Papers with CS
Exploiting In-Domain Bilingual Corpora for Zero-Shot Transfer Learning in NLU of Intra-Sentential Code-Switching Chatbot Interactions (2022.emnlp-industry)
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Maia Aguirre, Manex Serras, Laura García-sardiña, Jacobo López-fernández, Ariane Méndez, Arantza Del Pozo
| Challenge: | Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world . CS is a frequent habit in both spoken and written informal communications . |
| Approach: | They evaluate the efficacy of cross-lingual transfer learning with mBERT for NLU on a Basque-Spanish CS chatbot corpus. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms models trained on Basque and Spanish without CS on a basque-Spanish chatbot corpus. |
Using Customer Service Dialogues for Satisfaction Analysis with Context-Assisted Multiple Instance Learning (D19-1)
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Kaisong Song, Lidong Bing, Wei Gao, Jun Lin, Lujun Zhao, Jiancheng Wang, Changlong Sun, Xiaozhong Liu, Qiong Zhang
| Challenge: | Existing studies fail to provide comprehensive service satisfaction analysis . Existing models fail to include satisfaction polarity classification and sentimental utterance identification . |
| Approach: | They propose a model that predicts customer sentiments and aggregates them into service satisfaction polarity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model predicts customer sentiments and aggregates them into service satisfaction polarity and reasoning clues. |
HiKE: Hierarchical Evaluation Framework for Korean-English Code-Switching Speech Recognition (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in automatic speech recognition (ASR) have pushed error rates below 5% on standard monolingual benchmarks. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework for the evaluation of multilingual ASR models using loanword labels and a hierarchical CS-level labeling scheme that allows for fine-tuning with synthetic CS data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework provides a means for the precise evaluation of multilingual ASR models and fosters research in the field. |
Code-Switched Language Identification is Harder Than You Think (2024.eacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Code switching (CS) is a common phenomenon in written and spoken communication, but is handled poorly by many NLP applications. |
| Approach: | They propose to use CS language identification for corpus building to make it more realistic by scaling it to more languages and considering models with simpler architectures for faster inference. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system is based on a sentence-level multi-label tagging problem and provides recommendations for future work. |
MaskLID: Code-Switching Language Identification through Iterative Masking (2024.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Sentence-level LIDs are classifiers trained on monolingual texts to provide single labels, typically using a softmax layer to turn scores into probabilities. |
| Approach: | They propose a simple yet effective code-switching language identification method that uses the LID itself to mask features associated with L1 and L2 in the next round. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is based on two open-source LIDs based in the FastText architecture and does not require any external resources. |
JMMMU: A Japanese Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark for Culture-aware Evaluation (2025.naacl-long)
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Shota Onohara, Atsuyuki Miyai, Yuki Imajuku, Kazuki Egashira, Jeonghun Baek, Xiang Yue, Graham Neubig, Kiyoharu Aizawa
| Challenge: | Using culture-agnostic subsets, performance drops in many LMMs when evaluated in Japanese. |
| Approach: | They introduce a Japanese benchmark to evaluate large multimodal models on expert-level tasks based on the Japanese cultural context. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark enables comparisons with other benchmarks in other languages based on cultural contexts. |
CodeGuard: Improving LLM Guardrails in CS Education (2026.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in Computer Science classrooms to automate code generation, feedback, and assessment. |
| Approach: | They propose a guardrail framework for educational AI systems that can handle unsafe and irrelevant prompts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework reduces potentially harmful or policy-violating code completions by 30-65% without degrading performance on legitimate educational tasks. |
Topics, Authors, and Institutions in Large Language Model Research: Trends from 17K arXiv Papers (2024.naacl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent advances in language modeling have caused disruptive shifts throughout AI research, spurring discussion about how the field is changing and how it should change. |
| Approach: | They analyze a dataset of 16,979 LLM-related arXiv papers and examine industry and academic publishing trends. |
| Outcome: | The authors examine the impact of large language models on AI research in 2023 and 2022. |
A Multilingual Wikified Data Set of Educational Material (L18-1)
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Iris Hendrickx, Eirini Takoulidou, Thanasis Naskos, Katia Lida Kermanidis, Vilelmini Sosoni, Hugo de Vos, Maria Stasimioti, Menno van Zaanen, Panayota Georgakopoulou, Valia Kordoni, Maja Popovic, Markus Egg, Antal van den Bosch
| Challenge: | a crowdsourcing effort to annotate and link parallel texts has been unsuccessful . a data set of parallel texts in eleven languages is presented . |
| Approach: | They present a wikified data set of English sentences linked to Wikipedia pages . they use crowdsourcing to annotate the texts and perform crowdsourcing for complex annotations . |
| Outcome: | The proposed data set is valuable as it constitutes a rich resource . it includes annotated data of English sentences linked to translations in eleven languages . |
El Volumen Louder Por Favor: Code-switching in Task-oriented Semantic Parsing (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is the alternation of languages within an utterance or conversation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use translation-and-align and augment with a generation model followed by match-and filter to improve CS generalizability of cross-lingual models when data for only one language is available. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models improve when only English data is available alongside zero or a few CS training instances. |
Code Summarization with Structure-induced Transformer (2021.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Code summarization (CS) is a promising area in recent language understanding . previous work using structurebased traversal or non-sequential models to learn structural program semantics has shown no performance gain . |
| Approach: | They propose to use a structure-based traversal model to learn structural program semantics to generate human language automatically for programming language in the format of source code. |
| Outcome: | Experiments show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art on benchmarks. |
Let LLM Tutors Ask First: Proactive LLM-Based Tutoring at Scale in a 1,500-Student Online Classroom (2026.acl-industry)
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| Challenge: | Large-scale introductory CS courses struggle to provide personalized support and encourage active participation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use predictive query management to generate student questions and answers ahead of lectures and to engage in interactive conversations with a tutoring model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed learning assistant generates student questions and answers ahead of lectures and interacts with students via the same interface. |
Annotating Customer-Oriented Behaviour in Call Centre Sales Dialogues (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Customer-oriented behaviour (COB) is often hindered by a lack of clarity in its definition and lack of robust analytical, categorization, and computational approaches. |
| Approach: | They propose a conceptual and empirical framework for customer-oriented behaviour in call centre interactions . they aim to identify facets of COB that positively impact on Customer Satisfaction . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves our understanding of the dynamics shaping sales strategies in call centres and holds promise for practical applications in optimising customer-agent interactions. |
End-to-End Speech Translation for Code Switched Speech (2022.findings-acl)
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Orion Weller, Matthias Sperber, Telmo Pires, Hendra Setiawan, Christian Gollan, Dominic Telaar, Matthias Paulik
| Challenge: | Code switching (CS) is the phenomenon of interchangeably using words and phrases from different languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a new ST corpus that extends the joint transcription and translation setup. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs well even when no training data is used. |
Translation of Multifaceted Data without Re-Training of Machine Translation Systems (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | a novel MT pipeline that considers the intra-data relation is proposed . previous MT systems have demonstrated relatively low performance, making them hardly utilized as another data source. |
| Approach: | They propose a new MT pipeline that considers the intra-data relation . they propose CS and IT to enhance the intra data relation based on a data point . |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline improves translation quality and training data compared with the existing approach . it yields better training data and better translation quality than previous approaches . |
Analyzing the Role of Part-of-Speech in Code-Switching: A Corpus-Based Study (2024.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a common linguistic phenomenon wherein speakers fluidly transition between languages in conversation. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a part-of-speech (POS)-based analysis of Spanish-English and Mandarin-English corpora to examine the propensity of bilinguals to engage in CS. |
| Outcome: | The findings confirm the existence of a statistically significant connection between POS and the likelihood of CS across language pairs, but show that it diminishes as tokens distance themselves from CS instances. |
Identifying Tension in Holocaust Survivors’ Interview: Code-switching/Code-mixing as Cues (2022.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Using CS/CM as a linguistic phenomenon could be a sign of tension in Holocaust survivors’ interviews. |
| Approach: | They annotated CS/CM codes and annotate silence situations in an open corpus . they found that most annotations were captured in the tension places . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows that annotations are captured in the tension places . the study calls for more research endeavors on tension detection . |
Automatically Estimating Textual and Phonemic Complexity for Cued Speech: How to See the Sounds from French Texts (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Cued Speech (CS) is a visual communication system developed for people with hearing loss to complement speech reading at the phonetic level. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to phonemize written corpora so that each word is aligned with the corresponding CS key(s) this method is part of a wider project aimed at creating an augmented reality system displaying a virtual coding hand where the user will be able to choose a text upon its complexity for cueing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is part of a wider project aimed at creating an augmented reality system displaying a virtual coding hand where the user can choose a text upon its complexity for cueing. |
WASA: A Web Application for Sequence Annotation (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | a major barrier to research on CS has been the lack of large multilingual, multi-genre CS-annotated corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose a web-based annotation system that manages large-scale CS data annotation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system can manage large-scale multilingual code switching (CS) data annotation. |
Lexical Normalization for Code-switched Data and its Effect on POS Tagging (2021.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Social media data can be used to improve natural language processing performance, but it is often overlooked by lexical normalization systems. |
| Approach: | They propose three lexical normalization models specifically designed to handle code-switched data and evaluate their performance on POS tags. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform monolingual models and lead to 5.4% performance increase for POS tagging compared to unnormalized input. |
Subword-Level Language Identification for Intra-Word Code-Switching (N19-1)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in conversations . if at least one language is morphologically rich, a large number of words can be composed of morphemes from more than one language. |
| Approach: | They propose to extend the language identification task to the subword level by splitting mixed words while tagging each part with a language ID. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the baseline on a Spanish–Wixarika and adapted German–Turkish datasets. |
LinCE: A Centralized Benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent trends in NLP research have raised an interest in linguistic code-switching . however, many of these approaches are limited to a few language pairs and a specific domain . |
| Approach: | They propose a centralized benchmark for Linguistic Code-switching Evaluation that combines eleven corpora covering four different code-switch languages and four tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark provides a centralized benchmark and compares with other benchmarks in real-time. |
The French-Algerian Code-Switching Triggered audio corpus (FACST) (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | The French Algerian Code-Switching Triggered corpus is a corpus of spontaneous CS utterances . it is used to support linguistic and phonetic studies in phonetics and prosody . |
| Approach: | They propose to use a triggering protocol to elicit CS in natural conversations . they propose to do data segmentation and annotation in each language . |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus is based on a code-switching protocol and is well-suited for linguistic and acoustic-phonetic studies. |
From Machine Translation to Code-Switching: Generating High-Quality Code-Switched Text (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | a computational model for code-switching text is lacking in the corpus of real text. |
| Approach: | They propose a neural machine translation model to generate Hindi-English code-switched sentences using monolingual Hindi sentences. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces perplexity on a language modeling task and improves on linguistic inference tasks. |
F2RL: Factuality and Faithfulness Reinforcement Learning Framework for Claim-Guided Evidence-Supported Counterspeech Generation (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for generating evidence-supported counterspeech lack clear guidance with a core claim for organizing evidence. |
| Approach: | They propose a Factuality and Faithfulness Reinforcement Learning framework for generating claim-guided and evidence-supported counterspeech (F2RL) they generate counter-claims based on hate speech and design a self-evaluation mechanism to select the most appropriate one. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework achieves excellent performance on three benchmark datasets with strong factuality and faithfulness. |
Exploring Segmentation Approaches for Neural Machine Translation of Code-Switched Egyptian Arabic-English Text (2023.eacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a problem in machine translation, but its performance is not investigated for CS settings. |
| Approach: | They propose to use morphological segmentation techniques for machine translation tasks . they compare morphology-based and frequency-based segmentation for MT tasks based on data size . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach performs best in MT tasks but under-performs in other languages. |
An Integrated Representation of Linguistic and Social Functions of Code-Switching (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | Linguistic studies on code-switching focus on the "how" and "why" of CS . a new model aims to derive CS functions from local and global properties of the code-witched discourse . |
| Approach: | They propose a model that integrates CS phenomena and modalities into a representation that includes local and global properties of the code-switched discourse. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model simplifies the analysis of English/Hindi CS datasets and provides a flexible framework for further studies. |
Fake Alignment: Are LLMs Really Aligned Well? (2024.naacl-long)
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Yixu Wang, Yan Teng, Kexin Huang, Chengqi Lyu, Songyang Zhang, Wenwei Zhang, Xingjun Ma, Yu-Gang Jiang, Yu Qiao, Yingchun Wang
| Challenge: | Existing studies on large language models have shown that they are poorly aligned in practice. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate safety in large language models . they propose two new metrics to quantify fake alignment and obtain corrected performance estimation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework and two metrics show that some models with purported safety are poorly aligned in practice. |
MedQA-CS: Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)-Style Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Clinical Skills (2026.eacl-long)
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Zonghai Yao, Zihao Zhang, Chaolong Tang, Xingyu Bian, Youxia Zhao, Zhichao Yang, Junda Wang, Huixue Zhou, Won Seok Jang, Feiyun Ouyang, Hong Yu
| Challenge: | Current clinical LLM benchmarks fail to evaluate advanced clinical skills in AI and large language models (LLMs). |
| Approach: | They propose a framework to evaluate large language models (LLMs) using two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework evaluates LLMs through two instruction-following tasks designed to reflect real clinical scenarios. |
Methods of Automatic Matrix Language Determination for Code-Switched Speech (2024.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is the process of speakers switching between two or more languages in spoken or written language. |
| Approach: | They propose to use the Matrix Language Frame theory to describe CS speech . they compare MLID of English/Mandarin and English/Spanish CS to acoustic language identity . |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform monolingual models in acoustic language identity recognition tasks. |
Understanding and Improving the Robustness of Terminology Constraints in Neural Machine Translation (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing terminology constraint test sets are blind to this issue due to oversimplified settings . PH methods retain high constraint accuracy but lower translation quality . |
| Approach: | They propose a method that replaces terminology terms with ordered labels . placeholder methods are better at retaining high constraint accuracy but lower translation quality . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method achieves high accuracy and translation quality regardless of the number or length of constraints. |
On Creating an English-Thai Code-switched Machine Translation in Medical Domain (2024.findings-emnlp)
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Parinthapat Pengpun, Krittamate Tiankanon, Amrest Chinkamol, Jiramet Kinchagawat, Pitchaya Chairuengjitjaras, Pasit Supholkhan, Pubordee Aussavavirojekul, Chiraphat Boonnag, Kanyakorn Veerakanjana, Hirunkul Phimsiri, Boonthicha Sae-jia, Nattawach Sataudom, Piyalitt Ittichaiwong, Peerat Limkonchotiwat
| Challenge: | despite advances in English-Thai MT, common MT approaches often underperform in the medical field due to their inability to precisely translate medical terminologies. |
| Approach: | They propose to maintain medical terminology in English within translated text through code-switched translation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method shows that medical professionals prefer CS translations that maintain critical English terms accurately, even if it slightly compromises fluency. |
Switch Point biased Self-Training: Re-purposing Pretrained Models for Code-Switching (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a phenomenon of switching between multiple languages . current models cannot handle CS due to lack of annotated data and limited resources. |
| Approach: | They propose a self-training method to repurpose existing models using a switch-point bias by leveraging unannotated data to reduce the gap between the switch point performance and retain overall performance on two distinct language pairs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model reduces the gap between the switch point performance while retaining the overall performance on two distinct language pairs. |
EntityCS: Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer with Entity-Centric Code Switching (2022.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for CS use dictionaries or parallel sentences with word-alignment to generate CS data by randomly switching words in a sentence. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that focuses on Entity-level Code-Switching to capture fine-grained cross-lingual semantics without corrupting syntax. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method captures fine-grained cross-lingual semantics without corrupting syntax. |
ArzEn: A Speech Corpus for Code-switched Egyptian Arabic-English (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | a corpus of Arabic-English code-switching (CS) spontaneous speech is collected in an Egyptian university soundproof room . the language in Egypt is rather complex and poses many challenges to natural language processing (NLP) |
| Approach: | They present an Egyptian Arabic-English code-switching (CS) spontaneous speech corpus. |
| Outcome: | The proposed corpus is designed to be used in automatic speech recognition systems . it provides a useful resource for analyzing the CS phenomenon from linguistic, sociological, and psychological perspectives. |
A Cognitive Stimulation Dialogue System with Multi-source Knowledge Fusion for Elders with Cognitive Impairment (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing cognitive stimulation systems lack data on how to integrate emotional support and therapy principles into chit-chat dialogue systems. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-source knowledge fusion method for CS dialogue to generate open-ended responses guided by the therapy principle and emotional support strategy. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method generates open-ended responses guided by the therapy principle and emotional support strategy of the target response. |
Code-Switching and Syntax: A Large-Scale Experiment (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing theories of code-switching (CS) have been refuted in subsequent investigations. |
| Approach: | They propose to use syntactic information to predict where bilinguals switch languages . they find that syntax alone is sufficient for an automatic system to distinguish between sentences in minimal pairs of CS, to the same degree as bilingual humans. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can explain why bilinguals switch languages more often than in others, but there is no large-scale, multi-language, cross-phenomena experiment that tests this claim. |
PRO-CS : An Instance-Based Prompt Composition Technique for Code-Switched Tasks (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) data is ubiquitous in today’s globalized world, but the dearth of annotated datasets in code-switch tasks poses a significant challenge for transfer learning in limited-resource setups. |
| Approach: | They propose a prompt composition technique that outperforms prompt-tuning and fine-tuned prompt-based prompt composition techniques for CS tasks that combine language and task knowledge. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms prompt-tuning and fine-tuned approaches on 10 datasets across 4 languages and achieves competitive results in low-resource cross-lingual and cross-task setting. |
Saving Dense Retriever from Shortcut Dependency in Conversational Search (2022.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | a retrieval shortcut in conversational search (CS) relies on partial history to retrieve relevant passages . naively trained dense retrievers heavily exploit the shortcut and perform poorly when asked to answer history-independent questions. |
| Approach: | They propose to exploit a retrieval shortcut in conversational search (CS) that allows models to only use partial history to retrieve relevant passages while disregarding the latest question. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art model by 11.0 on QReCC. |
UniCoM: A Universal Code-Switching Speech Generator (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Code-switching (CS) is a common phenomenon in real-world conversations and poses significant challenges for multilingual speech technology. |
| Approach: | They propose a pipeline for generating high-quality, natural CS samples without altering sentence semantics. |
| Outcome: | The proposed pipeline generates high-quality, natural CS samples without altering sentence semantics without alteration of sentence semantic. |
From English to Code-Switching: Transfer Learning with Strong Morphological Clues (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Linguistic code-switching (CS) is an understudied area in natural language processing . lack of resources and annotated data makes it difficult to strive for progress in CS-related tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to adapt monolingual models to code-switched text in various tasks . they transfer English knowledge from a pre-trained ELMo model to different code-paired languages . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms multilingual BERT and homologous CS-unaware models and provides state-of-the-art in CS tasks. |
Adaptive Contrastive Search: Uncertainty-Guided Decoding for Open-Ended Text Generation (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing approaches to decode text to the most probable sequence have been proposed to address these challenges by improving coherence, diversity, and resemblance to human-generated text. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel decoding strategy that extends contrastive search by incorporating an adaptive degeneration penalty informed by the model’s estimated uncertainty at each generation step. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves creativity and coherence while maintaining coherency across model architectures, languages, and datasets. |
Minimal Pair-Based Evaluation of Code-Switching (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods do not have wide language coverage, fail to account for the diverse range of CS phenomena, or do not scale. |
| Approach: | They propose to use minimal pairs of CS to estimate the extent to which large language models (LLMs) use code-switching in the same way as bilinguals. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model assigns higher probability to the naturally occurring CS sentence than to the variant for every language pair. |
Localizing Malicious Outputs from CodeLLM (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Using FreqRank, we localize malicious components in outputs for triggered inputs and their corresponding backdoor triggers. |
| Approach: | They propose a mutation-based defense to localize malicious components in LLM outputs and their corresponding backdoor triggers. |
| Outcome: | The proposed defense has an average attack success rate (ASR) of 86.6% and can localize the backdoor triggers in 98% of cases. |
Code-Switching Metrics Using Intonation Units (2023.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing measures of code-switching (CS) complexity are word-based, meaning any word is equally likely to switch between any two words. |
| Approach: | They adapt two NLP metrics, multilinguality and CS probability, and put forward Intonation Units (IUs) as basic tokens for transcribed bilingual speech. |
| Outcome: | The proposed measures account for prosodic and prosodic constraints on CS in bilingual speech. |
A MISMATCHED Benchmark for Scientific Natural Language Inference (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets for scientific NLI are derived from various computer science domains, whereas non-CS domains are completely ignored. |
| Approach: | They propose a scientific natural language inference benchmark called MisMatched that incorporates sentence pairs having an implicit scientific NLI relation into model training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark covers three non-CS domains and contains 2,700 human annotated sentence pairs. |
Towards Provably Secure Generative AI: Reliable Consensus Sampling (2026.findings-acl)
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Yu Cui, Hang Fu, Sicheng Pan, Zhuoyu Sun, Yifei Liu, Yuhong Nie, Bo Ran, Baohan Huang, Xufeng Zhang, Haibin Zhang, Cong Zuo, Licheng Wang
| Challenge: | Existing research on generative AI security is driven by mutually reinforcing attack and defense methodologies grounded in empirical experience. |
| Approach: | They propose a new algorithm that uses a random sampling algorithm to control risk. |
| Outcome: | The proposed algorithm improves robustness and utility while maintaining latency comparable to existing algorithms. |
Can Code-Switched Texts Activate a Knowledge Switch in LLMs? A Case Study on English-Korean Code-Switching (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Recent large language models (LLMs) demonstrate multilingual abilities, yet they are English-centric due to dominance of English in training corpora. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a synthetic English-korean CS question-answering dataset to investigate this potential. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can activate, identify and leverage knowledge for reasoning in low-resource languages. |