Challenge: Visual Question Answering (VQA) has been studied in the English language, but in other languages it would require a considerable amount of resources.
Approach: They propose scalable solutions to multilingual visual question answering using an English language framework and an annotation protocol.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces human annotation efforts and creates a test-only VQA benchmark in 7 languages.

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Challenge: a lack of multilingual multimodal datasets has hindered multimodal vision and language modeling efforts.
Approach: They propose a multilingual evaluation benchmark for the visual question answering task . they extend the established English GQA dataset to 7 typologically diverse languages .
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Towards Multilingual spoken Visual Question Answering system using Cross-Attention (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a multi-modal translation challenge that requires the analysis of both images and questions simultaneously to generate appropriate responses.
Approach: They propose a textless multilingual visual question answering dataset that incorporates speech-based questions in English, german, spanish and french.
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Delving Deeper into Cross-lingual Visual Question Answering (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual VQA have reported poor zero-shot transfer performance of current multilingual multimodal Transformers . lack of multilingual resources has hindered development and evaluation of VQA methods beyond the English language .
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MTVQA: Benchmarking Multilingual Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (TEC-VQA) is a text-centric visual task understanding tool.
Approach: They introduce a benchmark that features human expert annotations across 9 languages . they prioritize the text in question-answer pairs while disregarding visual text in images .
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VQAGuider: Guiding Multimodal Large Language Models to Answer Complex Video Questions (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can grasp the intention of a question and decomposing it to a series of visual recognition sub-tasks to find out the answer with the help of an agent.
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Open-Ended Visual Question Answering by Multi-Modal Domain Adaptation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to visual question answering (VQA) are not suitable for real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a supervised multi-modal domain adaptation method for visual question answering in images that exploits supervised domain adaptation.
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A Unified Framework for Multilingual and Code-Mixed Visual Question Answering (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing techniques for visual question answering focus on English questions, but many applications require a multilingual module.
Approach: They propose a deep learning framework for multilingual and code- mixed visual question answering . they create Hindi and Code-mixed VQA datasets by exploiting linguistic properties of these languages .
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Language Guided Visual Question Answering: Elevate Your Multimodal Language Model Using Knowledge-Enriched Prompts (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a task that requires an understanding of both the image and the question to provide a natural language answer.
Approach: They propose a multimodal framework that leverages language guidance to answer questions more accurately.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on the multi-choice question-answering task using CLIP and BLIP models.
Visual Question Answering Dataset for Bilingual Image Understanding: A Study of Cross-Lingual Transfer Using Attention Maps (C18-1)

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Challenge: Existing literature on visual question answering (VQA) focuses on English, but there are no datasets for other languages.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual method to make use of English annotation to improve Japanese VQA . they use attention maps generated from English questions to improve the task .
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TVQACML: Benchmarking Text-Centric Visual Question Answering in Multilingual Chinese Minority Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing TEC-VQA benchmarks focus on high-resource languages like English and Chinese . existing benchmarks have a "visual-textual misalignment" problem resulting in unreliable evaluation results .
Approach: They propose a benchmark that expands multilingual QA pairs in non-text-centric datasets through translation to eight languages, including Standard Chinese, Korean, and six minority languages.
Outcome: The proposed benchmarks are contamination-free and more challenging . they include eight languages including Chinese, Korean, and six minority languages .

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