Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics for summarization use human annotations as reference.
Approach: They propose a new automatic reference-free evaluation metric that compares semantic distribution between source document and summary by pretrained language models and considers summary compression ratio.
Outcome: The proposed metric is more consistent with human evaluation in terms of coherence, consistency, relevance and fluency.

Similar Papers

Mitigating the Impact of Reference Quality on Evaluation of Summarization Systems with Reference-Free Metrics (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing metrics for summarization are reference-based and correlate poorly with relevance . fluency, faithfulness, coherence and relevance are all measures of human evaluation .
Approach: They propose a reference-free metric that correlates well with human evaluated relevance . n-gram importance weighting is used to weight a summary's importance .
Outcome: The proposed metric can be used along reference-based metrics to improve their robustness in low quality reference settings.
A Training-free and Reference-free Summarization Evaluation Metric via Centrality-weighted Relevance and Self-referenced Redundancy (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation metrics for text summarization systems are expensive and time-consuming.
Approach: They propose a training-free and reference-free summarization evaluation metric that incorporates a centrality-weighted relevance score and a self-referenced redundancy score.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metric outperforms existing methods on multi-document and single-document summarization evaluation.
Unsupervised Reference-Free Summary Quality Evaluation via Contrastive Learning (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for document summarization consider the informativeness of the assessed summary and require human-generated references for each test summary.
Approach: They propose to evaluate summary qualities without reference summaries by unsupervised contrastive learning.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms other evaluation metrics even without reference summaries.
Fact-based Content Weighting for Evaluating Abstractive Summarisation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Abstractive summarisation is notoriously hard to evaluate since word-overlap-based metrics are insufficient.
Approach: They propose a new evaluation metric which is based on fact-level content weighting, relating the facts of the document to the facts in the summary.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metric is highly correlated to human perception and compares favourably to the recent manual highlight-based metric of Hardy et al.
Spurious Correlations in Reference-Free Evaluation of Text Generation (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent work suggests that reference-free evaluation metrics may rely on spurious correlations with human judgments.
Approach: They propose to use model-based, reference-free evaluation metrics to evaluate natural language generation systems.
Outcome: The proposed metrics achieve high correlations with human judgments, but they may not be robust enough to evaluate their efficacy and robustness.
How to Find Strong Summary Coherence Measures? A Toolbox and a Comparative Study for Summary Coherence Measure Evaluation (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to evaluate summary coherence are often evaluated using disparate datasets and metrics.
Approach: They propose to use automatic evaluation to evaluate coherence of summaries by selecting high-scoring candidates.
Outcome: The proposed methods show that they can perform better on an even playing field.
SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluation (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: a lack of comprehensive studies on evaluation metrics for text summarization hinders progress . a new study aims to improve evaluation metrics that correlate with human judgments .
Approach: They propose to re-evaluate automatic evaluation metrics and share a toolkit for evaluation . they hope to promote a more complete evaluation protocol for text summarization .
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metrics are inconsistent with existing evaluation protocols.
PrefScore: Pairwise Preference Learning for Reference-free Summarization Quality Assessment (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies on summarization evaluation without a human-written reference summary have shown high correlations with human ratings.
Approach: They propose to judge summary quality by learning preference rank from corrupted summaries . they use Bradley-Terry power ranking model to learn preference rank .
Outcome: Experiments on several datasets show that the proposed model can produce scores highly correlated with human ratings.
Reference and Document Aware Semantic Evaluation Methods for Korean Language Summarization (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for text summarization are based on recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation (ROUGE) scores do not reflect semantic meaning correspondences between generated and reference summaries.
Approach: They propose to use Korean as a summarization language to generate a shorter form of text from the source document preserving salient information.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation metrics improve the correlation between the metrics and human judgment.
DocAsRef: An Empirical Study on Repurposing Reference-based Summary Quality Metrics as Reference-free Metrics (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing reference-based metrics are limited by their reliance on human input.
Approach: They propose to adapt some reference-based metrics to assess system summary against human-written references.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms reference-based metrics on two datasets and is comparable to reference-free metrics.

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