Challenge: Traditional benchmarks for evaluating foundation models often fail to accurately represent their general abilities for human-centric tasks.
Approach: They propose a bilingual benchmark to assess foundation models in the context of human-centric standardized exams such as college entrance exams, law school admission tests, and math competitions.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark exceeds the average human performance on SAT, LSAT, and math competitions with 95% accuracy and 92.5% on the Chinese college entrance English exam.

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models have exceeded general human capabilities in various tasks.
Approach: They present an Olympiad-level bilingual multimodal scientific benchmark featuring 8,476 problems from Olympiad level mathematics and physics competitions.
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Dr.Academy: A Benchmark for Evaluating Questioning Capability in Education for Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recognizing LLMs’ capability to generate educational content can lead to advances in automated and personalized learning.
Approach: They propose to evaluate the questioning capability in education as a teacher of large language models by evaluating their generated educational questions.
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LLM-Powered Benchmark Factory: Reliable, Generic, and Efficient (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Using generic and efficient benchmark generators, human annotators are limited by inefficiency . current benchmark generator methods rely on seed signals, leading to long cycles and high costs .
Approach: They propose a framework to evaluate LLMs as generic benchmark generators and integrate them as BenchMaker.
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GPT-Fathom: Benchmarking Large Language Models to Decipher the Evolutionary Path towards GPT-4 and Beyond (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing LLM leaderboards often reference scores reported in other papers without consistent settings and prompts, which may encourage cherry-picking favored settings and for better results.
Approach: They propose an open-source and reproducible LLM evaluation suite built on top of OpenAI Evals that systematically evaluates 10+ leading LLMs and OpenAI’s legacy models on 20+ curated benchmarks across 7 capability categories.
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Evaluating Large Language Models on Wikipedia-Style Survey Generation (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that large language models can perform well in general tasks, but their effectiveness and limitations in domainspecific tasks remain unclear.
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Physics: Benchmarking Foundation Models on University-Level Physics Problem Solving (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a benchmark for university-level physics problem solving contains 1,297 expert-annotated problems . a proprietary model, o3-mini, achieves only 59.9% accuracy, highlighting fundamental weaknesses in scientific reasoning, conceptual understanding, and mathematical precision.
Approach: They introduce Physics, a benchmark for university-level physics problem solving.
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MERA: A Comprehensive LLM Evaluation in Russian (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in foundation models have led to the emergence of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs), which showcase unprecedented tasksolving capabilities.
Approach: They propose a method to evaluate FMs and LMs in fixed zero- and few-shot instruction settings that can be extended to other modalities.
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Does GPT-4 pass the Turing test? (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 seem well designed for Turing's game.
Approach: They evaluated GPT-4 in a public online Turing test and found it passed in 49.7% of games.
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Foundational Autoraters: Taming Large Language Models for Better Automatic Evaluation (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: evaluating large language models' output is difficult due to the high cost of human evaluation.
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Evaluation Metrics in the Era of GPT-4: Reliably Evaluating Large Language Models on Sequence to Sequence Tasks (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) evaluation is a patchy and inconsistent landscape . established automatic evaluation metrics are poor surrogates, correlating weakly with human judgement.
Approach: They propose to use both automatic and human evaluation to evaluate generative LLMs on three NLP benchmarks: text summarisation, text simplification and grammatical error correction.
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