Challenge: Recent studies have shown that cloze-style reading comprehension is a popular task for measuring the progress of natural language understanding.
Approach: They propose a multi-perspective framework which can be seen as joint training of heterogeneous experts and aggregate context information from different perspectives.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves new state-of-the-art over previous strong baselines on a recently released cloze-test dataset.

Similar Papers

Knowledgeable Reader: Enhancing Cloze-Style Reading Comprehension with External Commonsense Knowledge (P18-1)

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Challenge: a new model for reading comprehension integrates external commonsense knowledge . cloze-style reading comprehension is a language understanding task similar to question answering .
Approach: They propose a reading comprehension model that integrates external commonsense knowledge in a cloze-style setting.
Outcome: The proposed model improves results over a very strong baseline on a hard Common Nouns dataset, making it a strong competitor of more complex models.
Simple and Effective Semi-Supervised Question Answering (N18-2)

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Challenge: Existing deep learning systems for extractive Question Answering are limited and expensive to construct.
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised QA system where end user specifies a set of documents and only a few labelled examples.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves 50% F1 score on SQuAD and TriviaQA with very little labeled data.
Exploiting Cloze-Questions for Few-Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inference (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to learning from examples are limited due to the vast number of languages, domains and tasks.
Approach: They propose a semi-supervised training procedure that reformulates input examples as cloze-style phrases to help language models understand a given task.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms supervised training and strong semi-supervised approaches in low-resource settings by a large margin.
Multi-hop Reading Comprehension across Multiple Documents by Reasoning over Heterogeneous Graphs (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing models to tackle multi-hop reading comprehension (RC) are focusing on a single document or paragraph, but they lack the ability to do reasoning across multiple documents.
Approach: They propose a heterogeneous document-entity graph with different types of nodes and edges to solve multi-hop RC problem.
Outcome: The proposed model can do reasoning over the proposed graph with nodes representation initialized with co-attention and self-attention based context encoders.
Seeing All Sides: Multi-Perspective In-Context Learning for Subjective NLP (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Modern language models excel at factual reasoning but struggle with value diversity, authors say . task-sensitive tasks such as hate speech expose this limitation . human disagreement captures the diversity of plausible human perspectives, authors argue .
Approach: They evaluate four large language models with human disagreements on five datasets . they find multi-perspective in-context learning outperforms standard prompting .
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms standard prompting on English labels while disaggregated soft predictions better align with human judgments in Arabic and Italian datasets.
Cloze-driven Pretraining of Self-attention Networks (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on pretraining language models has used unidirectional (left-to-right) or bi-directional (both left-to right and right-to left) LMs with loss function.
Approach: They propose a bi-directional transformer model that pretrains both directions of a large language-model-inspired self-attention cloze model and propose clozing to predict each word in the training data.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well on GLUE and state of the art benchmarks consistent with BERT.
ClozEx: A Task toward Generation of English Cloze Explanation (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing tasks and datasets specifically designed for generating language learner explanations for cloze questions are lacking . clozing questions are used to assess language proficiency and enhance language learning .
Approach: They propose a task ClozEx to generate explanations for cloze questions in LA . they use a curated dataset of clozing questions paired with explanations .
Outcome: The proposed task generates fluent explanations for cloze questions in English as a second language learners.
PerSphere: A Comprehensive Framework for Multi-Faceted Perspective Retrieval and Summarization (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that the main challenge lies in long context and perspective extraction.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to facilitate multi-faceted perspective retrieval and summarization . they propose measurable metrics to evaluate the comprehensiveness of the retrieval pipeline .
Outcome: The proposed system breaks free from information silos by combining two opposing claims . it can be used to extract multiple perspectives and improve performance on the platform .
Pedagogically Aligned Objectives Create Reliable Automatic Cloze Tests (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: a recent study has focused on the cloze training objective of Masked Language Models . distractors must be distinct and incorrect, and can be biased if the test creator is testing two versions of a text .
Approach: They propose a method that jointly optimizes sets of distractors from Masked Language Models.
Outcome: The proposed method has stronger correlation with teacher-created comprehension tests than state-of-the-art neural method and is more internally consistent.
Multi-choice Relational Reasoning for Machine Reading Comprehension (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: cloze-style reading comprehension is a task that requires much semantic understanding and reasoning using various clues from texts.
Approach: They propose a multi-choice relational reasoning model that emulates human reading comprehension by combining fusion representations of document, query and candidates.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models significantly on four datasets.

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