security of RAG against 14 representative RAG components. |
Can Large Language Models Detect Errors in Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning? (2025.acl-long)
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Yancheng He, Shilong Li, Jiaheng Liu, Weixun Wang, Xingyuan Bu, Ge Zhang, Z.y. Peng, Zhaoxiang Zhang, Zhicheng Zheng, Wenbo Su, Bo Zheng
| Challenge: | Recent advances in o1-like models have generated long Chain-of-Thought reasoning steps to improve the reasoning abilities of existing Large Language Models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a DeltaBench to analyze the quality and effectiveness of o1-like models and measure their ability to detect errors in long COT reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can detect errors in long COT reasoning. |
T3: Tree-Autoencoder Constrained Adversarial Text Generation for Targeted Attack (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing adversarial examples can induce arbitrary errors to the target models, but they can be exploited to estimate robustness of NLP models. |
| Approach: | They propose a target-controllable adversarial attack framework T3 to handle adversarials . they use tree-based decoders to regularize the syntactic correctness of generated text . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can be used to estimate the robustness of NLP models. |
CAKE: A Scalable Commonsense-Aware Framework For Multi-View Knowledge Graph Completion (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge graph embedding techniques rely on fact-view data to predict missing links between entities, limiting their performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a commonsense-aware knowledge embedding framework which generates commonsensense from factual triples with entity concepts for a KGC task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework could produce high-quality negative triples and joint commonsense and fact-view link prediction. |
MLAS-LoRA: Language-Aware Parameters Detection and LoRA-Based Knowledge Transfer for Multilingual Machine Translation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance even with limited parallel data. |
| Approach: | They propose a multiple language-aware LoRA knowledge transfer framework that selectively adapts LLMs to MT by transferring knowledge from a large teacher to a small student model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baseline models on multilingual language pairs by +1.7 BLEU on average. |
Profanity-Avoiding Training Framework for Seq2seq Models with Certified Robustness (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a recent study shows that inappropriate language can cause models to output profanity . authors propose a training framework to prevent such outputs from hurting the usability of models . |
| Approach: | proposed training framework eliminates the causes that trigger the generation of profanity . authors propose a framework that leverages a short list of profans to prevent this . |
| Outcome: | a proposed training framework can prevent models from generating profanity . the proposed framework leverages a short list of profanities examples . |
Rhombus: Incentivizing Coordination in Parallel Thinking through Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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Ziyuan Nan, Qi Yi, Di Huang, Yutong Wu, Guanhua Huang, Xue Gong, Kejiao Li, Yuhao Jiang, Chenchen Zhang, Zenan Xu, Xing Hu, Bo Zhou
| Challenge: | Parallel thinking is a promising avenue for scaling test-time compute in Large Language Models . however, coordinating the exploration and aggregation stages remains challenging . |
| Approach: | They propose a parallel thinking framework that explicitly incentivizes coordination between components via end-to-end reinforcement learning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves accuracy by 6.0% over long chain-of-thought baselines while reducing wall-clock latency by 39.4% under matched token budgets. |
SpikeVoice: High-Quality Text-to-Speech Via Efficient Spiking Neural Network (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | SpikeVoice performs high-quality Text-To-Speech (TTS) via SNN . major obstacle to using SNN for such generative tasks lies in the demand for models to grasp long-term dependencies. |
| Approach: | They propose a brain-inspired Spiking Neural Network (SNN) which performs high-quality Text-To-Speech (TTS) via SNN and explores the potential of SNN to "speak". |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves comparable results to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) with only 10.5% energy consumption of ANN. |
ModularMoE: Fast LLM Customization with Parameter-Sharing Mixture-of-Experts for Low-Resource Settings (2026.findings-acl)
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Jiaxing Liu, Qi Qi, Haifeng Sun, Dunjun Li, Zirui Zhuang, Bo He, Xiang Yang, Cong Liu, Jianxin Liao, Jingyu Wang
| Challenge: | Large Language Models impose significant computational and storage burdens on personal devices . existing customization approaches incur excessive computational costs or lead to suboptimal performance . |
| Approach: | They propose a training framework that converts pre-trained LLMs into parameter-sharing MoE models for lightweight deployment. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training framework outperforms state-of-the-art training frameworks at the same sparsity level while delivering up to 2.71 inference speedup. |