Papers by Jia Liu
TRAVEL: Tag-Aware Conversational FAQ Retrieval via Reinforcement Learning (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods aim to fully utilize the dynamic conversation context to enhance the semantic association between the user query and FAQ questions, but they are limited by noise and e.g., users may click questions they don't like, leading to inaccurate semantics modeling. |
| Approach: | They propose to introduce tags of FAQ questions to reduce noise in the conversation context and integrate them into a reinforcement learning framework to minimize the negative impact of irrelevant information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can eliminate irrelevant information and minimize negative impact of irrelevant information in the dynamic conversation context. |
Cognitive-Uncertainty Guided Knowledge Distillation for Accurate Classification of Student Misconceptions (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for identifying student misconceptions overlook students' reasoning processes, authors report . |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge distillation framework that mines high-value samples from existing data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms sota LLM and standard fine-tuned 72B models on cross-topic tests. |
How Does Context Matter? On the Robustness of Event Detection with Context-Selective Mask Generalization (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies focus on improving the overall performance of an ED model, but few consider the robustness of an existing model. |
| Approach: | They propose a new training mechanism that can effectively mine context-specific patterns for learning and robustify an ED model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can learn a complementary predictive bias with most ED models that use full context for feature learning. |
Understanding and Leveraging the Expert Specialization of Context Faithfulness in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Context faithfulness is essential for reliable reasoning in context-dependent scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that identifies and fine-tunes context-faithful experts . they propose 'context-faither fine- tuning' which selectively fine- tunes them . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method identifies experts with specialization in context utilization and improves context grounding. |
VLA-Mark: A cross modal watermark for large vision-language alignment models (2025.emnlp-main)
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Shuliang Liu, Zheng Qi, Jesse Jiaxi Xu, Yibo Yan, Junyan Zhang, He Geng, Aiwei Liu, Peijie Jiang, Jia Liu, Yik-Cheung Tam, Xuming Hu
| Challenge: | Existing text watermarking methods disrupt visual-textual alignment, leaving semantic-critical concepts vulnerable. |
| Approach: | They propose a vision-aligned framework that embeds detectable watermarks into outputs . they combine localized patch affinity, global semantic coherence, contextual attention patterns . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework shows lower PPL and higher BLEU than conventional methods with near-perfect detection (98.8% AUC). |
Sequential LLM Framework for Fashion Recommendation (2024.emnlp-industry)
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Han Liu, Xianfeng Tang, Tianlang Chen, Jiapeng Liu, Indu Indu, Henry Zou, Peng Dai, Roberto Galan, Michael Porter, Dongmei Jia, Ning Zhang, Lian Xiong
| Challenge: | Existing fashion recommendation systems struggle with the unique challenges of the fashion domain. |
| Approach: | They propose a sequential fashion recommendation framework that leverages a pre-trained large language model enhanced with recommendation-specific prompts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves fashion recommendation performance on Amazon fashion. |
PAI-Diffusion: Constructing and Serving a Family of Open Chinese Diffusion Models for Text-to-image Synthesis on the Cloud (2024.acl-demos)
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| Challenge: | Existing diffusion models fail to address the challenges of generating high-quality images from textual descriptions due to its large vocabulary size and complex character relationships. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates Chinese diffusion models with Alibaba Cloud's Platform for AI and enables the generation of contextually relevant images. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework integrates with Alibaba Cloud’s Platform for AI, providing accessible and scalable solutions. |
SOUL: Unlocking the Power of Second-Order Optimization for LLM Unlearning (2024.emnlp-main)
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Jinghan Jia, Yihua Zhang, Yimeng Zhang, Jiancheng Liu, Bharat Runwal, James Diffenderfer, Bhavya Kailkhura, Sijia Liu
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the need for effective unlearning mechanisms to comply with data regulations and ethical AI practices. |
| Approach: | They propose a second-order optimization-based LLM unlearning framework which extends the static, one-shot model update using influence unlearning to a dynamic, iterative unlearning process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms first-order methods across unlearning tasks, models, and metrics. |
Multi-turn Response Selection using Dialogue Dependency Relations (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models for multi-turn response selection ignore the dependencies between the turns. |
| Approach: | They propose a dialogue extraction algorithm to transform a dialog history into threads based on their dependency relations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models on DSTC7 and DSTF8* with competitive results on UbuntuV2 . |
RoadMapper: A Multi-Agent System for Roadmap Generation of Solving Complex Research Problems (2026.findings-acl)
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Jiacheng Liu, Zichen Tang, Zhongjun Yang, Xinyi Hu, Xueyuan Lin, Linwei Jia, Ruofei Bai, Rongjin Li, Shiyao Peng, Haocheng Gao, Haihong E
| Challenge: | Existing tools to generate structured content for research tasks are limited in their ability to generate high-quality roadmaps. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate the ability of large language models (LLMs) to generate high-quality roadmaps for solving complex research problems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can improve LLMs’ ability for roadmap generation while saving 84% of the time required by human experts. |
Opinion Summarization by Weak-Supervision from Mix-structured Data (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for opinion summarization of multiple reviews lack reference summaries . OAs and ISs are often mismatched between review input and summary . |
| Approach: | They propose a method to generate mixed-structured synthetic training data for opinion summarization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing methods on Yelp, Amazon and RottenTomatos datasets. |
ACR: Adaptive Context Refactoring via Context Refactoring Operators for Multi-Turn Dialogue (2026.findings-acl)
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Jiawei Shen, Jia Zhu, Hanghui Guo, Weijie Shi, Yue Cui, Qingyu Niu, Guoqing Ma, Jingjiang Liu, Yidan Liang, Yilin Wang, Shimin Di, Jiajie Xu
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to multi-turn dialogues lack contextual consistency and dependencies, and models struggle to maintain factual faithfulness as interaction turns increase. |
| Approach: | They propose an adaptive context refactoring framework that monitors and reshapes the interaction history to mitigate contextual inertia and state drift. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines while reducing token consumption. |
mCLIP: Multilingual CLIP via Cross-lingual Transfer (2023.acl-long)
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Guanhua Chen, Lu Hou, Yun Chen, Wenliang Dai, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Qun Liu, Jia Pan, Wenping Wang
| Challenge: | Existing multilingual vision-language pretrained models are biased towards English due to the lack of sufficient non-English image-text pairs. |
| Approach: | They propose to train a retrieval-efficient dual-stream multilingual VLP model by aligning CLIP model and a multilingual text encoder through a novel Triangle Cross-modal Knowledge Distillation method. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that mCLIP achieves new state-of-the-art performance for both zero-shot and finetuned multilingual image-text retrieval tasks. |
DevEval: A Manually-Annotated Code Generation Benchmark Aligned with Real-World Code Repositories (2024.findings-acl)
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Jia Li, Ge Li, Yunfei Zhao, Yongmin Li, Huanyu Liu, Hao Zhu, Lecheng Wang, Kaibo Liu, Zheng Fang, Lanshen Wang, Jiazheng Ding, Xuanming Zhang, Yuqi Zhu, Yihong Dong, Zhi Jin, Binhua Li, Fei Huang, Yongbin Li, Bin Gu, Mengfei Yang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks are poorly aligned with real-world code repositories and are insufficient to evaluate the coding abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a repository-level benchmark named DevEval to evaluate LLMs' coding abilities in real-world code repositories. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that the LLMs perform better in real-world code repositories than existing benchmarks. |
Towards Boosting LLMs-driven Relevance Modeling with Progressive Retrieved Behavior-augmented Prompting (2025.coling-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to relevance modeling have lacked generalization and accuracy . recent studies have focused on capturing the semantic relationships between queries and items . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates world knowledge stored in LLMs with specialized domain knowledge represented by user behavior data for promising performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can handle full-scale search traffics of Alipay with acceptable cost and latency. |
SelfRACG: Enabling LLMs to Self-Express and Retrieve for Code Generation (2025.emnlp-main)
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Qian Dong, Jia Chen, Qingyao Ai, Hongning Wang, Haitao Li, null Yiwu, Yao Hu, Yiqun Liu, Shaoping Ma
| Challenge: | Existing retrieval-augmented code generation methods fail to accurately fetch the knowledge required for code generation for consecutive code fragments. |
| Approach: | They propose a paradigm that enables large language models to Self-express their information needs to enhance retrieval-augmented code generation methods. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that SelfRACG can retrieve external knowledge that better aligns with the LLM’s own information needs, resulting in superior generation performance compared to vanilla RACG. |
SILC-EFSA: Self-aware In-context Learning Correction for Entity-level Financial Sentiment Analysis (2025.coling-main)
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Senbin Zhu, ChenYuan He, Hongde Liu, Pengcheng Dong, Hanjie Zhao, Yuchen Yan, Yuxiang Jia, Hongying Zan, Min Peng
| Challenge: | Currently, most sentiment analysis corpora use sequence-level annotation. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage approach to financial entity-level sentiment analysis called Self-aware In-context Learning Correction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art on the largest English and Chinese financial entity-level sentiment analysis datasets to date. |
Bridging Relevance and Reasoning: Rationale Distillation in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.findings-acl)
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Pengyue Jia, Derong Xu, Xiaopeng Li, Zhaocheng Du, Xiangyang Li, Yichao Wang, Yuhao Wang, Qidong Liu, Maolin Wang, Huifeng Guo, Ruiming Tang, Xiangyu Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to rerank and align documents based on reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) . prior work shows that LLMs have exceptional reasoning and text generation capabilities . |
| Approach: | They propose a rationale extraction method that leverages reasoning capabilities of large language models to extract the rationales necessary for answering a query. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is compared with baseline methods on two tasks across three datasets. |
STYLE: Improving Domain Transferability of Asking Clarification Questions in Large Language Model Powered Conversational Agents (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for addressing ambiguities in conversational search systems are one-size-fits-all and struggle to achieve effective domain transferability. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to provide search engines with strategies regarding when to ask clarification questions in a post-hoc manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves search performance 10% on four unseen domains. |
Tell Me More! Towards Implicit User Intention Understanding of Language Model Driven Agents (2024.acl-long)
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Cheng Qian, Bingxiang He, Zhong Zhuang, Jia Deng, Yujia Qin, Xin Cong, Zhong Zhang, Jie Zhou, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Current language model-driven agents lack mechanisms for effective user participation, which is crucial given the vagueness commonly found in user instructions. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to inspect users’ implicit intentions through explicit queries and a model expert as the upstream in agent design to enhance user-agent interaction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach excels at identifying vague user tasks, recovering and summarizing critical missing information, setting precise and necessary agent execution goals, and minimizing redundant tool usage, thus boosting overall efficiency. |
ReTRE: Benchmarking LLM Transfer Robustness with Structure-Preserving Variants (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Learning transfer theory emphasizes that applying acquired knowledge to novel manifestations is a key signal of deep understanding |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that probes transfer robustness along two rewrite levels: Near Transfer and Far Transfer. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark demonstrates that large language models are robust when faced with novel manifestations of the same problem. |
RealChart2Code: Bridging the Gap in Real-World Chart-to-Code Generation via Multi-Task Evaluation (2026.acl-long)
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Jiajun Zhang, Yuying Li, Zhixun Li, Xingyu Guo, Jingzhuo Wu, Leqi Zheng, Yiran Yang, Jianke Zhang, Qingbin Li, Shannan Yan, Changguo Jia, Junfei Wu, Zilei Wang, Qiang Liu, Liang Wang
| Challenge: | Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in code generation across various domains, but their ability to replicate complex, multi-panel visualizations remains largely unassessed. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale benchmark to evaluate chart generation from large- scale raw data and assess iterative code refinement in a multi-turn conversational setting. |
| Outcome: | The new benchmark evaluates 14 leading VLMs on real-world data and shows they struggle with complex plot structures and authentic data. |
Adaptive Preference Optimization with Uncertainty-aware Utility Anchor (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Offline preference optimization methods are efficient for large language models (LLMs) alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose an offline preference optimization framework that estimates uncertainties from preference data . the method enables training even in scenarios where the data is unpaired . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method enables training even in scenarios where the data is unpaired . |
E-ConvRec: A Large-Scale Conversational Recommendation Dataset for E-Commerce Customer Service (2022.lrec-1)
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Meihuizi Jia, Ruixue Liu, Peiying Wang, Yang Song, Zexi Xi, Haobin Li, Xin Shen, Meng Chen, Jinhui Pang, Xiaodong He
| Challenge: | Recent research has focused on developing conversational recommendation system (CRS), which provides valuable recommendations to users through conversations. |
| Approach: | They construct an authentic Chinese dialogue dataset consisting of over 25k dialogues and 770k utterances, which contains user profile, product knowledge base, and multiple sequential real conversations between users and recommenders. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset contains user profile, product knowledge base, and multiple sequential real conversations between users and recommenders. |
Neural Machine Translation for Agglutinative Languages via Data Rejuvenation (2025.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Recent years, advances in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) heavily rely on large-scale parallel corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose to combine fine-grained inactive sample identification with target-side rejuvenation to improve translation quality from agglutinative languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on four low-resource agglutinative language tasks. |
Werewolf Among Us: Multimodal Resources for Modeling Persuasion Behaviors in Social Deduction Games (2023.findings-acl)
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Bolin Lai, Hongxin Zhang, Miao Liu, Aryan Pariani, Fiona Ryan, Wenqi Jia, Shirley Anugrah Hayati, James Rehg, Diyi Yang
| Challenge: | Existing studies on persuasive behavior modeling focus on textual dialogues . a multimodal dataset is available for persuasion modeling . |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal dataset for modeling persuasive behaviors using visual signals. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes 199 dialogue transcriptions and videos captured in a multi-player social deduction game setting and 26,647 utterance level annotations of persuasion strategy and game level annotation of deduction game outcomes. |
QSpell 250K: A Large-Scale, Practical Dataset for Chinese Search Query Spell Correction (2025.naacl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Chinese Search Query Spell Correction is a task designed to identify and correct typographical errors within queries. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale benchmark specifically developed for Chinese Query Spell Correction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark covers a broad range of topics, including formal entities, everyday colloquialisms and idiomatic expressions. |
EcoLoRA: Communication-Efficient Federated Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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Han Liu, Ruoyao Wen, Srijith Nair, Jia Liu, Wenjing Lou, Chongjie Zhang, William Yeoh, Yevgeniy Vorobeychik, Ning Zhang
| Challenge: | Recurrent exchange of model updates in FL can result in prohibitively high communication costs, hindering the distributed learning process. |
| Approach: | They propose a federated fine-tuning framework that uses a round-robin segment sharing scheme to reduce network bandwidth and adaptive sparsification methods tailored to LoRA’s training dynamics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces communication overhead without compromising performance on question-answering and value-alignment tasks. |
Self-Polish: Enhance Reasoning in Large Language Models via Problem Refinement (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Zhiheng Xi, Senjie Jin, Yuhao Zhou, Rui Zheng, Songyang Gao, Jia Liu, Tao Gui, Qi Zhang, Xuanjing Huang
| Challenge: | Existing prompting methods have been used to enhance multistep reasoning capabilities of large language models, but they have overlooked the potential of formulating higher-quality problems. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that starts from the problem side and refines problems to be more comprehensible and solvable for models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves notable and consistent effectiveness on five reasoning benchmarks across different models. |
AutoRubric: Rubric-Based Generative Rewards for Faithful Multimodal Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have advanced from perception tasks to complex multi-step reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards with process-level supervision through automatically collected rubric-based generative rewards. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on six multimodal reasoning benchmarks and significantly improves reasoning faithfulness in dedicated evaluations. |
Scene Restoring for Narrative Machine Reading Comprehension (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Narrative passages describe a chain of events, which helps the machine understand the passage comprehensively. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to let machine read narrative passages with their prior knowledge . they build a scene graph using Atomic as external knowledge and encode it with GDIN . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art on a Story Cloze Test and CosmosQA datasets. |
Multi-Programming Language Sandbox for LLMs (2025.acl-demo)
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Shihan Dou, Jiazheng Zhang, Jianxiang Zang, Yunbo Tao, Weikang Zhou, Haoxiang Jia, Shichun Liu, Yuming Yang, Shenxi Wu, Zhiheng Xi, Muling Wu, Rui Zheng, Changze Lv, Limao Xiong, Shaoqing Zhang, Lin Zhang, Wenyu Zhan, Rongxiang Weng, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai, Yueming Wu, Ming Wen, Yixin Cao, Tao Gui, Xipeng Qiu, Qi Zhang, Xuanjing Huang
| Challenge: | MPLSandbox is an out-of-the-box multi-programming language sandbox designed to provide unified and comprehensive feedback from compiler and analysis tools for Large Language Models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-programming language sandbox that provides unified feedback from compilers and analysis tools for Large Language Models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed multi-language sandbox can provide comprehensive feedback from compilers and analysis tools for large language models (LLMs). |
MILL: Mutual Verification with Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Query Expansion (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for query expansion lack corpus-specific knowledge and cost. |
| Approach: | They propose a query-query-document generation method that leverages large language models for mutual verification to produce diverse sub-queries and corresponding documents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is fully zero-shot and extensive experiments on three public benchmark datasets demonstrate its effectiveness over existing methods. |
AlgBench: To What Extent Do Large Reasoning Models Understand Algorithms? (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning fail to answer a critical question: do LRMs master algorithmic thinking? Empirical evaluations on leading LRM models reveal substantial performance heterogeneity, while models perform well on non-optimized tasks, accuracy drops sharply to around 49% on globally optimized algorithms. |
| Approach: | They propose an algorithm-centric benchmark that evaluates large reasoning models under an algorithmic paradigm. |
| Outcome: | Empirical evaluations on leading LRMs reveal substantial performance heterogeneity . models perform well on non-optimized tasks, accuracy drops sharply to around 49% . |
ReflectEvo: Improving Meta Introspection of Small LLMs by Learning Self-Reflection (2025.findings-acl)
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Jiaqi Li, Xinyi Dong, Yang Liu, Zhizhuo Yang, Quansen Wang, Xiaobo Wang, Song-Chun Zhu, Zixia Jia, Zilong Zheng
| Challenge: | ReflectEvo-460k is a large-scale, comprehensive, self-generated reflection dataset with broadened instructions and diverse multi-domain tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline that iteratively generates self-reflection for self-training and a large-scale reflection dataset with broadened instructions and diverse multi-domain tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline improves Llama-3 reasoning ability by up to 71.2% and Mistral by upto 44.4%. |
PhysReason: A Comprehensive Benchmark towards Physics-Based Reasoning (2025.acl-long)
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Xinyu Zhang, Yuxuan Dong, Yanrui Wu, Jiaxing Huang, Chengyou Jia, Basura Fernando, Mike Zheng Shou, Lingling Zhang, Jun Liu
| Challenge: | Large language models demonstrate remarkable capabilities across various domains, including mathematics and logic reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a physics-based reasoning benchmark that includes physics theorems and constraints and a Physics Solution Auto Scoring Framework to evaluate physics based reasoning in large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables models to achieve less than 60% on answer-level evaluation, with performance dropping from knowledge questions (75.11%) to hard problems (31.99%). |
Parallelism and Generation Order in Masked Diffusion Language Models: Limits Today, Potential Tomorrow (2026.findings-acl)
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Yangyang Zhong, Yanmei Gu, Zhengqing Zang, Xiaomeng Li, Yuqi Ding, Xibei Jia, Yuting Shen, Zhenzhong Lan, Liwang Zhu, Weiping Liu, Junlin Zhou, Haisheng Liu, Zhong Xin Yu, Pengxin Luo, Donglian Qi, Yunfeng Yan, Junbo Zhao
| Challenge: | Autoregressive (AR) language models dominate modern natural language processing due to strong likelihood-based training objectives and reliable left-to-right decoding. |
| Approach: | They characterize MDLM behavior along two dimensions: parallelism strength and generation order . authors propose a Generate-then-Edit paradigm that mitigates dependency loss . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on tasks that require "backward information" the Generate-then-Edit paradigm improves parallel decoding efficiency while reducing dependency loss. |
Light-R1: Curriculum SFT, DPO and RL for Long COT from Scratch and Beyond (2025.acl-industry)
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Liang Wen, Yunke Cai, Fenrui Xiao, Xin He, Qi An, Zhenyu Duan, Yimin Du, Junchen Liu, Tanglifu Tanglifu, Xiaowei Lv, Haosheng Zou, Yongchao Deng, Shousheng Jia, Xiangzheng Zhang
| Challenge: | Experimental results show that opensource curriculum training is more effective when distinct datasets are available for different training stages. |
| Approach: | They propose an opensource suite for training long reasoning models using publicdata and models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms DeepSeek-R1-DistillQwen-32B models in math reasoning. |
Collective Event Detection via a Hierarchical and Bias Tagging Networks with Gated Multi-level Attention Mechanisms (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to ACE event detection treat multiple events in one sentence as independent ones and recognize them separately. |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical and bias tagging network framework to detect multiple events in one sentence collectively and a gated multi-level attention mechanism to automatically extract and fuse the sentence-level and document-level information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods on a 2005 ACE dataset. |
Neural Gibbs Sampling for Joint Event Argument Extraction (2020.aacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for event argument extraction cannot adequately model the correlation between event arguments and their roles. |
| Approach: | They propose a Bayesian model to jointly extract event arguments using Gibbs sampling . they train two neural networks to model prior distribution and conditional distribution over event arguments . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can achieve comparable results to existing methods on two widely-used datasets. |
DIFFA-2: A Practical Diffusion Large Language Model for General Audio Understanding (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Autoregressive (AR) large audio language models are expensive in data and computation . prior work shows diffusion-based LALMs can improve audio understanding under matched settings . |
| Approach: | They propose a diffusion-based LALM that upgrades the speech encoder and employs dual semantic and acoustic adapters. |
| Outcome: | a new model improves over existing autoregressive large language models and is competitive to strong AR models . the proposed model can make use of limited training data and improve inference efficiency . a recent study shows that diffusion-based models can improve audio understanding . |
HierGR: Hierarchical Semantic Representation Enhancement for Generative Retrieval in Food Delivery Search (2025.acl-industry)
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Fuwei Zhang, Xiaoyu Liu, Xinyu Jia, Yingfei Zhang, Zenghua Xia, Fei Jiang, Fuzhen Zhuang, Wei Lin, Zhao Zhang
| Challenge: | Generative retrieval (GR) is an emerging search paradigm for food delivery search. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that harnesses the advanced query understanding capabilities of large language models to enhance the retrieval of results for complex and long-tail queries in food delivery search scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method increases the number of online orders by 0.68% for complex search intents. |
Chain-of-Thought Prompting Obscures Hallucination Cues in Large Language Models: An Empirical Evaluation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can mitigate hallucinations by encouraging step-by-step reasoning, but its impact on halluciation detection remains underexplored. |
| Approach: | They conduct an empirical evaluation of CoT prompting in Large Language Models (LLMs) to examine their impact on hallucination detection methods. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly affects the internal states and token probability distributions of the LLM. |
Multimodal Fine-grained Context Interaction Graph Modeling for Conversational Speech Synthesis (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods overlook the fine-grained semantic and prosodic interaction modeling at the word level. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach to generate conversational prosody by understanding multimodal dialogue history (MDH) using fine-grained semantic and prosodic interaction modeling, they construct specialized multimodal fine-grain dialogue interaction graphs that encode interaction between word-level semantics and prosody. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms baseline models in terms of prosodic expressiveness. |
All That Glitters is Not Gold: Improving Robust Retrieval-Augmented Language Models with Fact-Centric Preference Alignment (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to learn adaptive retrieval for noisy documents lack prior filtering and may lead to the loss of crucial information. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to improve retrieval performance without prior filtering . they use LLMs self-generated synthetic data as training data without manual annotation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs positive document mining based on factual consistency and uses LLMs self-generated synthetic data as training data without manual annotation. |
Task-Adaptive Tokenization: Enhancing Long-Form Text Generation Efficacy in Mental Health and Beyond (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to generate text in mental health are limiting, but they are effective for many tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a task-adaptive tokenizer that allows for the integration of task-specific tokens into the pre-trained model's tokenization step. |
| Outcome: | The proposed tokenization approach improves generation performance on psychological question-answering tasks in Chinese and English while using 60% fewer tokens. |
Tears or Cheers? Benchmarking LLMs via Culturally Elicited Distinct Affective Responses (2026.acl-long)
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Chongyuan Dai, Yaling Shen, Zihan Gao, Jia Li, Yishun Jiang, Yaxiong Wang, Liu Liu, Zongyuan Ge, Jinpeng Hu
| Challenge: | Culture is a fundamental determinant of human affective processing and affective perceptions are often limited by declarative knowledge or established societal customs. |
| Approach: | They propose a multimodal benchmark that leverages LLM-generated provisional labels to isolate cross-cultural emotional distinctions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark captures cross-cultural emotional distinctions and derives reliable ground-truth annotations through human evaluation. |
Improve Interpretability of Neural Networks via Sparse Contrastive Coding (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | XAI has achieved remarkable advances, but few efforts have been devoted to solving the problem. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-agnostic explanation method termed Sparse Contrastive Coding . they use model-based explanations to explain the black-box in a more model-oriented way . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms five state-of-the-art methods in interpretability and classification metrics. |
Learning How and What to Memorize: Cognition-Inspired Two-Stage Optimization for Evolving Memory (2026.acl-long)
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Derong Xu, Shuochen Liu, Pengfei Luo, Pengyue Jia, Yingyi Zhang, Yi Wen, Yimin Deng, Wenlin Zhang, Enhong Chen, Xiangyu Zhao, Tong Xu
| Challenge: | Existing memory systems rely on static, hand-crafted update rules for personalization, but sparse outcome rewards provide weak supervision, resulting in unstable long-horizon optimization. |
| Approach: | They propose a memory guideline optimization framework that learns how memory should be organized and what information to update. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework learns how memory should be organized and what information to update. |
Positive Text Reframing under Multi-strategy Optimization (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing positive reframing models can be fine-tuned to achieve acceptable results, but generating fluent, diverse text remains a challenge. |
| Approach: | They propose a positive reframing sentiment reward and content preservation reward framework . they propose re-ranking methods that optimize for style and consistency . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on unconstrained and controlled positive reframing tasks. |
Post-Training Dialogue Summarization using Pseudo-Paraphrasing (2022.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to dialogue summarization use dialogue-specific features that require additional knowledge to recognize or make the models harder to tune. |
| Approach: | They propose to post-train pretrained language models to rephrase from dialogue to narratives and fine-tune them as usual. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing models by summary quality and implementation costs. |
Multi-Agent Simulator Drives Language Models for Legal Intensive Interaction (2025.findings-naacl)
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ShengbinYue ShengbinYue, Ting Huang, Zheng Jia, Siyuan Wang, Shujun Liu, Yun Song, Xuanjing Huang, Zhongyu Wei
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced legal intelligence, but the scarcity of scenario data impedes the progress toward interactive legal scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a Multi-agent Legal Simulation Driver to generate synthetic data by simulating interactive legal scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework ensures consistency of legal attributes between participants and introduces a supervisory mechanism to align participants’ characters and behaviors as well as addressing distractions. |
Strength Lies in Differences! Improving Strategy Planning for Non-collaborative Dialogues via Diversified User Simulation (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Non-collaborative dialogue agents are expected to engage in strategic conversations with diverse users, and this poses two main challenges for existing dialogue agents: 1) the inability to integrate user-specific characteristics into the strategic planning; 2) the difficulty of training strategic planners that can be generalized to diverse users. |
| Approach: | They propose to integrate a user-aware strategic planning module and a population-based training paradigm into a non-collaborative dialogue agent for securing a mutual agreement that leans favorably towards the system's objectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to achieve a mutual agreement that leans favorably towards the system's objectives. |
S2R: Teaching LLMs to Self-verify and Self-correct via Reinforcement Learning (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to incentivize LLMs’ deep thinking abilities require large-scale data or significant training efforts. |
| Approach: | They introduce an efficient framework that enhances LLM reasoning by teaching models to self-verify and self-correct during inference. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms models trained on long-CoT distilled data with 3.1k initialization samples and achieves an accuracy improvement of 51.0% to 81.6%. |
Exploring Response Uncertainty in MLLMs: An Empirical Evaluation under Misleading Scenarios (2025.emnlp-main)
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Yunkai Dang, Mengxi Gao, Yibo Yan, Xin Zou, Yanggan Gu, Jungang Li, Jingyu Wang, Peijie Jiang, Aiwei Liu, Jia Liu, Xuming Hu
| Challenge: | Existing studies have focused mainly on visual–textual misalignment, leaving largely unexplored the MLLMs’ ability to preserve an original correct answer when confronted with misleading information. |
| Approach: | They propose a two-stage evaluation pipeline to quantify the response uncertainty phenomenon by eliciting each model’s original response on unperturbed inputs and injecting explicit (false-answer hints) and implicit (contextual contradictions) misleading instructions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model overturns a correct answer in 65% of cases after receiving a single deceptive cue. |
Do Question Answering Modeling Improvements Hold Across Benchmarks? (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a new study finds that human-constructed and downsampled benchmarks hold more concurrence than downsampled benchmarks. |
| Approach: | They propose to measure concurrence between two QA benchmarks on a set of 20 models . they find that human-constructed benchmarks have high concurrence amongst themselves . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models hold broadly across the diverse landscape of question answering (QA) benchmarks. |
Sentence Ordering with a Coherence Verifier (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent sentence ordering studies can be classified into 2 categories: pair-wise ranking-based and sequence generation-based methods. |
| Approach: | They propose a sentence ordering method by plugging a coherence verifier into ranking-based and sequence generation-based methods. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on topological sorting-based and pointer network-based methods with topological and point-based models. |
MemSearch-o1: Empowering Large Language Models with Reasoning-Aligned Memory Growth in Agentic Search (2026.acl-long)
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Sheng Zhang, Junyi Li, Yingyi Zhang, Pengyue Jia, Yichao Wang, Xiaowei Qian, Wenlin Zhang, Maolin Wang, Yong Liu, Xiangyu Zhao
| Challenge: | Existing methods for memory management struggle to capture fine-grained semantic relations between queries and documents. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for reasoning and agentic search that grows fine-grained memory fragments from seed tokens from queries, then retraces and deep refines the memory via a contribution function. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on eight benchmark datasets show that MemSearch-o1 significantly mitigates memory dilution and more effectively activates reasoning potential of diverse LLMs. |
Ready Jurist One: Benchmarking Language Agents for Legal Intelligence in Dynamic Environments (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for legal intelligence are limited to static evaluation paradigms or simplified scenarios. |
| Approach: | They introduce J1-ENVS, the first interactive and dynamic legal environment tailored for LLM-based agents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework assesses task performance and procedural compliance across legal proficiency levels. |
Regularized Attentive Capsule Network for Overlapped Relation Extraction (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract relations from distant supervision contain low-quality instances with noisy words and overlapped relations. |
| Approach: | They propose a Regularized Attentive Capsule Network to better identify overlapped relations in informal sentences . they embed multi-head attention into the capsule network as the low-level capsules . |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments show that the proposed model improves relation extraction. |
Combining Supervised Learning and Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Label Classification Tasks with Partial Labels (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing supervised learning methods rely on human annotations, but multi-label tasks pose challenges due to the specific domain knowledge and large class sets. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that can be used to annotate a subset of positive classes from a multi-label dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework is generalized and effective across multiple tasks. |
Sailor: Open Language Models for South-East Asia (2024.emnlp-demo)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) rely on English data for training, but are often not comparable across other languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to develop a family of open language models for SEA languages . they use BPE dropout, aggressive data cleaning and deduplication to improve model robustness . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models perform well across four benchmarks, including commonsense reasoning, question answering, reading comprehension and examination. |
BMInf: An Efficient Toolkit for Big Model Inference and Tuning (2022.acl-demo)
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Xu Han, Guoyang Zeng, Weilin Zhao, Zhiyuan Liu, Zhengyan Zhang, Jie Zhou, Jun Zhang, Jia Chao, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Recent years, pre-trained language models (PLMs) have achieved promising results on various NLP tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source toolkit for big model inference and tuning which can support big model tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
| Outcome: | The proposed toolkit can support big model inference and tuning at extremely low computation cost. |
Improving Abstractive Document Summarization with Salient Information Modeling (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Abstractive document summarization is a task of natural language generation which generates fluent summaries with salient information automatically. |
| Approach: | They propose to incorporate a Gaussian focal bias on attention scores into an encoder to enhance the perception of local context and to distinguish salient information precisely. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art models on the CNN/Daily Mail benchmark and is based on a focus-attention mechanism and two new extensions. |
LLM-empowered Dynamic Prompt Routing for Vision-Language Models Tuning under Long-Tailed Distributions (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) often suffer from bias in class-imbalanced scenes. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-dimensional dynamic prompt routing framework that integrates a knowledge base for classes spanning multiple visual-semantic dimensions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves comparable results with current SOTA methods on long-tailed benchmarks, including CIFAR-LT, ImageNet-LT and Places-LT. |
Benchmarking Long-Context Language Models on Long Code Understanding (2025.acl-long)
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Jia Li, Xuyuan Guo, Lei Li, Kechi Zhang, Ge Li, Jia Li, Zhengwei Tao, Fang Liu, Chongyang Tao, Yuqi Zhu, Zhi Jin
| Challenge: | Currently, long-context language models are limited by the lack of a rigorous evaluation framework for long code understanding. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a long code understanding benchmark LongCodeU to evaluate LCLMs' long code comprehension ability for practical applications. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that current LCLMs are limited in their long code understanding ability, particularly when the long code length is greater than 32K, falling far short of their claimed 128K to 1M context windows. |
DiffusionDialog: A Diffusion Model for Diverse Dialog Generation with Latent Space (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies have tried to introduce discrete or Gaussian-based latent variables to address the one-to-many problem, but the diversity is limited. |
| Approach: | They propose a diffusion model to enhance the diversity of dialogue generation by using continuous latent variables instead of discrete ones. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model greatly enhances diversity of dialog response while keeping the coherence. |
DeMAC: Enhancing Multi-Agent Coordination with Dynamic DAG and Manager-Player Feedback (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by large language models struggle to adapt to evolving task dependencies and to handle uncertainties. |
| Approach: | They propose a Dynamic Environment-Aware Manager-Player Agents Coordination framework that enhances multi-agent coordination through long-term strategic planning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms traditional reinforcement learning and human-agent collaboration in the Overcooked simulation. |
ValCAT: Variable-Length Contextualized Adversarial Transformations Using Encoder-Decoder Language Model (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing word-level approaches to attack text are limited to a single word . existing methods ignore interactions between consecutive words, resulting in one-to-one attacks . |
| Approach: | They propose a black-box attack framework that misleads the language model by applying variable-length contextualized transformations to the original text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods on classification and inference tasks. |
FaiMA: Feature-aware In-context Learning for Multi-domain Aspect-based Sentiment Analysis (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for aspect-based sentiment analysis are limited and integrating with existing techniques is difficult. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that utilizes in-context learning as a feature-aware mechanism that facilitates adaptive learning in multi-domain ABSA tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves significant performance improvements in multiple domains compared to baselines, increasing F1 by 2.07% on average. |
EfficientRAG: Efficient Retriever for Multi-Hop Question Answering (2024.emnlp-main)
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Ziyuan Zhuang, Zhiyang Zhang, Sitao Cheng, Fangkai Yang, Jia Liu, Shujian Huang, Qingwei Lin, Saravan Rajmohan, Dongmei Zhang, Qi Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing retrieval-augmented generation methods rely on multiple calls of large language models (LLMs) Large-language models lack knowledge underrepresented in training data and still face hallucinations. |
| Approach: | They propose an efficient retriever for multi-hop question answering that generates new queries iteratively without the need for LLM calls. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method surpasses existing methods on three open-domain multi-hop question-answering datasets. |
Distantly Supervised Relation Extraction using Multi-Layer Revision Network and Confidence-based Multi-Instance Learning (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Distantly supervised relation extraction is used in knowledge bases but its low quality and noisy sentences are present in sentence bags. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-layer revision network which emphasizes inner-sentence correlations before extracting relevant information within sentences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on two New York Times datasets. |
Improving Grammatical Error Correction via Pre-Training a Copy-Augmented Architecture with Unlabeled Data (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Neural machine translation systems have become state-of-the-art approaches for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task. |
| Approach: | They propose a copy-augmented architecture for the Grammatical Error Correction task by copying unchanged words from the source sentence to the target sentence. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture outperforms all recently published state-of-the-art results by a large margin. |
SEUF: Is Unlearning One Expert Enough for Mixture-of-Experts LLMs? (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in LLMs unlearning have shown remarkable success in removing unwanted data-model influences while preserving the model’s utility for legitimate knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a Selected-Expert Unlearning Framework (SEUF) that combines expert attribution and an anchor loss to ensure controlled unlearning. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that the proposed framework improves forget quality and model utility by 35% on MoE LLMs across benchmarks and LLM architectures compared to standard unlearning algorithms . |
Deep Differential Amplifier for Extractive Summarization (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to extract summary from document with a disproportionate ratio of selected and unselected sentences are far from human performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that rebalances sentence-level extractive summarization by amplifying the semantic difference between each sentence and all other sentences and applying the residual unit as the second item of the differential amplifier to deepen the architecture. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs competitively against state-of-the-art methods on two benchmark datasets. |
Textual Steering Vectors Can Improve Visual Understanding in Multimodal Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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Woody Haosheng Gan, Deqing Fu, Julian Asilis, Ollie Liu, Vatsal Sharan, Robin Jia, Willie Neiswanger
| Challenge: | Steering methods have emerged as effective tools for guiding large language models’ behavior, yet multimodal large language model lacks comparable techniques due to architectural diversity and limited availability of multimodal steering vectors. |
| Approach: | They validate steering vectors derived solely from text-only LLM backbones and use a cross-modal transfer technique to reuse existing interpretability tools. |
| Outcome: | The proposed steering vectors can guide and enhance multimodal models using SPAR, Mean Shift, and Linear Probing. |
Protecting Privacy in Multimodal Large Language Models with MLLMU-Bench (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language models (MLLMs) trained on vast web corpora can memorize and disclose individuals’ confidential and private data, raising legal and ethical concerns. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to assess unlearning algorithms from multiple perspectives and provide a baseline for existing generative models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark consists of 500 fictitious profiles and 153 profiles for public celebrities, evaluated from both multimodal (image+text) and unimodal (text) perspectives. |
The Right Time Matters: Data Arrangement Affects Zero-Shot Generalization in Instruction Tuning (2025.findings-acl)
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Bingxiang He, Ning Ding, Cheng Qian, Jia Deng, Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Haiwen Hong, Huan-ang Gao, Longtao Huang, Hui Xue, Huimin Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun
| Challenge: | Existing work on instruction tuning has focused on task level, without considering that tasks are artificially defined and, to LLMs, merely consist of tokens and representations. |
| Approach: | They propose a training data arrangement framework that allows for continual learning and loss reduction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework promotes continual learning and loss reduction on unseen tasks. |
Beyond Transcription: Unified Audio Schema for Perception-Aware AudioLLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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Linhao Zhang, Yuhan Song, Aiwei Liu, Chuhan Wu, Sijun Zhang, Wei Jia, Yuan Liu, Houfeng Wang, Zhou Xiao
| Challenge: | Recent Audio Large Language Models (AudioLLMs) excel at reasoning tasks, but struggle at elementary auditory perception. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that organizes audio information into three explicit components in a unified JSON format. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework boosts fine-grained perception by 10.9% on MMSU over state-of-the-art models while preserving robust reasoning capabilities. |
PedagogyBench: A Cognitive-Driven Benchmark for Multimodal Instructional Video Understanding (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing video understanding benchmarks do not adequately capture the pedagogical logic embedded in instructional videos. |
| Approach: | They propose a pedagogy-driven segmentation strategy and a dual-stream semantic injection pipeline that combines machine pre-annotation with expert refinement. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs well on discriminative tasks but degrades on higher-order pedagogical diagnosis, relying on parametric memory rather than grounded visual perception. |
Evaluating the Long-Term Memory of Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have not thoroughly investigated the memory performance of large language models in long-term tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset to evaluate the long-term memory capabilities of large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model exhibits memory preferences across different categories of information. |
Enhancing Learning-Based Binary Code Similarity Detection Model through Adversarial Training with Multiple Function Variants (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Lichen Jia, Chenggang Wu, Bowen Tang, Peihua Zhang, Zihan Jiang, Yang Yang, Ning Liu, Jingfeng Zhang, Zhe Wang
| Challenge: | Existing Learning-Based Binary Code Similarity Detection (LB-BCSD) methods exhibit lower accuracy in recognizing functions with the same functionality but different implementations. |
| Approach: | They propose a gradient-guided adversarial attack method based on critical code called FuncFooler which perturbs critical code to generate multiple variants of the same function. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method increases the accuracy of the current Learning-Based Binary Code Similarity Detection (LB-BCSD) model by 5%-7%. |
Optimal Expert-Attention Allocation in Mixture-of-Experts: A Scalable Law for Dynamic Model Design (2026.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | a novel extension of neural scaling laws to Mixture-of-Experts models is proposed . a ratio of expert-attention compute is crucial for efficient MoE models . |
| Approach: | They propose an extension of neural scaling laws to Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models . they define the ratio r as the fraction of total FLOPs per token dedicated to expert and attention layers . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be tuned beyond size and data with the proposed model. |
OS-Genesis: Automating GUI Agent Trajectory Construction via Reverse Task Synthesis (2025.acl-long)
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Qiushi Sun, Kanzhi Cheng, Zichen Ding, Chuanyang Jin, Yian Wang, Fangzhi Xu, Zhenyu Wu, Chengyou Jia, Liheng Chen, Zhoumianze Liu, Ben Kao, Guohao Li, Junxian He, Yu Qiao, Zhiyong Wu
| Challenge: | Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated human-like computer control capability. |
| Approach: | They propose a GUI data synthesis pipeline that reverse engineers GUI trajectory construction process by executing pre-defined tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed GUI data synthesis pipeline overcomes the bottlenecks of previous methods that rely on pre-defined tasks and limited data diversity. |
EvoCoT: Overcoming the Exploration Bottleneck in Reinforcement Learning for LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) are limited by difficulty or lack of exploration. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-evolving curriculum learning framework based on chain-of-thought reasoning optimization that constrains exploration space by self-generating and verifying CoT trajectories. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables LLMs to solve previously unsolved problems without external supervision and is compatible with various RL fine-tuning methods. |
Rapid Diffusion: Building Domain-Specific Text-to-Image Synthesizers with Fast Inference Speed (2023.acl-industry)
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Bingyan Liu, Weifeng Lin, Zhongjie Duan, Chengyu Wang, Wu Ziheng, Zhang Zipeng, Kui Jia, Lianwen Jin, Cen Chen, Jun Huang
| Challenge: | Text-to-Image Synthesis (TIS) aims to generate images based on textual inputs . but, current diffusion-based models lack entity knowledge and low inference speed . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for training and deploying latent diffusion models with rich entity knowledge injected and optimized networks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves image quality and inference speed and can be used in industrial applications. |
Task-aware Contrastive Mixture of Experts for Quadruple Extraction in Conversations with Code-like Replies and Non-opinion Detection (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Applying Large Language Models (LLMs) for this specific task presents two primary challenges: the accurate extraction of multiple elements and the understanding of complex dialogue reply structure. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel LLM-based multi-task approach to extract sentiment quadruples from conversations by integrating expert-level contrastive loss within task-oriented mixture of experts layer. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms existing fine-tuning techniques in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. |
Reasoning Model Unlearning: Forgetting Traces, Not Just Answers, While Preserving Reasoning Skills (2025.emnlp-main)
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Changsheng Wang, Chongyu Fan, Yihua Zhang, Jinghan Jia, Dennis Wei, Parikshit Ram, Nathalie Baracaldo, Sijia Liu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for LRM unlearning overlook critical information leakage in reasoning traces, even when final answers are successfully removed. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that suppresses reasoning traces while preserving the model's general reasoning ability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly reduces reasoning trace leakage and achieves strong performance across reasoning and safety benchmarks, including WMDP, StrongReject, JBB-Behaviors and WildJailbreak. |
Neural Relation Extraction via Inner-Sentence Noise Reduction and Transfer Learning (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for extracting relations are slow and lack precision . a novel approach to extract relations is proposed to reduce noise between sentences . |
| Approach: | They propose a word-level distant supervised approach for relation extraction using New York Times and Freebase. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the area of precision/call(PR) from 0.35 to 0.39 over the state-of-the-art methods. |
Aspect and Sentiment Aware Abstractive Review Summarization (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Abstractive summarization is a task that generates short and concise summaries of user generated reviews. |
| Approach: | They propose an interactive attention mechanism to learn the representations of context and aspect words within reviews, acted as an encoder. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves impressive results compared to other strong competitors on a real-life dataset. |
Are Sample-Efficient NLP Models More Robust? (2023.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Recent work in image classification and extractive question answering have observed that pre-trained models trained on less in-distribution data have better out-of-distortion performance. |
| Approach: | They conduct a large empirical study to investigate the relationship between sample efficiency and robustness. |
| Outcome: | The results show that pre-trained models with lower sample efficiency perform better on some tasks but not others. |
Orca: A Few-shot Benchmark for Chinese Conversational Machine Reading Comprehension (2023.findings-emnlp)
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Nuo Chen, Hongguang Li, Junqing He, Yinan Bao, Xinshi Lin, Qi Yang, Jianfeng Liu, Ruyi Gan, Jiaxing Zhang, Baoyuan Wang, Jia Li
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for conversational machine reading comprehension are inconsistent with real scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Chinese CMRC benchmark to evaluate model's generalization ability towards diverse domains by using zero-shot/few-shot settings. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks are based on 831 hot-topic driven conversations with 4,742 turns and cover 33 domains. |
LegalAgentBench: Evaluating LLM Agents in Legal Domain (2025.acl-long)
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Haitao Li, Junjie Chen, Jingli Yang, Qingyao Ai, Wei Jia, Youfeng Liu, Kai Lin, Yueyue Wu, Guozhi Yuan, Yiran Hu, Wuyue Wang, Yiqun Liu, Minlie Huang
| Challenge: | Existing general-domain benchmarks do not capture complexity of real-world judicial cognition and decision-making. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark specifically designed to evaluate LLM Agents in the legal domain. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark includes 17 corpora from real-world legal scenarios and provides 37 tools for interacting with external knowledge. |
Enhancing Efficiency and Exploration in Reinforcement Learning for LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches allocate an equal number of rollouts to all questions during the RL process, which is inefficient. |
| Approach: | They propose a mechanism for dynamically allocating rollout budgets based on the difficulty of the problems, enabling more efficient RL training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves response precision while preserving exploratory ability to uncover potential correct pathways. |
Vision-Language Introspection: Mitigating Overconfident Hallucinations in MLLMs via Interpretable Bi-Causal Steering (2026.acl-long)
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Shuliang Liu, Songbo Yang, Dong Fang, Sihang Jia, Yuqi Tang, Lingfeng Su, Ruoshui Peng, Yibo Yan, Xin Zou, Xuming Hu
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to overcome object hallucination are limited . Existing mitigations include costly retraining and a training-free inference framework . |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free inference framework that simulates a metacognitive self-correction process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces object hallucination rates by 12.67% on MMHal-Bench and improves accuracy by 5.8% on POPE. |
The Agent’s First Day: Benchmarking Learning, Exploration, and Scheduling in the Workplace Scenarios (2026.findings-acl)
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Daocheng Fu, Jianbiao Mei, Rong Wu, Xuemeng Yang, Jia Xu, Ding Wang, Pinlong Cai, Yong Liu, Licheng Wen, Botian Shi
| Challenge: | Existing research mainly focuses on performance upper bounds in static environments, overlooking stochastic real-world deployment. |
| Approach: | They propose a dynamic evaluation environment that simulates a "trainee" agent continuously exploring a novel setting. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model evaluates agents in a dynamic evaluation environment that simulates a "trainee" agent continuously exploring a novel setting. |
ODTQA-FoRe: An Open-Domain Tabular Question Answering Dataset for Future Data Forecasting and Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing tabular question answering systems cannot perform future-oriented numerical prediction . open-domain tabular questions are a popular approach for QA tasks . |
| Approach: | They propose a task that covers time-series forecasting and forecast-based reasoning scenarios using real estate data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework decomposes the problem into three collaborative roles that synthesize the results to construct a precise and consistent final answer. |
Decoding Knowledge Attribution in Mixture-of-Experts: A Framework of Basic-Refinement Collaboration and Efficiency Analysis (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing attribution methods for dense models fail to capture dynamic routing-expert interactions in sparse MoE architectures. |
| Approach: | They propose to analyze sparse MoE architectures against dense models to capture dynamic routing-expert interactions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm shows that sparse models achieve higher efficiency per layer . it also shows that deep Qwen-MoE mitigates expert failures while minimizing complexity . |
MoPE: Mixture of Prefix Experts for Zero-Shot Dialogue State Tracking (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing zero-shot dialogue state tracking models suffer from domain transferring and partial prediction problems. |
| Approach: | They propose to establish connections between similar slots in different domains to improve model transfer performance in unseen domains. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that the proposed model achieves the goal accuracy of 57.13% on MultiWOZ2.1 and 55.4. |
GenWebNovel: A Genre-oriented Corpus of Entities in Chinese Web Novels (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing literature on nested entity recognition is insufficient partly due to insufficient annotated data. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that utilizes a pre-trained language model as an In-context learning example retriever to boost the performance of large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly enhances entity recognition, matching state-of-the-art (SOTA) models without additional training data. |
ConstraintLLM: A Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Industrial-Level Constraint Programming (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Constraint programming (CP) is a powerful paradigm for solving constraint optimization problems. |
| Approach: | They propose to use an open-source LLM to generate formal modeling for COPs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the baselines on the new IndusCP benchmark by 2x. |
Zero-shot Faithfulness Evaluation for Text Summarization with Foundation Language Model (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing work evaluates faithfulness using models trained on related tasks or in-domain synthetic data. |
| Approach: | They propose to do zero-shot faithfulness evaluation with a foundation language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms ChatGPT on faithfulness and inconsistency detection with 24x fewer parameters and is competitive with existing models. |
RSDA: Restoring Stale Data Affinity via Dynamic Renovation Strategy for Mitigating Data Scarcity (2026.acl-long)
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Yidan Liang, Jia Zhu, Weijie Shi, Hanghui Guo, Yue Cui, Jiawei Shen, Guoqing Ma, Jingjiang Liu, Qingyu Niu, Yilin Wang, Shimin Di, Jiajie Xu
| Challenge: | High-quality data is the cornerstone of advancing large language models, but the supply of premium data is nearing depletion, while vast stale corpora remain underutilized. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to restore stale data affinity by quantifying the latent value of samples and employing a dynamic renovation strategy selection mechanism to determine the optimal component-level strategy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves performance improvements using less than 10% of the data volume, underscoring that the latent potential of stale corpora remains largely untapped. |
Expanding the Boundaries of Vision Prior Knowledge in Multi-modal Large Language Models (2026.eacl-long)
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Qiao Liang, Yanjiang Liu, Weixiang Zhou, Ben He, Yaojie Lu, Hongyu Lin, Jia Zheng, Xianpei Han, Le Sun, Yingfei Sun
| Challenge: | Existing research treats MLLMs as unified systems optimized through end-to-end training, but the impact of vision encoder’s prior knowledge is seldom investigated. |
| Approach: | They propose a metric to quantify the effect of prior knowledge on MLLM performance by integrating prior knowledge at the vision encoder level into a training framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training framework incorporates prior knowledge at the vision encoder level, and significantly boosts visual understanding capabilities of MLLMs. |
Multi-level Relevance Document Identifier Learning for Generative Retrieval (2025.acl-long)
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Fuwei Zhang, Xiaoyu Liu, Xinyu Jia, Yingfei Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Xiang Li, Fuzhen Zhuang, Wei Lin, Zhao Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing methods generate DocIDs based on textual content, which may result in weak semantic connections for similar documents due to variations in expression. |
| Approach: | They propose a new retrieval paradigm that generates unique document identifiers . they propose to use queries as a bridge to connect documents with varying relevance levels . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing methods on multilingual e-commerce search datasets. |
One Shot Dominance: Knowledge Poisoning Attack on Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Zhiyuan Chang, Mingyang Li, Xiaojun Jia, Junjie Wang, Yuekai Huang, Ziyou Jiang, Yang Liu, Qing Wang
| Challenge: | Existing knowledge poisoning attacks against RAG systems require multiple poisoned documents or can only function effectively on simplistic queries. |
| Approach: | They propose a more realistic knowledge poisoning attack that poisons only a single document while remaining effective for complex multi-hop questions involving complex relationships between multiple elements. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack achieves success by poisoning only a single document while remaining effective for complex multi-hop questions involving complex relationships between multiple elements. |
MMTutorBench: The First Multimodal Benchmark for AI Math Tutoring (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for AI math tutoring largely overlook these skills. |
| Approach: | They evaluate 12 leading multimodal large language models and find clear performance gaps between them. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that they can solve 770 problems and provide diagnostics and guidance to students step by step. |
R-Search: Empowering LLM Reasoning with Search via Multi-Reward Reinforcement Learning (2026.findings-acl)
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Qingfei Zhao, Ruobing Wang, Dingling Xu, Daren Zha, Ma Bowen, Zhichun Wang, Shijie Jia, Limin Liu, Xin Wang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in multi-step and long-chain reasoning, but extending their reasoning capabilities to encompass deep interactions with search remains a non-trivial challenge. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for Reasoning–Search integration that integrates multi-reward signals to optimize the reasoning–search interaction trajectories. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on seven datasets show that R-Search significantly outperforms mainstream RAG baselines. |
KCVR: Knowledge-Centric Video Reconstruction for Structured Pedagogical Summarization via Dynamic Graph Planning (2026.acl-long)
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Jingjiang Liu, Jia Zhu, Hanghui Guo, Weijie Shi, Yue Cui, Xiaokang Jin, Yilin Wang, Qingyu Niu, Jiawei Shen, Guoqing Ma, Yidan Liang, Shimin Di, Jiajie Xu
| Challenge: | Existing summarization methods compress content for gist browsing, but they break prerequisite logic in instructional videos. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that decouples epistemic planning from content generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms strong end-to-end baselines on Knowledge Progression Consistency and Learning Objective Coverage. |
A Survey on Proactive Defense Strategies Against Misinformation in Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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Shuliang Liu, Hongyi Liu, Aiwei Liu, Duan Bingchen, Zheng Qi, Yibo Yan, He Geng, Peijie Jiang, Jia Liu, Xuming Hu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for detection of misinformation generated by large language models fail to mitigate societal risks . authors propose a paradigm shift from passive detection to anticipatory mitigation strategies . existing defenses remain reactionary in an era demanding proactive defense, authors say . |
| Approach: | They propose a three-pillar approach to prevent misinformation by fortifying integrity of training data and inference reliability by embedding self-corrective mechanisms during reasoning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves existing methods in misinformation prevention by 63% . it demonstrates that existing methods exhibit false negative rates against misinformation . |
Judging with Many Minds: Do More Perspectives Mean Less Prejudice? On Bias Amplification and Resistance in Multi-Agent Based LLM-as-Judge (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Chiyu Ma, Enpei Zhang, Yilun Zhao, Wenjun Liu, Yaning Jia, Peijun Qing, Lin Shi, Arman Cohan, Yujun Yan, Soroush Vosoughi
| Challenge: | LLM-as-Judge frameworks provide scalable alternative to human evaluation . but the question of how intrinsic biases manifest in these settings remains unexplored . |
| Approach: | They conduct systematic analysis of four bias types in multi-agent LLM-as-Judge frameworks . they find debate framework amplifies biases sharply after initial debate . |
| Outcome: | The proposed frameworks amplify biases after debate and show they are stronger in meta-judge scenarios. |
MirrorQA: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs on Mirror-Orientation Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, yet their ability to perform left–right reasoning in mirror contexts remains underexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate MLLMs' ability to distinguish left from right from a subject-centered perspective. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that even the best performing models achieve only 65.40% accuracy, far below the 99.28% accuracy of humans. |
Adversarial Attacks Against Automated Fact-Checking: A Survey (2025.emnlp-main)
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Fanzhen Liu, Sharif Abuadbba, Kristen Moore, Surya Nepal, Cecile Paris, Jia Wu, Jian Yang, Quan Z. Sheng
| Challenge: | Existing fact-checking systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that manipulate or generate claims, evidence, or claim-evidence pairs. |
| Approach: | They examine the impact of adversarial attacks on existing AFC systems and examine their impact on existing ones. |
| Outcome: | The findings highlight the need for resilient fact-checking frameworks in limiting misinformation spread and supporting public trust. |
Modulating Language Models with Emotions (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating context-aware language that embodies diverse emotions are dull or generic due to limited training data for diverse emotions. |
| Approach: | They propose a modulated layer normalization technique that generates emotional responses using large pre-trained models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baseline methods on the MojiTalk dataset while maintaining diversity, fluency, and coherence. |
H-MAS: Hierarchical Multi-Agent Scheduling for Multi-Tenant LLM Serving (2026.findings-acl)
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Yuhan Liu, Cong Xu, Qi Jia, Yihua Wang, Feiyu Chen, Liang Jin, Lu Liu, Yaqian Zhao, Yuting Ding, Xiang Li
| Challenge: | Multi-tenant Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) workloads exhibit non-stationarity across multiple time scales . existing request schedulers often rely on a fixed policy that remains unchanged at runtime . |
| Approach: | They propose a hierarchical multi-agent scheduler that operates in a layered closed loop . they propose to maintain 1.2–3.0 higher Goodput than SGLang and vLLM . |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that H-MAS achieves 1.2–3.0 higher Goodput than SGLang and vLLM . it maintains more stable QoS under diverse request lengths and heterogeneous SLO targets . |
BLUR: A Bi-Level Optimization Approach for LLM Unlearning (2026.eacl-long)
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Hadi Reisizadeh, Jinghan Jia, Zhiqi Bu, Bhanukiran Vinzamuri, Anil Ramakrishna, Kai-Wei Chang, Volkan Cevher, Sijia Liu, Mingyi Hong
| Challenge: | Existing algorithms to unlearn knowledge and capabilities from large datasets are unclear how to best formulate the unlearning problem. |
| Approach: | They propose to model the hierarchical structure of the unlearning problem, where the forget problem takes priority over the retain problem, and propose an algorithm that aims to unlearn knowledge and capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm outperforms all state-of-the-art algorithms across unlearning tasks, models, and metrics. |
FinDABench: Benchmarking Financial Data Analysis Ability of Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)
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Shu Liu, Shangqing Zhao, Chenghao Jia, Xinlin Zhuang, Zhaoguang Long, Jie Zhou, Aimin Zhou, Man Lan, Yang Chong
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks, but their proficiency and reliability in the specialized domain of financial data analysis remain uncertain. |
| Approach: | FinDABench is a benchmark designed to evaluate the financial data analysis capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) it comprises 15,200 training instances and 8,900 test instances, all meticulously crafted by human experts. |
| Outcome: | FinDABench measures the financial data analysis capabilities of large language models (LLMs) across three dimensions: 1) Core Ability; 2) Analytical Ability; 3) Technical Ability. |
SafeEraser: Enhancing Safety in Multimodal Large Language Models through Multimodal Machine Unlearning (2025.findings-acl)
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Junkai Chen, Zhijie Deng, Kening Zheng, Yibo Yan, Shuliang Liu, PeiJun Wu, Peijie Jiang, Jia Liu, Xuming Hu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for MU forget quality and model utility are not fully explored for safety in MLLMs. |
| Approach: | They propose a safety unlearning benchmark for MLLMs to measure over-forgetting . they propose MU methods to forget quality and model utility . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces over-forgetting by 79.5% while maintaining forget quality and model utility. |
DialogueMMT: Dialogue Scenes Understanding Enhanced Multi-modal Multi-task Tuning for Emotion Recognition in Conversations (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing ERC methods fail to handle emotional cues from both visual sources and discourse structures due to the complexity of visual scenes and contextual dependencies in conversations. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for Emotion Recognition in conversations that utilizes multi-task instruction tuning to enhance the model's understanding of multi-modal dialogue scenes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing state-of-the-art models on three benchmark ERC datasets and is based on a video-language connector and a chain-of thought strategy. |
KG-FLIP: Knowledge-guided Fashion-domain Language-Image Pre-training for E-commerce (2023.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Various visionlanguage pre-training (VLP) models learn cross-modal alignment from large-scale well-aligned image-text datasets without leveraging external knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowledge-guided fashion-domain language-image pre-training framework that learns fine-grained representations in e-commerce domain and utilizes external knowledge to improve the pre-train efficiency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art models on Amazon and Fashion-Gen datasets by large margins. |
Data Boost: Text Data Augmentation Through Reinforcement Learning Guided Conditional Generation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for data augmentation produce low readability or semantic consistency. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which augments data through reinforcement learning guided conditional generation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves F1 performance on three different classification tasks by 8.7% on average when given only 10% of the whole data for training. |
In-sample Curriculum Learning by Sequence Completion for Natural Language Generation (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing work on curriculum learning rely on task-specific expertise and cannot generalize to different tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to do in-sample curriculum learning for natural language generation tasks using human-crafted rules and a numeric score for each sample based on domain expertise to rank the model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed learning strategy generalizes well to different tasks and achieves significant improvements over baselines. |
RCBSF: A Multi-Agent Framework for Automated Contract Revision via Stackelberg Game (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | despite the adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), contract revision remains impeded because generic models treat strict legal constraints as mere suggestions. |
| Approach: | They propose a risk-constrained bilevel Stackelberg framework that models high-stakes revision as a strategic interaction rather than an open-ended conversation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance with an average RRR of 84.21% and enhanced token efficiency. |
Knowing-how & Knowing-that: A New Task for Machine Comprehension of User Manuals (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for machine reading comprehension of user manuals have trouble answering complex questions. |
| Approach: | They propose a knowing-how & knowing-that task that requires the model to answer factoid-style, procedure-style and inconsistent questions about user manuals. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can answer factoid-style, procedure-style and inconsistent questions about user manuals. |
Towards Effective Automatic Debt Collection with Persona Awareness (2023.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Existing debt collection agents fail to tailor strategies to debtor personas, leading to ineffective collection. |
| Approach: | They present a commercial practice on debt collection agents that organizes debtor personas into a taxonomy and constructs a persona-aware conversation dataset. |
| Outcome: | The proposed agent increases recovery rate by 3.31% and collects additional 100K RMB after two months of testing. |
Pre-trained Language Model with Prompts for Temporal Knowledge Graph Completion (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for temporal knowledge graph completion (TKGC) focus on extracting information from timestamps and insufficiently utilizing implied information in relations. |
| Approach: | They propose a temporal knowledge graph completion model with prompts that converts quadruples into pre-trained language inputs and prompts to make coherent sentences with implicit semantic information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can make coherent sentences with implicit semantic information. |
StepCoder: Improving Code Generation with Reinforcement Learning from Compiler Feedback (2024.acl-long)
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Shihan Dou, Yan Liu, Haoxiang Jia, Enyu Zhou, Limao Xiong, Junjie Shan, Caishuang Huang, Xiao Wang, Xiaoran Fan, Zhiheng Xi, Yuhao Zhou, Tao Ji, Rui Zheng, Qi Zhang, Tao Gui, Xuanjing Huang
| Challenge: | Existing work integrates reinforcement learning with compiler feedback to enhance code generation quality but the long code generated by LLMs makes RL exploration ineffective. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates reinforcement learning and compiler feedback to enhance code generation quality. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in corresponding benchmarks and integrates reinforcement learning with compiler feedback to improve code generation quality. |
Q-Tuning: Queue-based Prompt Tuning for Lifelong Few-shot Language Learning (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for continual prompt tuning are limited by the ever-growing parameter scale of modern language models (e.g., GPT-4 that may have 1.76 trillion parameters). |
| Approach: | They propose a method for continual prompt tuning that enables the lifelong learning of a pre-trained language model by adding a task-specific prompt to a queue of older tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods substantially on continual prompt tuning benchmarks. |
Self-Correcting RAG: Enhancing Faithfulness via MMKP Context Selection and NLI-Guided MCTS (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to retrieval-augmented generation still face problems with low context utilization and frequent hallucinations. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reformulates retrieval and generation as constrained optimization and path planning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves reasoning accuracy on complex queries while reducing hallucinations. |
A Semantic Uncertainty Sampling Strategy for Back-Translation in Low-Resources Neural Machine Translation (2025.acl-srw)
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Yepai Jia, Yatu Ji, Xiang Xue, Shilei@imufe.edu.cn Shilei@imufe.edu.cn, Qing-Dao-Er-Ji Ren, Nier Wu, Na Liu, Chen Zhao, Fu Liu
| Challenge: | Back-translation methods rely on large-scale parallel corpora to enhance performance, but ignore the semantic quality of monolingual data. |
| Approach: | They propose a method which prioritizes sentences with higher semantic uncertainty as training samples by computationally evaluating the complexity of unannotated monolingual data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves translation accuracy and fluency by +1.7 on all three translation tasks. |
ResFormer: All-Time Reservoir Memory for Long Sequence Classification (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing models with quadratic time and memory complexity restrict input length . however, analyzing extensive sequential contexts is challenging . |
| Approach: | They propose a neural network architecture that captures contextual dependencies in linear time and a nonlinear readout to model short-term dependencies within sentences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baseline models on EmoryNLP datasets and on IEMOCAP and MultiWOZ datasets. |
CARE: A Clue-guided Assistant for CSRs to Read User Manuals (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Current solutions don't fit the online custom service scenarios well due to the lack of attention to user questions and possible responses. |
| Approach: | They propose to build a clue-guided assistant for customer service representations (CSRs) that can provide accurate responses and explicitly show explainable paths about how to arrive at these responses. |
| Outcome: | The proposed assistant can reduce CSRs' reading burden and keep high service quality, in particular with >35% decrease in time spent and keeping a >0.75 ICC score. |
GenProve: Learning to Generate Text with Fine-Grained Provenance (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for large language models (LLMs) are coarse-grained and fail to distinguish between direct quotes and complex reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that combines supervised fine-tuning and group relative policy optimization to generate fluent answers while simultaneously producing sentence-level provenance triples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms 14 strong large language models in joint evaluation. |
Denoising based Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Text Generation (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | PoDA pre-trains encoders and decoders by denoising noise-corrupted text . Unlike encoder-only or decode-only methods, it can be used for text generation tasks without using any task-specific techniques. |
| Approach: | They propose a sequence-to-sequence (seq2sequ) pre-training method PoDA which denoises autoencoders by denoising noise-corrupted text. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves model performance over strong baselines without using any task-specific techniques and significantly speed up convergence. |
Stepwise Reasoning Disruption Attack of LLMs (2025.acl-long)
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Jingyu Peng, Maolin Wang, Xiangyu Zhao, Kai Zhang, Wanyu Wang, Pengyue Jia, Qidong Liu, Ruocheng Guo, Qi Liu
| Challenge: | Existing attacks on LLM reasoning are constrained by specific settings or lack of imperceptibility, limiting their feasibility and generalizability. |
| Approach: | They propose a stepwise rEasoning error disruption attack that subtly injects errors into prior reasoning steps to mislead the model into producing incorrect subsequent reasoning and final answers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack is compatible with zero-shot and few-shot settings, maintains the natural reasoning flow, and ensures covert execution without modification of the instruction. |
SimpleDeepSearcher: Deep Information Seeking via Web-Powered Reasoning Trajectory Synthesis (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Shuang Sun, Huatong Song, Yuhao Wang, Ruiyang Ren, Jinhao Jiang, Junjie Zhang, Fei Bai, Jia Deng, Xin Zhao, Zheng Liu, Lei Fang, Zhongyuan Wang, Ji-Rong Wen
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to deep search training lack high-quality training trajectories, prohibitive computational costs and lack of high-fidelity training data. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that synthesizes high-quality training data by simulating real user interactions in live web search environments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework synthesizes high-quality training data by simulating user interactions in live web search environments. |
Uncertainty Quantification of Large Language Models through Multiple Uncertainty Sources (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for uncertainty quantification fail to capture multifaceted nature of natural language generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-resource Uncertainty Quantification framework that integrates heterogeneous uncertainty signals into a unified measure. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing methods on CoQA, NQ_Open, and HotpotQA. |
Golden Touchstone: A Comprehensive Bilingual Benchmark for Evaluating Financial Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Xiaojun Wu, Junxi Liu, Huan-Yi Su, Zhouchi Lin, Yiyan Qi, Chengjin Xu, Jiajun Su, Jiajie Zhong, Fuwei Wang, Saizhuo Wang, Fengrui Hua, Jia Li, Jian Guo
| Challenge: | Existing financial benchmarks suffer from limited language and task coverage, low-quality datasets, and inadequate adaptability for LLM evaluation. |
| Approach: | They propose a bilingual benchmark for financial LLMs that assesses models’ language understanding and generation capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed bilingual benchmark assesses models’ language understanding and generation capabilities. |
CPRM: A LLM-based Continual Pre-training Framework for Relevance Modeling in Commercial Search (2025.naacl-industry)
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Kaixin Wu, Yixin Ji, Zeyuan Chen, Qiang Wang, Cunxiang Wang, Hong Liu, Baijun Ji, Xu Jia, Zhongyi Liu, Jinjie Gu, Yuan Zhou, Linjian Mo
| Challenge: | Relevance modeling between queries and items is a key component of commercial search engines. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for continual pre-training of LLMs to enhance domain knowledge . they employ queries and multi-field item to jointly pre-train for enhancing domain knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves convincing performance compared to strong baselines. |
SADA: Bridging In-Context Learning and Fine-Tuning via State-Aligned Distillation Adapters (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Prompt-based in-context learning and parameter fine-tuning are dominant paradigms for incorporating external information into large language models, but they incur high inference costs or require expensive retraining. |
| Approach: | They propose to convert prompts into temporary adapter weights to bridge this gap by converting prompts to temporary adapters. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms baselines on long-context language modeling and downstream NLU and summarization benchmarks while significantly reducing memory footprint and latency. |
LIME: Less Is More for MLLM Evaluation (2025.findings-acl)
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King Zhu, Qianbo Zang, Shian Jia, Siwei Wu, Feiteng Fang, Yizhi Li, Shuyue Guo, Tianyu Zheng, Jiawei Guo, Bo Li, Haoning Wu, Xingwei Qu, Jian Yang, Ruibo Liu, Xiang Yue, Jiaheng Liu, Chenghua Lin, Hamid Alinejad-Rokny, Min Yang, Shiwen Ni, Wenhao Huang, Ge Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing MLLM benchmarks and unified evaluation frameworks cannot accurately and efficiently reflect the ability of MLMLs. |
| Approach: | They propose a semi-automated benchmark curated using a pipeline that filters out uninformative samples and eliminates answer leakage by focusing on tasks that require image-based understanding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark reduces the number of samples by 76% and evaluation time by 77% while it can more effectively distinguish different models’ abilities. |
Revealing Procedural Reasoning Structures in Chain-of-Thought Training via Span-Level Gradient Organization (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompts elicit multi-step reasoning, yet how reasoning related structure is expressed during training remains poorly understood. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that tracks span-level gradients during fine-tuning on reasoning benchmarks to understand how models develop structured, step-by-step reasoning capabilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework tracks span-level gradients during fine-tuning on reasoning benchmarks to understand how models develop structured, step-by-step reasoning capabilities. |
Length Control in Abstractive Summarization by Pretraining Information Selection (2022.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing length-controllable summarization models generate summaries as long as training data . current methods only control lengths at decoding stage, but adapt to desired lengths . |
| Approach: | They propose a length-aware attention mechanism to adapt the encoding of the source based on the desired length. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method produces high-quality summaries with desired lengths and even those short lengths never seen in the training data. |
DocAgent: An Agentic Framework for Multi-Modal Long-Context Document Understanding (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to document understanding are limited due to limited context length or fail to fully leverage multi-modal information. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent framework for long-context document understanding that imitates human reading practice. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses human-level benchmarks on long-context document understanding while maintaining a short context length. |
Multi-Perspective Context Aggregation for Semi-supervised Cloze-style Reading Comprehension (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that cloze-style reading comprehension is a popular task for measuring the progress of natural language understanding. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-perspective framework which can be seen as joint training of heterogeneous experts and aggregate context information from different perspectives. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves new state-of-the-art over previous strong baselines on a recently released cloze-test dataset. |
Efficient Universal Goal Hijacking with Semantics-guided Prompt Organization (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for prompt injection have focused on optimizing the suffix, overlooking the role of the prompt. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that incorporates an efficient optimization algorithm and two semantics-guided prompt organization strategies to optimize the suffix sequence for universal goal hijacking. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can generate a fixed suffix that can concatenate to arbitrary user prompts for universal goal hijacking. |
Reference-free Summarization Evaluation via Semantic Correlation and Compression Ratio (2022.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation metrics for summarization use human annotations as reference. |
| Approach: | They propose a new automatic reference-free evaluation metric that compares semantic distribution between source document and summary by pretrained language models and considers summary compression ratio. |
| Outcome: | The proposed metric is more consistent with human evaluation in terms of coherence, consistency, relevance and fluency. |
Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning via Circular Convolution (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has gained popularity for fine-tuning large foundation models, but its intrinsic low-rank characteristic may limit its performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-rank adaptive method that uses low-ranked matrices to represent weight changes. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces trainable parameters and mitigates heavy memory consumption associated with full delta matrices by sequentially multiplying mathbf A and mathbb B with the activation. |
Crabs: Consuming Resource via Auto-generation for LLM-DoS Attack under Black-box Settings (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on white-box attacks focus on black-box LLMs, leaving black- box scenarios underexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose an automated algorithm designed for black-box LLMs that constructs the DoS Attack Tree and expands the node coverage to achieve effectiveness under black- box conditions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm can be used to build a DoS Attack Tree and expand the node coverage to achieve effectiveness under black-box conditions. |