Challenge: Existing methods for video question answering align visual or textual features directly with large language models, limiting the deep semantic association between modalities and hindering a comprehensive understanding of interactions within spatial and temporal contexts.
Approach: They propose a temporal-aware framework for multi-modal video question answering that aligns videos and questions at fine-grained levels.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves reasoning ability and accuracy of videoQA by aligning videos and questions at fine-grained levels.

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TVQA+: Spatio-Temporal Grounding for Video Question Answering (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing video QA datasets only contain QA pairs without labels for key clips or regions needed to answer the question.
Approach: They propose a framework that grounds evidence in both spatial and temporal domains to answer questions about videos using bounding boxes.
Outcome: The proposed framework can produce interpretable spatio-temporal attention visualizations.
Dense-Caption Matching and Frame-Selection Gating for Temporal Localization in VideoQA (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Recent years have witnessed a paradigm shift in the way we get our information, and a lot of it.
Approach: They propose a video question answering model which integrates multi-modal input sources and finds temporally relevant information to answer questions.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art on a TVQA dataset.
Rethinking Multi-Modal Alignment in Multi-Choice VideoQA from Feature and Sample Perspectives (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to VideoQA focus on utilizing frame- or object-level visual representations, but they neglect visual-language interactions.
Approach: They propose to break down video into trajectories and first leverage trajectory feature in VideoQA to enhance alignment between two modalities.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms all the state-of-the-art models on the NExT-QA benchmark.
Video Question Answering: Datasets, Algorithms and Challenges (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in video question answering have led to a surge in popularity . despite the popularity, VideoQA remains one of the greatest challenges .
Approach: They categorize the video question-answer datasets into normal VideoQA, multi-modal VideoQA and knowledge-based VideoQA according to the modalities invoked in the question-announcement pairs.
Outcome: The proposed methods are mainly designed for Factoid QA and inference VideoQA . the proposed methods have been compared with other methods and are robust and interpretable.
Mulan: A Multi-Level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods focus on visual-language alignment at the video level, but they do not account for fine-grained semantic interaction between video and text.
Approach: They propose a multi-level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering that establishes alignment between visual and textual modalities at the object-level, frame-level and video-level.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods even with a small amount of extra visual-language pre-training data and a reduced number of trainable parameters.
TVQA: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answering (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on image-based question-answering (QA) tasks, but little has been done on video-based QA.
Approach: They present a large-scale video QA dataset based on 6 popular TV shows . they provide analysis of the new dataset and trainable neural network framework .
Outcome: The proposed dataset includes 152,545 QA pairs from 21,793 clips spanning over 460 hours of video.
ReasVQA: Advancing VideoQA with Imperfect Reasoning Process (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to VideoQA often fail when complex reasoning or temporal relationships are involved.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages reasoning processes generated by Multimodal Large Language Models to improve VideoQA models.
Outcome: The proposed method improves VideoQA models on three benchmarks.
Enhancing Temporal Sensitivity and Reasoning for Time-Sensitive Question Answering (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing language models have limited sensitivity to temporal information and inadequate temporal reasoning capabilities.
Approach: They propose a framework that enhances temporal awareness and reasoning . they propose to use Temporal Information-Aware Embedding and Granular Contrastive Reinforcement Learning .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing LLMs on time-sensitive question answering tasks.
Target-Aware Spatio-Temporal Reasoning via Answering Questions in Dynamic Audio-Visual Scenarios (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Audio-visual question answering requires multistep spatio-temporal reasoning over multimodal contexts.
Approach: They propose a new target-aware joint spatio-temporal grounding network for audio-visual question answering . the proposed system integrates audio-vision fusion and question-awful temporal grounding into one module .
Outcome: The proposed method over existing state-of-the-art methods is effective over existing methods . it can focus on audio-visual cues relevant to the query subject by utilizing explicit semantics from the question .
Empowering Large Language Model for Continual Video Question Answering with Collaborative Prompting (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing VideoQA models struggle to adapt to new questions or tasks posed by newly available content.
Approach: They propose a continual learning framework that fine-tunes a large language model for a sequence of tasks and integrates specific question constraint prompting, knowledge acquisition prompting and visual temporal awareness prompting.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves 55.14% accuracy on both NExT-QA and DramaQA datasets and 71.24% accuracy for DramaQA.

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