Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a multi-modal translation challenge that requires the analysis of both images and questions simultaneously to generate appropriate responses.
Approach: They propose a textless multilingual visual question answering dataset that incorporates speech-based questions in English, german, spanish and french.
Outcome: The proposed framework is superior to existing frameworks for speech-based VQA . the proposed framework can generate better results for image, text and audio representations .

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MaXM: Towards Multilingual Visual Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) has been studied in the English language, but in other languages it would require a considerable amount of resources.
Approach: They propose scalable solutions to multilingual visual question answering using an English language framework and an annotation protocol.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces human annotation efforts and creates a test-only VQA benchmark in 7 languages.
Delving Deeper into Cross-lingual Visual Question Answering (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual VQA have reported poor zero-shot transfer performance of current multilingual multimodal Transformers . lack of multilingual resources has hindered development and evaluation of VQA methods beyond the English language .
Approach: They analyze cross-lingual VQA across different question types of varying complexity . they show that simple modifications to the standard training setup can substantially reduce the transfer gap to monolingual English performance.
Outcome: The proposed model significantly reduces the transfer gap to monolingual English performance . the proposed model also improves on question types and languages .
Visual Question Answering Dataset for Bilingual Image Understanding: A Study of Cross-Lingual Transfer Using Attention Maps (C18-1)

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Challenge: Existing literature on visual question answering (VQA) focuses on English, but there are no datasets for other languages.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual method to make use of English annotation to improve Japanese VQA . they use attention maps generated from English questions to improve the task .
Outcome: The proposed method performs better than using a monolingual corpus in Japanese than using monolingual ones.
xGQA: Cross-Lingual Visual Question Answering (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a lack of multilingual multimodal datasets has hindered multimodal vision and language modeling efforts.
Approach: They propose a multilingual evaluation benchmark for the visual question answering task . they extend the established English GQA dataset to 7 typologically diverse languages .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform current state-of-the-art models in zero-shot cross-lingual settings, but the accuracy remains low across languages.
A Unified Framework for Multilingual and Code-Mixed Visual Question Answering (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing techniques for visual question answering focus on English questions, but many applications require a multilingual module.
Approach: They propose a deep learning framework for multilingual and code- mixed visual question answering . they create Hindi and Code-mixed VQA datasets by exploiting linguistic properties of these languages .
Outcome: The proposed model is capable of predicting answers from the questions in Hindi, English or Code- mixed (Hindi-English) languages.
End-to-end Spoken Conversational Question Answering: Task, Dataset and Model (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for conversational question answering significantly degrade on datasets . a new task aims to enable systems to model complex dialogues flow given the speech documents .
Approach: They propose a new Spoken Conversational Question Answering task to model human conversations . they propose DDNet, which ingests cross-modal information to achieve fine-grained representations of speech and language modalities.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves superior performance in spoken conversational question answering.
Language Guided Visual Question Answering: Elevate Your Multimodal Language Model Using Knowledge-Enriched Prompts (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a task that requires an understanding of both the image and the question to provide a natural language answer.
Approach: They propose a multimodal framework that leverages language guidance to answer questions more accurately.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on the multi-choice question-answering task using CLIP and BLIP models.
Translation Deserves Better: Analyzing Translation Artifacts in Cross-lingual Visual Question Answering (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have employed machine translation systems for cross-lingual VQA tasks . however, translated texts contain unique characteristics distinct from human-written ones, referred to as translation artifacts.
Approach: They propose a machine translation system that can train models in multiple languages . they propose augmentation strategies that reduce translation artifacts in translated texts .
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces translation artifacts in models across languages and languages.
MTVQA: Benchmarking Multilingual Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (TEC-VQA) is a text-centric visual task understanding tool.
Approach: They introduce a benchmark that features human expert annotations across 9 languages . they prioritize the text in question-answer pairs while disregarding visual text in images .
Outcome: The proposed benchmarks prioritize the text in question-answer pairs while disregarding visual text in images.
Open-Ended Visual Question Answering by Multi-Modal Domain Adaptation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to visual question answering (VQA) are not suitable for real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a supervised multi-modal domain adaptation method for visual question answering in images that exploits supervised domain adaptation.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the benchmark VQA 2.0 and VizWiz datasets.

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