Challenge: In-context learning and similarity search have been shown to improve LLMs' performance in machine translation, but they lag behind when dealing with low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method that uses an LLM to generate topic-specific target-side data in the LRL.
Outcome: The proposed approach boosts LLM translation performance during in-context learning and fine-tuning.

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Scaling Low-Resource MT via Synthetic Data Generation with LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that LLM-generated synthetic data can improve low-resource machine translation performance . traditional data augmentation techniques like back-translation preserve the human-written target and synthesize the other .
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Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages through Monolingual Data and LLM: A Case Study of English-to-Basque (2026.eacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs do not translate well from English to Basque, but they yield an acceptable performance in the reverse direction.
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Understanding In-Context Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages: A Case Study on Manchu (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: In-context machine translation (MT) with large language models can take advantage of linguistic resources such as grammar books and dictionaries.
Approach: They propose to use in-context machine translation (MT) with large language models to take advantage of linguistic resources such as grammar books and dictionaries.
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Machine Translation into Low-resource Language Varieties (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Current machine translation systems generate a "standard" target language, but many languages have multiple varieties that are different from the standard language.
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A Rigorous Evaluation of LLM Data Generation Strategies for Low-Resource Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models.
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Topic-guided Example Selection for Domain Adaptation in LLM-based Machine Translation (2024.eacl-srw)

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Challenge: Current machine translation (MT) systems perform well in domains on which they were trained, but adaptation to unseen domains remains a challenge.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to adapt to unseen domains by in-context example selection.
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Compositional Translation: A Novel LLM-based Approach for Low-resource Machine Translation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: generative large language models (LLMs) can perform in-context learning . machine translation (MT) has been shown to benefit from in-constitu examples .
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Naver Labs Europe’s Systems for the Document-Level Generation and Translation Task at WNGT 2019 (D19-56)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine translation and natural language generation have created many challenges in this field especially when context is considered.
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Bridge-Coder: Transferring Model Capabilities from High-Resource to Low-Resource Programming Language (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating code for high-resource programming languages (HRPLs) however, they struggle significantly with low-resourced programming languages such as D, exacerbating the digital divide.
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Multilingual Encoder Knows more than You Realize: Shared Weights Pretraining for Extremely Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: XLM-R and mBART have advanced multilingualism in NLP, but low-resource languages such as Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazakh, and Mongolian are underserved.
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