| Challenge: | Recent approaches to cross-lingual word embeddings have been based on linear transformations between the embeddable vectors in the two languages. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that expresses two monolingual embedding spaces as probability densities and matches them using a Gaussian mixture model. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can achieve competitive or superior performance on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity data. |
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A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks. |
Evaluating bilingual word embeddings on the long tail (N18-2)
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| Challenge: | Bilingual word embeddings are useful for bilingual lexicon induction, but they focus on frequent words in general domains. |
| Approach: | They propose to evaluate bilingual word embeddings on rare words in different domains . they propose to use a multilingual dataset to build and combine BWEs based on a single word . |
| Outcome: | The proposed evaluations show that state-of-the-art methods fail on rare words . the proposed evaluation is based on a gold standard dataset and code . |
Multi-lingual Common Semantic Space Construction via Cluster-consistent Word Embedding (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | a new approach to multilingual word embedding is needed to achieve this goal . a multilingual common semantic space is a language-agnostic semantic continuous space . |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual common semantic space where words from multiple languages are mapped into a shared space so that resources and knowledge can be shared across languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves 14.6% absolute F-score gain over state-of-the-art methods on cross-lingual direct transfer. |
Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for cross-lingual word mapping require cross-linguistic supervision, but this is not available for many low resource languages. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised method that learns transformation functions over corresponding word embedding spaces using a distributed distributional matching algorithm. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs better on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity prediction datasets than other supervised and unsupervised methods. |
Word Embeddings for Code-Mixed Language Processing (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing bilingual word embedding techniques are not ideal for code-mixed text processing and there is a need for learning multilingual word embeds from code-mixed texts. |
| Approach: | They propose to use bilingual word embedding techniques to train skip-grams on synthetic code-mixed text generated through linguistic models of code- mixing to perform two tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed embedding technique performs better on semantic and syntactic tasks than the existing embeddable techniques on sentiment analysis and POS tagging tasks. |
Bilingual Lexicon Induction through Unsupervised Machine Translation (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for bilingual lexicon induction use nearest neighbor or related retrieval methods to induce word translation pairs. |
| Approach: | They propose a method that aligns word embeddings in two languages and uses them to build a phrase-table and a language model to extract the bilingual lexicon. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves accuracy 6 points over nearest neighbor and 4 points over CSLS retrieval on the same cross-lingual embeddings. |
Leveraging Meta-Embeddings for Bilingual Lexicon Extraction from Specialized Comparable Corpora (C18-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent studies on bilingual lexicon extraction from specialized comparable corpora show differences in performance . lack of large specialized corporan to build efficient representations can be partially explained . |
| Approach: | They propose to use character-based embedding models to combine different embeddable models . they emphasize how character-driven embeddance models outperform other models on quality . |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms other models on quality of extracted bilingual lexicons . comparable corpora are an interesting and practical alternative to parallel corporation . |
Multi-Adversarial Learning for Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have succeeded in inducing cross-lingual word embeddings without supervision, but their performance for distant languages is still not satisfactory. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-adversarial method that induces the seed cross-lingual dictionary through multiple mappings, each induced to fit the mapping for one subspace. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves performance on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual document classification on unsupervised bilingual linguistic induction. |
Language Embeddings for Typology and Cross-lingual Transfer Learning (2021.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent efforts to leverage multilingual datasets highlight potential of multilingual models that can perform well across various languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to generate language representations that capture relationships among languages and evaluate them using WALS and two extrinsic tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can be leveraged in cross-lingual tasks without parallel data . the proposed model is based on the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) and two extrinsic tasks . |
Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Turkic Languages (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing techniques to align monolingual embeddings are difficult to use because of low resources. |
| Approach: | They propose to use existing techniques to align monolingual embedding spaces for Turkic, Uzbek, Azeri, Kazakh and Kyrgyz languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed techniques outperform existing techniques on bilingual dictionaries and an extrinsic task. |