Challenge: Existing literature on visual question answering (VQA) focuses on English, but there are no datasets for other languages.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual method to make use of English annotation to improve Japanese VQA . they use attention maps generated from English questions to improve the task .
Outcome: The proposed method performs better than using a monolingual corpus in Japanese than using monolingual ones.

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Towards Multilingual spoken Visual Question Answering system using Cross-Attention (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a multi-modal translation challenge that requires the analysis of both images and questions simultaneously to generate appropriate responses.
Approach: They propose a textless multilingual visual question answering dataset that incorporates speech-based questions in English, german, spanish and french.
Outcome: The proposed framework is superior to existing frameworks for speech-based VQA . the proposed framework can generate better results for image, text and audio representations .
Delving Deeper into Cross-lingual Visual Question Answering (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual VQA have reported poor zero-shot transfer performance of current multilingual multimodal Transformers . lack of multilingual resources has hindered development and evaluation of VQA methods beyond the English language .
Approach: They analyze cross-lingual VQA across different question types of varying complexity . they show that simple modifications to the standard training setup can substantially reduce the transfer gap to monolingual English performance.
Outcome: The proposed model significantly reduces the transfer gap to monolingual English performance . the proposed model also improves on question types and languages .
Translation Deserves Better: Analyzing Translation Artifacts in Cross-lingual Visual Question Answering (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have employed machine translation systems for cross-lingual VQA tasks . however, translated texts contain unique characteristics distinct from human-written ones, referred to as translation artifacts.
Approach: They propose a machine translation system that can train models in multiple languages . they propose augmentation strategies that reduce translation artifacts in translated texts .
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces translation artifacts in models across languages and languages.
MaXM: Towards Multilingual Visual Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) has been studied in the English language, but in other languages it would require a considerable amount of resources.
Approach: They propose scalable solutions to multilingual visual question answering using an English language framework and an annotation protocol.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces human annotation efforts and creates a test-only VQA benchmark in 7 languages.
A Corpus for Visual Question Answering Annotated with Frame Semantic Information (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a computer vision problem.
Approach: They propose to annotate a visual question answering dataset with verb semantics to help the model understand verbs.
Outcome: The proposed system is built on the imSitu dataset annotated with verb semantic information.
XQA: A Cross-lingual Open-domain Question Answering Dataset (P19-1)

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Challenge: Open-domain question answering aims to answer questions through text retrieval and reading comprehension . but, the success of these models relies on a massive volume of training data, which is not available in other languages . a new dataset aims at investigating cross-lingual OpenQA .
Approach: They propose to use a dataset for cross-lingual OpenQA research to test models . they use XQA dataset to train models with large volumes of labeled data .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves best results in almost all target languages while the performance is lower than that of English.
HaVQA: A Dataset for Visual Question Answering and Multimodal Research in Hausa Language (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing models for visual question answering are limited to the English language.
Approach: They present a multimodal dataset for visual question answering tasks in the Hausa language.
Outcome: The proposed dataset provides 12,044 gold standard English-Hausa parallel sentences that are semantically identical to the corresponding visual information.
A Unified Framework for Multilingual and Code-Mixed Visual Question Answering (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing techniques for visual question answering focus on English questions, but many applications require a multilingual module.
Approach: They propose a deep learning framework for multilingual and code- mixed visual question answering . they create Hindi and Code-mixed VQA datasets by exploiting linguistic properties of these languages .
Outcome: The proposed model is capable of predicting answers from the questions in Hindi, English or Code- mixed (Hindi-English) languages.
Can We Learn Question, Answer, and Distractors All from an Image? A New Task for Multiple-choice Visual Question Answering (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on generating QADs from image and question, but a novel task is needed to generate meaningful questions, correct answers, and challenging distractors.
Approach: They propose a task to generate QADs from images and encode images together . they use contrastive learning to ensure consistency of QAD generated and tested .
Outcome: Empirical evaluations on the benchmark dataset validate the performance of the proposed task.
All You May Need for VQA are Image Captions (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) has benefited from increasingly sophisticated models, but has not enjoyed the same level of engagement in terms of data creation.
Approach: They propose a method that automatically derives VQA examples at volume by leveraging existing image-caption annotations combined with neural models for textual question generation.
Outcome: The proposed method improves state-of-the-art zero-shot accuracy by double digits and achieves robustness that lacks in the same model trained on human-annotated VQA data.

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