Papers by Bin Liu
RETAIL: Towards Real-world Travel Planning for Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing travel planning systems assume users provide explicit queries, limiting their practical utility. |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset RETAIL which supports decision-making for implicit queries while covering explicit queries. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves a 1.0% pass rate, suggesting real-world travel planning remains challenging. |
Construct a Sense-Frame Aligned Predicate Lexicon for Chinese AMR Corpus (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing lexicons blur senses and frames of predicates, which needs to be refined to meet word sense disambiguation and event extraction tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose to construct a predicate lexicon for Chinese AMR corpus with 14,389 senses and 10,800 frames of 8,470 words. |
| Outcome: | The proposed lexicon includes 14,389 senses and 10,800 frames of 8,470 words. |
ParaSuite: Boosting LLM Reasoning via Paradox Resolution (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for paradox research focus on checking basic logical consistency and not reflective reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline dedicated to paradox research that automates data synthesis, evaluation, and training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline improves paradoxical and general STEM reasoning. |
Mixture of Diverse Size Experts (2024.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown superior performance in a variety of tasks due to the sub-linearly increasing computational costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a new MoE architecture with designed layers where experts have different sizes to mitigate this defect. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture surpasses existing MoEs by adaptively assigning the parameter budget to experts while maintaining the same total parameter size and number of experts. |
HiCoLoRA: Addressing Context-Prompt Misalignment via Hierarchical Collaborative LoRA for Zero-Shot DST (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to zero-shot Dialog State Tracking (zs-DST) are inadequate to generalize to new domains without extensive training. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enhances zero-shot slot inference through robust prompt alignment. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on multi-domain datasets show that HiCoLoRA outperforms baselines, achieving SOTA in zs-DST. |
MERaLiON-AudioLLM: Advancing Speech and Language Understanding for Singapore (2025.acl-demo)
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Yingxu He, Zhuohan Liu, Geyu Lin, Shuo Sun, Bin Wang, Wenyu Zhang, Xunlong Zou, Nancy F. Chen, AiTi Aw
| Challenge: | MERaLiON-AudioLLM is the first general-purpose audio-based large language model for multitask learning. |
| Approach: | They introduce MERaLiON-AudioLLM, a general-purpose audio-based large language model for multitask learning with a focus on Singlish understanding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model exhibits strong generalization across a diverse set of tasks . it is a leading solution for region-specific AI applications. |
EmpathyEar: An Open-source Avatar Multimodal Empathetic Chatbot (2024.acl-demos)
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| Challenge: | EmpathyEar is an open-source, avatar-based multimodal empathetic chatbot . currently, ERG systems rely on text, sound, and vision . |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source, avatar-based multimodal empathetic chatbot to fill the gap in traditional text-only ERG systems. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system enables users to generate emotional responses to user queries . it can also generate avatars with talking faces and synchronized speeches . |
Llama SLayer 8B: Shallow Layers Hold the Key to Knowledge Injection (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to augment pre-trained large language models require extensive computational efforts and massive data volumes, challenging the widespread accessibility of LLM research. |
| Approach: | They propose a post-pretraining strategy of selectively enhancing shallow layers while pruning less effective deep ones to augment pretrained large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves performance on the corpus of code & math and a legal corpus and is widely applicable. |
Few-shot Named Entity Recognition with Entity-level Prototypical Network Enhanced by Dispersedly Distributed Prototypes (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing prototypical networks for named entity recognition suffer from label dependency and tightly distributed prototypes, thus causing misclassifications. |
| Approach: | They propose an Entity-level Prototypical Network enhanced by dispersedly distributed prototypes to build entity-level prototypes and distribute them dispersionally. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system outperforms the previous models on two evaluation tasks and the Few-NERD settings in terms of overall performance. |
Towards Consistent Natural-Language Explanations via Explanation-Consistency Finetuning (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Large language models generate convincing, fluent explanations, but they often generate inconsistent explanations on different inputs. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that adapts large language models to generate more consistent explanations on related examples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method yields a 10.0% relative explanation consistency improvement across a variety of question-answering datasets and generalizes to 7 out-of-distribution datasets not seen during finetuning (+4.5%) |
Generate, Discriminate and Contrast: A Semi-Supervised Sentence Representation Learning Framework (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing supervised sentence embedding techniques rely on expensive human-annotated sentence pairs as the supervised signals. |
| Approach: | They propose a semi-supervised sentence embedding framework that leverages large-scale unlabeled data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses state-of-the-art methods on four domain adaptation tasks. |
ChartVerse: Scaling Chart Reasoning via Reliable Programmatic Synthesis from Scratch (2026.acl-long)
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Zheng Liu, Honglin Lin, Xiaoyang Wang, Xin Gao, Yu Li, Mengzhang Cai, Yun Zhu, Zhanping Zhong, Qizhi Pei, Zhuoshi Pan, Xiaoran Shang, Conghui He, Bin Cui, Wentao Zhang, Lijun Wu
| Challenge: | Existing open-source vision language models lack high-quality training data for chart reasoning . current models are simplistic and repetitive, while associated QA pairs are prone to hallucinations . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to synthesize complex charts and reliable reasoning data from scratch. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that ChartVerse-8B surpasses existing models in QA and difficulty . lack of high-quality training data hampers development of open-source models . |
DevEval: A Manually-Annotated Code Generation Benchmark Aligned with Real-World Code Repositories (2024.findings-acl)
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Jia Li, Ge Li, Yunfei Zhao, Yongmin Li, Huanyu Liu, Hao Zhu, Lecheng Wang, Kaibo Liu, Zheng Fang, Lanshen Wang, Jiazheng Ding, Xuanming Zhang, Yuqi Zhu, Yihong Dong, Zhi Jin, Binhua Li, Fei Huang, Yongbin Li, Bin Gu, Mengfei Yang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks are poorly aligned with real-world code repositories and are insufficient to evaluate the coding abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a repository-level benchmark named DevEval to evaluate LLMs' coding abilities in real-world code repositories. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks show that the LLMs perform better in real-world code repositories than existing benchmarks. |
In2Core: Leveraging Influence Functions for Coreset Selection in Instruction Finetuning of Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit surprising abilities across a variety of language tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose an algorithm which selects a coreset by analyzing correlation between training and evaluation samples with a trained model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm can achieve similar performance with just 50% of the training data while preserving the accuracy of the existing model. |
Learning distributed sentence vectors with bi-directional 3D convolutions (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods that render words or characters into images separately, but instead use text's visual features as input, we use 3-dimensional convolutions to learn distributed sentence representation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use text's visual features as input to learn distributed sentence representation using 3-dimensional sentence tensors and multiple 3-dimensional convolutions with different lengths are applied to the sentence . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs well on several downstream natural language processing tasks. |
Generalization-Enhanced Code Vulnerability Detection via Multi-Task Instruction Fine-Tuning (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing CodePre-trained models struggle to generalize due to superficial mapping from source code to labels instead of understanding the root causes of code vulnerabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates multi-task learning with Large Language Models to effectively mine deep-seated vulnerability features. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses seven state-of-the-art models in effectiveness, generalization, and robustness. |
Rethinking Text-to-SQL: Dynamic Multi-turn SQL Interaction for Real-world Database Exploration (2026.findings-acl)
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Linzhuang Sun, Tianyu Guo, Hao Liang, Ruitong Liu, Yuying Li, Qifeng Cai, Jingxuan Wei, Yuchen Wu, Bihui Yu, Xiangxiang Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Bin Cui
| Challenge: | Structured Query Language (SQL) is the cornerstone for data-driven decision-making. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to rigorously evaluate Large Language Models within a dynamic interaction framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark aims to rigorously evaluate LLMs within a dynamic interaction framework. |
AudioBench: A Universal Benchmark for Audio Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)
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Bin Wang, Xunlong Zou, Geyu Lin, Shuo Sun, Zhuohan Liu, Wenyu Zhang, Zhengyuan Liu, AiTi Aw, Nancy F. Chen
| Challenge: | Existing evaluation regimes for audio large language models do not cover the breadth of their possible use cases. |
| Approach: | They propose to use AudioBench to evaluate audio large language models . they found that no single model excels consistently across all tasks . |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluation targets speech understanding, audio scene understanding, and voice understanding (paralinguistic) . no single model excels consistently across all tasks, the paper found . |
Formally Specifying the Intended Behavior of the Program: LLM-Driven Neuro-Symbolic Program Specification Synthesis (2026.acl-demo)
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Cheng Wen, Hu Junjie, YiKun Hu, Jie Su, Bin Yu, Dugang Liu, Zhiwu Xu, Weidi Sun, Shengchao Qin, Cong Tian
| Challenge: | Formal verification typically requires developers to write detailed formal specifications . a formal verification system that generates candidate specifications is costly and error-prone . |
| Approach: | They propose an LLM-driven neuro-symbolic demonstration system that reframes specification writing as constrained structured synthesis. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system reduces hallucinations and produces proof-ready annotations. |
HiPrune: Hierarchical Attention for Efficient Token Pruning in Vision-Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for visual token pruning lack insight into the intrinsic property of the vision encoder . et al., 2017: 99.3% of task accuracy with only 1/3 of the tokens. |
| Approach: | They propose a model-agnostic token pruning method that trains without training . they propose 'HiPrune' method which prunes visual tokens according to their attention . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves 99.3% of task accuracy with only 1/3 of the tokens . it reduces inference FLOPs by 58.7% and maintains 99.99% accuracy with 2/9 tokens. |
CodeArena: A Collective Evaluation Platform for LLM Code Generation (2025.acl-demo)
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Mingzhe Du, Anh Tuan Luu, Bin Ji, Xiaobao Wu, Yuhao Qing, Dong Huang, Terry Yue Zhuo, Qian Liu, See-Kiong Ng
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have reshaped code generation, but persistent challenges impede accurate assessment. |
| Approach: | They propose an online evaluation framework tailored for large language models to assess their coding capabilities. |
| Outcome: | a new evaluation framework for large language models (LLMs) provides unbiased, unbiased evaluations and open access to solutions and test cases. |
Preserving Knowledge Invariance: Rethinking Robustness Evaluation of Open Information Extraction (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing evaluation benchmarks focus on pairwise matching, ignoring robustness . current models exhibit frustrating degradation, with a maximum drop of 23.43 F1 score . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that simulates the evaluation of open information extraction models in the real world . they perform experiments on typical models published in the last decade and a representative large language model . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model is rated robust on a knowledge-invariant clique with different syntactic and expressive forms. |
MinerU2.5: A Decoupled Vision-Language Model for Efficient High-Resolution Document Parsing (2026.acl-industry)
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Junbo Niu, Zheng Liu, Zhuangcheng Gu, Bin Wang, Linke Ouyang, Zhiyuan Zhao, Tao Chu, Tianyao He, Fan Wu, Qintong Zhang, Zhenjiang Jin, Guang Liang, Rui Zhang, Wenzheng Zhang, Yuan Qu, Zhifei Ren, Yuefeng Sun, Zirui Tang, Boyu Niu, Yuanhong Zheng, Dongsheng Ma, Ziyang Miao, Hejun Dong, Siyi Qian, Junyuan Zhang, Fangdong Wang, Jingzhou Chen, Xiaomeng Zhao, Liqun Wei, Wei Li, Shasha Wang, RuiLiang Xu, Yuanyuan Cao, Lu Chen, Qianqian Wu, Huaiyu Gu, Lindong Lu, Dechen Lin, null Shenguanlin, Xuanhe Zhou, Linfeng Zhang, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Jiaqi Wang, Bo Zhang, Lei Bai, Pei Chu, Weijia Li, Jiang Wu, Lijun Wu, Zhenxiang Li, Guangyu Wang, Zhongying Tu, Chao Xu, Kai Chen, Bowen Zhou, Dahua Lin, Wentao Zhang, Conghui He
| Challenge: | Document images are characterized by higher resolutions, denser content, and more complex structural layouts. |
| Approach: | They propose a 1.2B-parameter document parsing vision-language model that decouples layout analysis from local content recognition. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses general-purpose and domain-specific models on multiple benchmarks while maintaining significantly lower computational overhead. |
DVI-DTM: Dual-View Representation Learning for Interpretable Short Text Dynamic Topic Modeling (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing dynamic topic modeling methods face semantic ambiguity and interpretation ambiguities when applied to short texts. |
| Approach: | They propose a Dual-View representation learning-based Interpretable short text Dynamic Topic Model to address semantic ambiguity and interpretation ambiguities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models in topic alignment and dynamic topic quality metrics while producing highly interpretable topic descriptions. |
MINED: Probing and Updating with Multimodal Time-Sensitive Knowledge for Large Multimodal Models (2026.findings-acl)
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Kailin Jiang, Ning Jiang, Yuntao Du, Yuchen Ren, Yuchen Li, Yifan Gao, Jinhe Bi, Yunpu Ma, Bin Li, Lei Liu, Qing Li
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) are constrained by static representations, inadequately evaluating their ability to understand time-sensitive knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark containing 2,104 time-sensitive knowledge samples spanning six knowledge types to evaluate temporal awareness along 6 key dimensions and 11 challenging tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark measures temporal awareness along 6 key dimensions and 11 tasks, while most open-source LMMs still lack time understanding ability. |
CoinMath: Harnessing the Power of Coding Instruction for Math LLM (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in solving mathematical problems, with code-based solutions proving particularly effective. |
| Approach: | They propose a learning strategy to enhance mathematical reasoning by diversifying the coding styles of code-based rationales. |
| Outcome: | The proposed learning strategy outperforms its baseline model, MAmmoTH, which uses code-based solutions. |
Resilience of Large Language Models for Noisy Instructions (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are powerful tools for interpreting human commands and generating text. |
| Approach: | They examine the resilience of large language models against five common types of disruptions including ASR, OCR, grammatical errors, typographical errors and distractive content. |
| Outcome: | The models show resistance to noise, but their performance suffers . authors evaluated the models against five common types of disruptions based on their results . |
Heterogeneous Adaptive Policy Optimization: Tailoring Optimization to Every Token’s Nature (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods that use entropy as a discrete filter or post-hoc regulator are limited in their ability to optimize for reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a token-aware algorithm that continuously adapts optimization dynamics based on token-level entropy throughout the entire training process. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on mathematical reasoning, code, and logic tasks across multiple models demonstrate HAPO’s consistent superiority over DAPO. |
Joint Goal Segmentation and Goal Success Prediction on Multi-Domain Conversations (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing metrics to measure the performance of conversational AI assistants are difficult to establish due to their slow nature. |
| Approach: | They propose an automatic dialogue evaluation framework that performs goal segmentation and success prediction by adding multi-task learning heads. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves on-par with human annotation compared to a gold annotation benchmark. |
DarwinTOD: LLM-Driven Lifelong Self-evolution for Task-oriented Dialog Systems (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Continual learning approaches fail to achieve autonomy lifelong improvement in dynamic environments . current task-oriented dialog systems are static, unable to learn from ongoing interactions . |
| Approach: | They propose a lifelong self-evolving dialog framework that integrates evolutionary computation and LLM driven self-improvement into a single framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses state-of-the-art methods and exhibits continuous performance gains throughout evolution. |
MusKGC: A Flexible Multi-source Knowledge Enhancement Framework for Open-World Knowledge Graph Completion (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Open-world knowledge graph completion (KGC) aims to infer novel facts by enriching existing graphs with external knowledge sources while maintaining semantic consistency under the open-world assumption (OWA). |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-source knowledge enhancement framework based on an open-world assumption (OWA) that integrates external knowledge sources and a new evaluation strategy to validate new facts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves SOTA performance across benchmarks and the evaluation strategy effectively assesses new facts under OWA. |
Pruning Large Language Models to Intra-module Low-rank Architecture with Transitional Activations (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Structured pruning is a feasible solution for end-side LLM deployment . however, achieving a high compression ratio for scaled-up LLMs remains a challenge . |
| Approach: | They propose a task-agnostic structured pruning approach coupled with a compact Transformer architecture to prune LLMs into an intra-module low-rank architecture. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach reduces transitional activations inside multi-head attention (MHA) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) modules while preserving inter-module activations sensitive to perturbations. |
Listen, Watch, and Learn to Feel: Retrieval-Augmented Emotion Reasoning for Compound Emotion Generation (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to assess human emotion are limited by the subjective nature of emotion perception, limiting the robustness of existing models. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play module that enhances MLLMs’ ability to tackle compound and context-rich emotion tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves MLLMs' ability to tackle compound and context-rich emotion tasks and the Compound Emotion QA dataset shows it performs well across both benchmarks and evaluation frameworks. |
AC-EVAL: Evaluating Ancient Chinese Language Understanding in Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | AC-EVAL is a benchmark designed to assess the advanced knowledge and reasoning capabilities of LLMs within the context of ancient Chinese. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to assess the advanced knowledge and reasoning capabilities of LLMs in ancient Chinese. |
| Outcome: | AC-EVAL aims to assess the comprehension of ancient Chinese texts . the benchmark covers 13 tasks covering historical facts, geography, social customs, art, philosophy, classical poetry and prose. |
A Novel Matching Paradigm: Unified Generative and Discriminative LLM with Prompt Compression for Relevance Learning (2026.acl-industry)
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Guoliang Zhao, Zixin Cui, Chao Ye, Dengwu He, Fei Huang, Yubo Liu, Shuanglong Li, Tzungren Kuo, Bin Ding, Shuang Zhang, null KunhongZhu, Zhi Guo, Liu Lin
| Challenge: | Existing approaches to matching use Large Language Models as feature extractors, underutilizing their full modeling capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a matching paradigm that integrates two-tower, single-towing, and generative tasks within a unified LLM framework via attention-mask partitioning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior performance and strong practical value in an industrial search engine. |
Task-adaptive Label Dependency Transfer for Few-shot Named Entity Recognition (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for Named Entity Recognition (NER) ignore label dependency, resulting in suboptimal performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a meta-learning method to make label dependency transferable by learning general initialization and individual parameter update rule for label dependency. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves existing methods by learning general initialization and individual parameter update rule for label dependency. |
Response-G1: Explicit Scene Graph Modeling for Proactive Streaming Video Understanding (2026.acl-long)
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Ke Ma, Jiaqi Tang, Bin Guo, Xueting Han, Ruonan Xu, Qingfeng He, Ziheng Wang, Xu Wang, Qifeng Chen, Zhiwen Yu, Yunhao Liu
| Challenge: | Existing methods for streaming video understanding are query-agnostic and implicitly model video evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that establishes explicit, structured alignment between the accumulated video evidence and the query’s expected response conditions via scene graphs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves more interpretable and accurate response timing decisions on both proactive and reactive tasks. |
Beyond Single-View Detection: A Dual-Space Reasoning Framework for Interpretable Harmful Meme Understanding (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for identifying harmful memes rely on modal alignment or black-box classifiers . BPDMoE-Hate provides visual explanations for viewpoint selection and hierarchical structuring . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that conceptualizes harmful meme detection as a process of "viewpoint decoupling and hierarchical fusion" they propose BPDMoE-Hate, which generates adversarial binary perspectives via VLMs and incorporates an adaptive viewpoint gating to facilitate viewpoint selection. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses existing methods in performance and provides visual explanations for viewpoint selection and hierarchical structuring. |
Injecting Domain-Specific Knowledge into Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | specialized LLMs are often limited in domain-specific applications that require specialized knowledge. |
| Approach: | They provide a comprehensive overview of four key methods to enhance large language models by integrating domain-specific knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods are categorized into four key approaches: dynamic knowledge injection, static knowledge embedding, modular adapters, and prompt optimization. |
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Quantization Strategies for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Quantization studies have focused on instruction-tuned LLMs, leaving their performance on other benchmarks unclear. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate quantized large language models using four dimensions . they propose to reduce the bits needed for model weights or activations with minimal performance loss . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can retain comparable performance to non-quantized LLMs on most benchmarks. |
AFMRL: Attribute-Enhanced Fine-Grained Multi-Modal Representation Learning in E-commerce (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Multimodal representation is crucial for E-commerce tasks such as identical product retrieval. |
| Approach: | They propose an approach which leverages the generative power of Multimodal Large Language Models to extract key attributes from product images and text and enhances representation learning through a two-stage training framework. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on multiple downstream retrieval tasks, validating the effectiveness of harnessing generative models to advance fine-grained representation learning. |
GUI-explorer: Autonomous Exploration and Mining of Transition-aware Knowledge for GUI Agent (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | GUI automation is a key challenge in dynamic environments. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free GUI agent that integrates two mechanisms to explore trajectories in GUIs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed GUI-explorer shows significant improvements over existing agents. |
ZoomRAG: Hierarchical Random-walk Zooming across Multi-scale Information Graphs for Fast and Accurate RAG (2026.findings-acl)
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Xianming Hu, Jingyang Chen, Bin Tang, Yihe Liu, Yihong Huang, Hongbo Zhao, Nuoyi Chen, Jie Zhang, Ping Li, Kai Zhang
| Challenge: | retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful tool for NLP applications . but it is challenging to encode large knowledge bases as compact offline structures . |
| Approach: | They propose a coarse-to-fine hierarchical graph inference method that uses random walks to retrieve information from a corpus of documents. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method reduces offline indexing costs and accelerates retrieval. |
LARA: Linguistic-Adaptive Retrieval-Augmentation for Multi-Turn Intent Classification (2024.emnlp-industry)
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| Challenge: | Multi-turn intent classification is challenging due to the complexity and evolving nature of conversational contexts . lack of data on multi-turn datasets makes it difficult to collect multi-turned datasets a challenge . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for multi-turn intent classification that integrates a retrieval-augmented mechanism with a fine-tuned smaller model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves accuracy on multi-turn intent classification tasks across six languages. |
Mobile-Bench: An Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-based Mobile Agents (2024.acl-long)
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Shihan Deng, Weikai Xu, Hongda Sun, Wei Liu, Tao Tan, Liujianfeng Liujianfeng, Ang Li, Jian Luan, Bin Wang, Rui Yan, Shuo Shang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks for LLM-based mobile agents are insufficient to evaluate their capabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate LLM-based mobile agents' planning capabilities . they expand UI operations by incorporating 103 APIs to accelerate task completion . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks are based on 103 collected APIs and real user queries . the data is categorized into three distinct groups: SAST, SAMT, and MAMT . |
BERT-MK: Integrating Graph Contextualized Knowledge into Pre-trained Language Models (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge representation learning methods do not use graph contextualized knowledge. |
| Approach: | They propose to model subgraphs in a medical KG and integrate it with a pre-trained language model to do knowledge generalization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on several medical NLP tasks . it improves on MedERNIE, and the proposed model is effective . |
AIPO: Adaptive Information Guided Token-Level Reinforcement Learning for Large Language Model Reasoning (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing RLVR methods focus on all generated tokens rather than on which tokens contribute to reasoning. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a Random–Fourier approximation of the Hilbert–Schmidt Independence Criterion to focus updates on decisive tokens discovered on the fly to improve the efficiency of mutual-information estimation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach yields +20% accuracy over strong RLVR baselines while updating merely 10% of tokens, demonstrating superior efficiency and effectiveness. |
Global Eye: Breaking the “Fixed Thinking Pattern” during the Instruction Expansion Process (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods focus on constructing multi-perspective prompts to expand instructions, overlooking the “Fixed Thinking Pattern” issue of Large Language Models. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that analyzes the statistical characteristics of newly generated instructions and updates the prompts after a fixed number of instruction expansions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method surpasses open-source LLMs and GPT3.5 in several metrics. |
Multilingual Machine Translation with Open Large Language Models at Practical Scale: An Empirical Study (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have shown continuously improving multilingual capabilities. |
| Approach: | They evaluate the ability of open LLMs to handle multilingual machine translation tasks using a parallel-first monolingual-second data mixing strategy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models and achieves competitive performance with Google Translate and GPT-4-turbo. |
Joint Knowledge Base Completion and Question Answering by Combining Large Language Models and Small Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies rely on the small language model (SLM) to enhance them jointly, and the large language model’s strong reasoning ability is ignored. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework which can make knowledge base completion and knowledge base question answering enhance each other in an iterative manner by combining the strengths of the small language model and the large language model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework surpasses baselines for both KBC and KBQA tasks over two public benchmark data sets. |
TailorKV: A Hybrid Framework for Long-Context Inference via Tailored KV Cache Optimization (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing work mitigates memory overhead by offloading or compressing the Key-Value cache. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that integrates quantization and offloading into a generative large language model by using a hybrid compression method. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art in long-context evaluations. |
SciExplore: Evaluating Autonomous Agents from Scientific Navigation to Information Integration (2026.findings-acl)
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Yinhao Tang, Youqing Fang, Yanan Sun, Wenran Liu, Weiming Zhang, Bin Liu, Kuikun Liu, Wenwei Zhang, Kai Chen
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks emphasize general-domain retrieval or static scientific question answering . SciExplore focuses on scientific database navigation, ambiguous literature retrieval, missing reference completion, and cross-source structured knowledge synthesis tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to evaluate scientific information-seeking and reasoning capabilities of LLMs and agents. |
| Outcome: | The new benchmark assesses the capabilities of state-of-the-art LLMs and agents in scientific research workflows. |
Pay More Attention to Relation Exploration for Knowledge Base Question Answering (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches focus on entity representation and final answer reasoning, which results in limited supervision for this task. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that utilizes relations to enhance entity representation and introduce additional supervision. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the F1 score on two benchmark datasets by 5.8% . it improves by 6.7% on WebQSP, better than state-of-the-art methods . |
Coarse-to-Fine Pre-training for Named Entity Recognition (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a task of discovering information entities and identifying their corresponding categories. |
| Approach: | They propose a NER-specific framework to inject coarse-to-fine named entity knowledge into pre-trained models by using a remote supervision strategy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves significant improvements against several pre-trained base-lines, demonstrating its effectiveness in label-few and low-resource scenarios. |
Math-LLaVA: Bootstrapping Mathematical Reasoning for Multimodal Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing image instruction fine-tuning datasets do not fully exploit visual information to enhance multimodal reasoning capabilities of Large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a LLaVA-based model fine-tuned with MathV360K to bridge this gap by collecting 40K high-quality images with question-answer pairs from 24 existing datasets and synthesizing 320K new pairs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves the multimodal reasoning capabilities of LLaVA-1.5 and demonstrates enhanced generalizability on the MMMU benchmark. |
Learning to Prune Dependency Trees with Rethinking for Neural Relation Extraction (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to remove noise from dependency trees are not optimal due to complexity and variability of natural language. |
| Approach: | They propose a dynamically pruned Graph Convolutional Network (DP-GCN) that prunes the dependency tree with rethinking in an end-to-end scheme. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves impressive results compared to strong competitors. |
SimPBL: A Multi-Agent Framework for Project-Based Learning (2026.acl-long)
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Daniel Zhang-Li, Joy Jia Yin Lim, Binglin Liu, Shangqing Tu, Zijun Yao, Hao Peng, Jifan Yu, Haoxuan Li, Zhanxin Hao, Ye He, Zekun Li, Jiangyi Wang, Lei Hou, Bin Xu, Xin Cong, Zhiyuan Liu, Huiqin Liu, Yu Zhang, Juanzi Li
| Challenge: | Existing LLMs provide partial assistance without modeling these roles, and overly comprehensive help can reduce learner autonomy. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent framework with an orchestrator agent that provides adaptive scaffolding from interaction logs and collaborator agents that support project work through boundary-aware collaboration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves learner examination scores by 14% . it is based on a multi-agent framework with an orchestrator agent . |
Rethinking Text-based Protein Understanding: Retrieval or LLM? (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have focused on integrating protein-related knowledge into large language models through continued pretraining and multi-modal alignment. |
| Approach: | They propose a retrieval-enhanced method which significantly outperforms fine-tuned LLMs for protein-to-text generation and shows accuracy and efficiency in training-free scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method significantly outperforms fine-tuned LLMs for protein-to-text generation and shows accuracy and efficiency in training-free scenarios. |
Fundamental Capabilities of Large Language Models and their Applications in Domain Scenarios: A Survey (2024.acl-long)
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Jiawei Li, Yizhe Yang, Yu Bai, Xiaofeng Zhou, Yinghao Li, Huashan Sun, Yuhang Liu, Xingpeng Si, Yuhao Ye, Yixiao Wu, 林一冠 林一冠, Bin Xu, Ren Bowen, Chong Feng, Yang Gao, Heyan Huang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmark-based evaluations cannot accurately reflect the performance of real-world applications. |
| Approach: | They propose a reliable strategy for domains to choose more robust LLMs for real-world applications. |
| Outcome: | The proposed strategy addresses the challenges faced by domains to choose more robust LLMs for real-world applications. |
VLASCD: A Visual Language Action Model for Simultaneous Chatting and Decision Making (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent large-scale pretrained models are built upon a multi-input single-output paradigm . tasks compete for a shared output channel, creating mutual exclusion effects . |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-input single-output (MISO) paradigm for large pretrained models . they propose unified training framework that enables concurrent multi-task outputs . |
| Outcome: | Experiments on autonomous driving platform show that MIMO-VLA outperforms state-of-the-art models in MIMO settings. |
ETRQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Event Temporal Reasoning Abilities of Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Event temporal reasoning (ETR) is a significant indicator that a large language model understands the physical world. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified taxonomy for event temporal questions and construct a benchmark based on this taxonomies. |
| Outcome: | The proposed taxonomy inherits and expands existing datasets and contains multiple categories of compound questions. |
DetermLR: Augmenting LLM-based Logical Reasoning from Indeterminacy to Determinacy (2024.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the landscape of reasoning tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a new approach that rethinks the reasoning process as an evolution from indeterminacy to determinacy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model surpasses all baselines on various logical reasoning benchmarks. |
Task-Aware LLM Routing with Multi-Level Task-Profile-Guided Data Synthesis for Cold-Start Scenarios (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing routers generalize poorly in cold-start scenarios where in-domain training data is unavailable. |
| Approach: | They propose a task-type–aware router approach that models query-conditioned cost and performance via latent task-like variables with prior regularization derived from the synthesized task taxonomy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves performance and cost under cold-start and in-domain settings and enables efficient routing. |
EduBench: A Comprehensive Benchmarking Dataset for Evaluating Large Language Models in Diverse Educational Scenarios (2026.acl-long)
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Bin Xu, Yu Bai, Huashan Sun, Yiguan Lin, Siming Liu, Xinyue Liang, Yaolin Li, Zhuangzhi Dong, Jingren Zhang, Yufan Deng, Xinyu Zou, Yang Gao, Heyan Huang
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks that focus on knowledge-intensive tasks do not reflect diverse educational scenarios. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that incorporates 9 major scenarios and 4,000 educational contexts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs comparable to state-of-the-art large models on the test set. |
PMSS: Pretrained Matrices Skeleton Selection for LLM Fine-tuning (2025.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Low-rank adaptation and its variants have been popular due to their ability to avoid excessive inference costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a low-rank adaptation method that enables high-rank updates with low costs while leveraging semantic and linguistic information inherent in pre-trained weight. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms LoRA and other fine-tuning methods across tasks with less trainable parameters. |
MorphoBench: A Benchmark with Difficulty Adaptive to Model Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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Xukai Wang, Xuanbo Liu, Mingrui Chen, Haitian Zhong, Xuanlin Yang, Bohan Zeng, Jinbo Hu, Hao Liang, Junbo Niu, Xuchen Li, Ruitao Wu, Ruichuan An, Yang Shi, Liu Liu, Qiang Liu, Zhouchen Lin, Xu-Yao Zhang, Wentao Zhang, Bin Dong
| Challenge: | Existing benchmarks designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large models are limited in scope and lack flexibility to adapt difficulty according to evolving reasoning capacities of models. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that incorporates multidisciplinary questions to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large models and can adjust and update question difficulty based on the reasoning abilities of advanced models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark incorporates multidisciplinary questions to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of large models and can adjust and update question difficulty based on the reasoning abilities of advanced models. |
ReachAgent: Enhancing Mobile Agent via Page Reaching and Operation (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing mobile AI agents focus on most task-relevant elements at each step, leading to local optimal solutions and ignoring the overall GUI flow. |
| Approach: | They propose a mobile AI agent that breaks tasks into page reaching and operation subtasks and a framework that focuses on improving its task-completion abilities. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves IoU accuracy and text accuracy by 7.12% and 7.69% on step-level and 4.72% and 4.63% on task-level compared to the SOTA agent. |
MedConQA: Medical Conversational Question Answering System based on Knowledge Graphs (2022.emnlp-demos)
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| Challenge: | Existing medical dialogue systems have the problems of weak scalability, insufficient knowledge, and poor controllability. |
| Approach: | They propose a medical conversational question-answering system based on the knowledge graph to improve scalability and controllability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can conduct knowledge-grounded dialogues with users, using a Chinese medical knowledge graph and a large-scale dataset. |
SEEK: Segmented Embedding of Knowledge Graphs (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for knowledge graph embedding can not make a proper trade-off between the model complexity and the model expressiveness, which makes them far from satisfactory. |
| Approach: | They propose a lightweight modeling framework that can achieve highly competitive relational expressiveness without increasing the model complexity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can achieve highly competitive relational expressiveness without increasing model complexity. |
MobileVLM: A Vision-Language Model for Better Intra- and Inter-UI Understanding (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Qinzhuo Wu, Weikai Xu, Wei Liu, Tao Tan, Liujian Liujianfeng, Ang Li, Jian Luan, Bin Wang, Shuo Shang
| Challenge: | Recent mobile AI agents based on VLMs lack basic mobile capabilities due to their pre-trained nature. |
| Approach: | They propose a mobile AI agent based on VLMs that includes additional pre-training stages to enhance both intra- and inter-UI understanding. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing VLMs on the Chinese mobile dataset Mobile3M . |
In-Image Neural Machine Translation with Segmented Pixel Sequence-to-Sequence Model (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | In-Image Machine Translation (IIMT) aims to convert images containing texts from one language to another. |
| Approach: | They propose an end-to-end model instead of the traditional cascade methods which use optical character recognition followed by neural machine translation and text rendering. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms both cascade methods and current model in translation quality and robustness across various dimensions. |
SciCustom: A Framework for Custom Evaluation of Scientific Capabilities in Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)
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Yiyang Gu, Junwei Yang, Junyu Luo, Ye Yuan, Bin Feng, Yingce Xia, Shufang Xie, Kaili Liu, Bohan Wu, Qi Shi, Haoran Li, Beier Xiao, Zhiping Xiao, Xiao Luo, Weizhi Zhang, Philip S. Yu, Zequn Liu, Ming Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing evaluations of large language models fail to reflect fine-grained capabilities . existing benchmarks are manually curated or domain-generic, limiting scalability and alignment with real use cases. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows custom construction of benchmarks from large-scale scientific data to evaluate application-specific scientific capabilities in LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reveals fine-grained differences in scientific capabilities that standard benchmarks overlook . it allows custom construction of benchmarks from large-scale scientific data to evaluate application-specific capabilities in LLMs. |
PACE: Predictive Adaptive Context Extraction for Long-Horizon LLM Agents (2026.acl-long)
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Lei Wei, Xiao Peng, null Tt, Guannan Zhang, Chenhao Jiang, Hongyu Li, Lanbo Lin, Yuanwu Xu, Jiayao Liu, Kesu Wang, Bin Wang
| Challenge: | Large Language Model (LLM) agents struggle with ultra-long-horizon tasks requiring hundreds or thousands of interaction steps. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that reconceptualizes context management as a Next Step Prediction problem. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves task success rates and robust cross-lingual performance. |
ProActor: Timing-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Proactive Task Scheduling Agents (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to measuring and optimizing proactive task-oriented agents lack generalizable end-to-end solutions. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for conversational task scheduling that integrates proactiveness reinforcement learning with a domain-agnostic annotation methodology. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables scalable proactiveness reinforcement learning (RL) Experiments on two newly auto-annotated datasets demonstrate significant improvements in proactive timing while maintaining action consistency comparable to state-of-the-art baselines. |
C-ReD: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for AI-Generated Text Detection Derived from Real-World Prompts (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent efforts to develop algorithms for large language models (LLMs) have limited model diversity and data homogeneity in the Chinese corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese Real-prompt AI-generated text Detection benchmark that can be generalized to unseen LLMs and external Chinese datasets. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmarks address critical gaps in model diversity, domain coverage, and prompt realism that have limited prior Chinese detection benchmarks. |
Why and How LLMs Benefit from Knowledge Introspection in Commonsense Reasoning (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) can improve commonsense reasoning by generating intermediate knowledge, but the effectiveness of this knowledge introspection is not always guaranteed. |
| Approach: | They propose a training-free strategy that optimizes introspection via two stages: Knowledge Detection and Knowledge Regeneration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach mitigates the limitations of standard introspection and has consistent performance gains across all settings. |
You Impress Me: Dialogue Generation via Mutual Persona Perception (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing chit-chat systems tend to generate uninformative responses and lack coherent personality traits due to the diversity of speakers. |
| Approach: | They propose a transmitter-receiver framework which explicitly models understanding between interlocutors. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves on a large public dataset, Persona-Chat, with a significant boost over the state-of-the-art frameworks. |
EvoCoT: Overcoming the Exploration Bottleneck in Reinforcement Learning for LLMs (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) are limited by difficulty or lack of exploration. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-evolving curriculum learning framework based on chain-of-thought reasoning optimization that constrains exploration space by self-generating and verifying CoT trajectories. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework enables LLMs to solve previously unsolved problems without external supervision and is compatible with various RL fine-tuning methods. |
Entropy-Based Decoding for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Despite their success, retrieval-augmented LLMs still face the distractibility issue, where the generated responses are negatively influenced by noise from both external and intrinsic knowledge sources. |
| Approach: | They propose a entropy-based document-parallel ensemble decoding method that prioritizes low-entropies from retrieved documents and incorporates a contrastive decoding mechanism that contrasts the obtained low- and high-entropic ensemble distributions with the high-end internal knowledge across layers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on open-domain question answering datasets and shows that it is highly efficient. |
Uni-MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Unified Benchmark (2026.acl-long)
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Kai Zou, Ziqi Huang, Yuhao Dong, Shulin Tian, Dian Zheng, Hongbo Liu, Jingwen He, Bin Liu, Yu Qiao, Ziwei Liu
| Challenge: | Existing evaluations treat visual understanding and generation in isolation or overlook tasks that inherently couple them. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark that examines the bidirectional synergy between generation and understanding across eight reasoning-centric domains. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model systematically unfolds the bidirectional synergy between generation and understanding across eight reasoning-centric domains. |
Rethinking Repetition Problems of LLMs in Code Generation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have focused on content repetition, but structural repetition is a more prevalent problem in code generation. |
| Approach: | They propose a decoding approach that eliminates repetition problems in code generation by identifying grammar rules and strategically decaying the likelihood of critical tokens that contribute to repetitions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms baselines and humanEval benchmarks on CodeRepetEval dataset and MBPP benchmarks, effectively reducing repetitions and enhancing the quality of generated code. |
DocEE-zh: A Fine-grained Benchmark for Chinese Document-level Event Extraction (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Chinese document-level event extraction is still largely unexplored. |
| Approach: | They propose a Chinese document-level event extraction dataset with over 36,000 events and 210,000 arguments. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset includes over 36,000 events and more than 210,000 arguments . it is an extension of the DocEE dataset, utilizing the same event schema and annotated by human experts. |
DyBBT: Dynamic Balance via Bandit-inspired Targeting for Dialog Policy with Cognitive Dual Systems (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Task oriented dialog systems often rely on static exploration strategies that do not adapt to dynamic dialog contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose a dialog policy learning framework that formalizes the exploration challenge through a structured cognitive state space C. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves SOTA performance in success rate, efficiency, and generalization. |
Towards Generalized Open Information Extraction (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) models are evaluated on in-domain test sets aside from the training corpus, which violates the initial task principle of domain-independence. |
| Approach: | They propose to generalize OpenIE over unseen target domains with different data distributions from source training domains. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method beats the previous methods in both in- and out-of-domain settings by 6.0% in F1 score absolutely. |
Pretrain-KGE: Learning Knowledge Representation from Pretrained Language Models (2020.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing knowledge graph embedding models suffer from limited knowledge representation due to sparse and noisy dataset annotations. |
| Approach: | They propose to use pretrained language models to enhance knowledge representation by leveraging world knowledge from pretrained models. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments show that the proposed framework can improve results over existing models. |
Porous Lattice Transformer Encoder for Chinese NER (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to integrate word boundary information into character-level Chinese NER are inefficient and lack semantic interaction. |
| Approach: | They propose an extension of transformer encoder that is tailored for ChineseNER to incorporate lexicons into character-level Chinese NER by lattices. |
| Outcome: | The proposed extension performs 11.4 times faster than state-of-the-art methods while retaining the rich long-term dependencies. |
Universal Information Extraction with Meta-Pretrained Self-Retrieval (2023.findings-acl)
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Xin Cong, Bowen Yu, Mengcheng Fang, Tingwen Liu, Haiyang Yu, Zhongkai Hu, Fei Huang, Yongbin Li, Bin Wang
| Challenge: | Existing methods for IE are task-specific, resulting in specialized and isolated approaches for different tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to retrieve task-specific knowledge from pretrained language models to enhance universal IE by using a Meta-Pretraining Algorithm. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves the new state-of-the-art on 4 IE tasks, 12 datasets under fully-supervised, low-resource and few-shot scenarios. |
HyperMR: Hyperbolic Hypergraph Multi-hop Reasoning for Knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on knowledge-based visual question answering (KBVQA) describe the semantic distance using the actual Euclidean distance between two nodes, which leads to distortion in modeling knowledge graphs with hierarchical and scale-free structure. |
| Approach: | They propose to use the actual Euclidean distance between two nodes to solve a problem of hierarchical and free-scale knowledge graphs. |
| Outcome: | Extensive experiments on the KVQA, PQ and PQL datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of HyperMR for strong-hierarchy knowledge graphs. |
A Split-and-Recombine Approach for Follow-up Query Analysis (D19-1)
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| Challenge: | Context-dependent semantic parsing has proved to be an important but challenging task. |
| Approach: | They propose to perform follow-up query analysis to restate context-dependent queries with contextual information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art by nearly 8% on the FollowUp dataset . the extensibility of STAR on the SQA dataset is also promising . |
SSMLoRA: Enhancing Low-Rank Adaptation with State Space Model (2025.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Fine-tuning requires substantial computational resources and is prone to overfitting when applied to small datasets. |
| Approach: | They propose a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method that integrates a State Space Model (SSM) to interconnect low-rank matrices. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves comparable performance to LoRA on the general language understanding evaluation (GLUE) benchmark while using only half the parameters. |
Few-Shot Event Detection with Prototypical Amortized Conditional Random Field (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to event detection ignore the trigger discrepancy and cause errors. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified model which converts a few-shot tagging problem into a single-shot model by using a Gaussian distribution. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better than existing identifythen-classify models on a few-shot tagging problem with a double-part taging scheme. |
MoralDial: A Framework to Train and Evaluate Moral Dialogue Systems via Moral Discussions (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | A moral dialogue system aligned with users’ values could enhance conversation engagement and user connections. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to train and evaluate moral dialogue systems based on communication mechanisms of morality and a method to construct moral discussions between simulated users and the dialogue system. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework can train and evaluate moral dialogue systems based on simulated users and their values . |
GATE: Graph-based Adaptive Tool Evolution Across Diverse Tasks (2026.acl-long)
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Jianwen Luo, Yiming Huang, Jinxiang Meng, Fangyu Lei, Shizhu He, Xiao Liu, Shanshan Jiang, Bin Dong, Jun Zhao, Kang Liu
| Challenge: | Existing toolsets that use large language models are limited to single-task settings. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that dynamically constructs and evolves a hierarchical graph of reusable tools across multiple scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves up to 4.3 faster milestone completion in Minecraft compared to the previous state-of-the-art method and provides an average improvement of 9.23% over existing tool-making methods in code generation tasks and 10.03% in agent tasks. |
Generalization or Memorization: Data Contamination and Trustworthy Evaluation for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Considering the vast size and wide-ranging sources of LLMs’ training data, it could explicitly or implicitly include test data. |
| Approach: | They propose a Contamination Detection via output Distribution (CDD) which detects data contamination only by identifying the peakedness of LLM's output distribution. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves performance by 21.8%-30.2% on humanEval and TED: trustworthy evaluation via output distribution. |
SUT: Active Defects Probing for Transcompiler Models (2023.emnlp-main)
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Mengnan Qi, Yufan Huang, Maoquan Wang, Yongqiang Yao, Zihan Liu, Bin Gu, Colin Clement, Neel Sundaresan
| Challenge: | Existing datasets are often criticized for their lack of granularity, which can mask deficiencies in basic syntactic elements that humans care about. |
| Approach: | They propose a new program translation metrics that address basic syntax errors . they propose BLUE, CodeBLUE and computation accuracy metrics which address these errors based on a highly interpretable evaluation harness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model passes the unit tests with a 26.15% pass rate compared to previous models . |
MoSEs: Uncertainty-Aware AI-Generated Text Detection via Mixture of Stylistics Experts with Conditional Thresholds (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods neglect stylistic modeling and rely on static thresholds, which greatly limits the detection performance. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that enables stylistics-aware uncertainty quantification through conditional threshold estimation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves an average improvement 11.34% in detection performance compared to baselines. |
Generating Relevant and Coherent Dialogue Responses using Self-Separated Conditional Variational AutoEncoders (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Conditional Variational AutoEncoders (CVAE) can enhance the diversity and informativeness of responses in open-domain dialogue generation tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a Conditional Variational AutoEncoder (CVAE) that regularizes latent variables and introduces group information to regularize them. |
| Outcome: | Empirical results show that the proposed model can significantly boost responses in well-established open-domain dialogue datasets. |
Towards Objectively Benchmarking Social Intelligence of Language Agents at the Action Level (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | evaluative findings highlight that the STSS benchmark is challenging for state-of-the-art language agents. |
| Approach: | They propose a social task in sandbox simulation benchmark that assesses language agents objectively at the action level by scrutinizing goal achievements within the multi-agent simulation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed social task-in-sandbox simulation is a language-level benchmark . the proposed benchmark effectively discriminates between distinct language agents . |
Incomplete Utterance Rewriting as Semantic Segmentation (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies focus on the task of incomplete utterance rewriting as a machine translation task. |
| Approach: | They propose a semantic segmentation task which incorporates edit operations into the problem and predicts a word-level edit matrix. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing baselines on several datasets and is four times faster than the standard approach in inference. |
ToolPlanner: A Tool Augmented LLM for Multi Granularity Instructions with Path Planning and Feedback (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have shown that tool-augmented large language models can interact with external tools in multiple rounds and provide a final answer. |
| Approach: | They propose a tool-augmented large language model that can interact with external tools in multiple rounds and provide a final answer to an instruction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework significantly improves Match Rate, Pass Rate and Win Rate by 26.8%, 20.2%, and 5.6% compared to the SOTA model. |
HoPE: A Novel Positional Encoding Without Long-Term Decay for Enhanced Context Awareness and Extrapolation (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing positional encodings exhibit long-term decay, based on an entrenched and long-standing opinion that tokens farther away from the current position carry less relevant information. |
| Approach: | They propose a high-frequency rotary position encoding (HoPE) that replaces specific components in RoPE with position-independent ones, retaining only high- frequency signals. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method exhibits greater robustness to the out-of-distribution behavior in attention patterns during extrapolation. |
MR-ALIGN: Meta-Reasoning Informed Factuality Alignment for Large Reasoning Models (2026.findings-acl)
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Xinming Wang, Jian Xu, Bin Yu, Sheng Lian, yi Chen, Boran Wang, Yingjian Zhu, Hongzhu Yi, Hong-Ming Yang, Han Hu, Cheng-Lin Liu, Xu-Yao Zhang
| Challenge: | Large reasoning models (LRMs) show strong capabilities in complex reasoning, yet their marginal gains on evidence-dependent factual questions are limited. |
| Approach: | They propose a Meta-Reasoning informed alignment framework that quantifies state-transition probabilities along the model’s thinking process and constructs a transition-aware implicit reward that reinforces beneficial reasoning patterns while suppressing defective ones at the atomic thinking segments. |
| Outcome: | Empirical evaluations of four factual QA datasets and one long-form factuality benchmark show that MR-ALIGN consistently improves accuracy and truthfulness while reducing misleading reasoning. |
Bridging the Gap between Synthetic and Natural Questions via Sentence Decomposition for Semantic Parsing (2023.tacl-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to train a parser to perform zero-shot learning are limited by the lack of training data. |
| Approach: | They propose a decomposition-based method to unify the sentence structures of questions . their method can generalize to natural questions with novel text expressions . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves on synthetic data and on complex web questions with novel expressions. |
Learning from Miscellaneous Other-Class Words for Few-shot Named Entity Recognition (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to classify named entity mentions with fewshots fail to differentiate rich semantics in other-class words, which will aggravate overfitting under few shot scenario. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that can automatically induce different unde- fined classes from the other class to improve few-shot Named Entity Recognition (NER) . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms five state-of-the-art models in 1- shot and 5-shots settings on four NER bench marks. |
Maximal Clique Based Non-Autoregressive Open Information Extraction (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Open Information Extraction (OpenIE) aims to discover textual facts from a given sentence. |
| Approach: | They propose a non-autoregressive framework that generates a fact graph and a graph with an edge linking two nodes that belong to the same fact. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms current state-of-the-art methods on two benchmark datasets and significantly outperformed the existing ones. |
From Knowing to Teaching: Scaffolding Pedagogical Decisions for LLM Agent (2026.acl-long)
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Yucheng Wang, Shen Yang, Jifan Yu, Haoxuan Li, Joy Jia Yin Lim, Daniel Zhang-Li, Huiqin Liu, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Bin Xu
| Challenge: | Large language models produce content lacking pedagogical depth when asked to generate lessons . |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that allows teachers to select content according to pedagogical intent and sequence topics so foundations precede applications. |
| Outcome: | The framework achieves 67.8% win rate in human evaluation and 79.6% in LLM-based evaluation against eight baselines. |
LM-Interview: An Easy-to-use Smart Interviewer System via Knowledge-guided Language Model Exploitation (2024.emnlp-demo)
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| Challenge: | Semi-structured interviews are a crucial method of data acquisition in qualitative research. |
| Approach: | They propose a semi-structured interview system that automates interview preparation, analysis and control by interviewers. |
| Outcome: | Experimental results show that LM-Interview performs comparable to human interviewers . the system can be used to analyze semi-structured interviews without interviewers' involvement . |
Cluster-aware Pseudo-Labeling for Supervised Open Relation Extraction (2022.coling-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to extract novel relations do not achieve effective knowledge transfer . experimental results show that the proposed method is state-of-the-arts . |
| Approach: | They propose a Cluster-aware Pseudo-Labeling method to improve pseudo-labels quality . they firstly pre-trained the relation models with pre-defined relations to learn them . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves the pseudo-labels quality and transfer more knowledge for discovering novel relations. |
Stand on The Shoulders of Giants: Building JailExpert from Previous Attack Experience (2025.emnlp-main)
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Xi Wang, Songlei Jian, Shasha Li, Xiaopeng Li, Bin Ji, Ma Jun, Xiaodong Liu, Jing Wang, Jianfeng Zhang, Jie Yu, Feilong Bao, null Wangbaosheng
| Challenge: | Existing methods to generate human-aligned content with a “jailbreak prompt” are inefficient and repetitive, causing inefficiency and a lack of experience. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that integrates past attack experiences to aid current jailbreak attempts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves both attack effectiveness and efficiency compared to the current black-box jailbreak method. |
ToolRerank: Adaptive and Hierarchy-Aware Reranking for Tool Retrieval (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies have proposed tool learning, which augments LLMs with external tools. |
| Approach: | They propose an adaptive and hierarchy-aware reranking method to refine retrieval results by truncating the retrieval result related to seen and unseen tools at different positions. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves retrieval results, leading to better execution results generated by the LLM. |
Instructive Dialogue Summarization with Query Aggregations (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Conventional dialogue summarization methods generate summaries without considering user’s specific interests. |
| Approach: | They propose a three-step approach to synthesize high-quality query-based summarization triples by training a unified model on three summarizing datasets with multi-purpose instructive triples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models and even models with larger sizes on four datasets including dialogue summarization and dialogue reading comprehension. |
Supervised neural machine translation based on data augmentation and improved training & inference process (D19-52)
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| Challenge: | This paper describes the neural machine translation systems for the shared translation tasks of WAT 2019 . |
| Approach: | They propose a model for translation tasks of WAT 2019 that employs a Transformer model as the baseline and a deep layer model to improve translation quality. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods can improve translation quality over traditional statistical machine translation (SMT) The proposed models can improve the translation quality of Japanese-English and Japanese-Chinese corpus. |
CAIR: Causal Adaptive Information-based Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Emotion Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for multimodal emotion reasoning produce fluent but superficial explanations that lack authentic logical derivation. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that treats rationales as causal mediators between raw perceptual signals and emotional semantics and an adaptive optimization mechanism to balance perception and reasoning across varying cognitive loads. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms specialized SFT models by 14.4% while enhancing rationale faithfulness. |
Awakening Latent Grounding from Pretrained Language Models for Semantic Parsing (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Recent years pretrained language models (PLMs) have shown their power on modeling language . however, few efforts have been made to explore grounding capabilities of PLMs . |
| Approach: | They propose to use pretrained language models to explore syntactic structures . they propose to combine their approach with an erasingthen-awakening approach . their results show that the approach can awaken latent grounding, which is understandable to humans . |
| Outcome: | Empirical studies show that the proposed approach can awaken latent grounding . it shows great potential to benefit downstream semantic parsing models, it says . |
SeaEval for Multilingual Foundation Models: From Cross-Lingual Alignment to Cultural Reasoning (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | a new benchmark for multilingual foundation models is being developed . brittleness of foundation models in the dimensions of semantics and multilinguality is a key limitation . |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark for multilingual foundation models, SeaEval . they examine how well these models comprehend cultural practices, nuances, and values . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be used to evaluate multilingual and multicultural scenarios. |
Exploration-Exploitation Reshaping towards Efficient Reasoning for Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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Yufeng Shi, Weilin Luo, Yuxiang Zhang, Zongmeng Zhang, Haoyang Liu, Yubing Wang, Bin Wang, Wengang Zhou, Houqiang Li
| Challenge: | Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are constrained by the overthinking issue. |
| Approach: | They propose a policy optimization framework that reshapes the exploration and exploitation through two core components: self-imitation and self-guidance exploration. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model achieves superior reasoning efficiency without compromising overall accuracy. |
Dynamic Guided and Domain Applicable Safeguards for Enhanced Security in Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing defense methods struggle with two key issues: inadequate defense capabilities and over-defensiveness. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agents-based framework that leverages accurate external information to provide an unbiased summary of user intentions and safety response guidance. |
| Outcome: | Experiments on popular jailbreak attacks and benign datasets show that the proposed framework can enhance LLM's robustness against jailbreaks without compromising its general functionality. |
Large Language Models are Better Reasoners with Self-Verification (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to solve complex natural language processing tasks require multiple steps to verify the answers. |
| Approach: | They propose to use chain of thought prompting to solve reasoning tasks with large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can improve reasoning performance on arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning datasets. |
OpenRLHF: A Ray-based Easy-to-use, Scalable and High-performance RLHF Framework (2025.emnlp-demos)
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Jian Hu, Xibin Wu, Wei Shen, Jason Klein Liu, Weixun Wang, Songlin Jiang, Haoran Wang, Hao Chen, Bin Chen, Wenkai Fang, null Xianyu, Yu Cao, Haotian Xu, Yiming Liu
| Challenge: | Existing RLHF frameworks face inference bottlenecks and complexity barriers restricting their accessibility for newcomers. |
| Approach: | They propose an open-source RLHF framework that can be used to train large language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves superior training efficiency with speedups ranging from 1.22 to 1.68 across different model sizes compared to state-of-the-art frameworks, while requiring significantly fewer lines of code for implementation. |
Span-based Joint Entity and Relation Extraction with Attention-based Span-specific and Contextual Semantic Representations (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods treat each span token equally important, ignoring significant features. |
| Approach: | They propose a span-based joint extraction framework with attention-based semantic representations that utilizes span-specific and contextual representations. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on ACE2005, CoNLL2004 and ADE. |
VECO: Variable and Flexible Cross-lingual Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generation (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing work in multilingual pretraining relies on the shared vocabulary and bilingual contexts to encourage the correlation across languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to plug a cross-attention module into a Transformer encoder to explicitly build the interdependence between languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on XTREME and English-to-French translation datasets. |