Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have excellent performance in many tasks, but they still face challenges in document translation.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages the capabilities of Large Language Models to optimize document translation using only monolingual data.
Outcome: The proposed method improves translation quality and improves contextual consistency in document translation using only monolingual data.

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Contextual Refinement of Translations: Large Language Models for Sentence and Document-Level Post-Editing (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models have demonstrated considerable success in various natural language processing tasks, but their performance in NMT tasks is still underexplored.
Approach: They propose to use LLMs as automatic post-editors rather than direct translators to improve BLEU and COMET performance.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves BLEU but COMET performance compared to in-context learning.
Beyond Decoder-only: Large Language Models Can be Good Encoders for Machine Translation (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine translation have focused on a single pre-trained decoder . encoder-decoder architectures have received relatively little attention in NMT .
Approach: They propose a method that leverages LLMs as MT encoders and pairs them with lightweight decoders to develop universal translation models.
Outcome: The proposed method matches or surpasses baselines in terms of translation quality but achieves 75% reduction in memory footprint of the KV cache.
Corpora for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Document-level machine translation models translate sentences in isolation, but there are three main problems for document-level models.
Approach: They propose to use document-level machine translation to capture discourse dependencies across sentences by considering a document as a whole.
Outcome: The proposed method captures discourse dependencies across sentences by considering a document as a whole.
On Search Strategies for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Document-level neural machine translation models produce a more consistent output across a document . however, the exact decoding strategy is often not described and not mentioned at all.
Approach: They propose to use standard automatic metrics and specific linguistic phenomena to compare different decoding schemes.
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Improving Machine Translation with Large Language Models: A Preliminary Study with Cooperative Decoding (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Commercial machine translation engines are proficient in addressing the majority of translation requirements.
Approach: They propose to combine NMT and MT-oriented LLMs to achieve superior translation quality by combining their strengths.
Outcome: The proposed model can handle complex scenarios beyond the capability of NMT alone.
Enhancing Neural Machine Translation Through Target Language Data: A kNN-LM Approach for Domain Adaptation (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) has made significant progress in recent years, yet often suffers from translating in new domains, which is called domain adaptation.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages semantically similar target language sentences in the kNN framework and generates a probability distribution over these sentences during decoding.
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Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) are weak, and lack robustness to support language pairs with varying typological characteristics.
Approach: They propose to deepen NMT models to support language pairs with varying typological characteristics by random online backtranslation.
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Neural Machine Translation with Monolingual Translation Memory (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing work has shown that Translation Memory (TM) can boost the performance of Neural Machine Translation (NMT)
Approach: They propose a framework that uses monolingual memory and performs learnable memory retrieval in a cross-lingual manner.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms strong TM-augmented NMT baselines using bilingual TM and outperformed existing models in low-resource and domain adaptation scenarios.
Breaking the Corpus Bottleneck for Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Task Pre-training (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Context-aware neural machine translation (NMT) remains challenging due to the lack of large-scale document-level parallel corpora.
Approach: They propose to use large-scale parallel datasets and source-side monolingual documents to improve context-aware neural machine translation.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to translate both sentences and documents on four translation tasks.
An Effective Approach to Unsupervised Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: a recent research line has managed to train both unsupervised and unsupervised machine translation systems using monolingual corpora only.
Approach: They propose to use monolingual corpora to train both unsupervised and unsupervised machine translation systems.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves 22.5 BLEU points in English-to-German WMT 2014, 5.5 points more than the previous best unsupervised system, and 0.5 points more in the (supervised) shared task winner back in 2014.

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