Challenge: Existing reward models focus on human preferences, neglecting verifiable correctness signals.
Approach: They propose a reward system that combines human preference rewards with verifiable correctness signals to provide reliable rewards.
Outcome: The proposed reward agent significantly outperforms vanilla reward models on benchmarks and inference-time best-of-n searches on real-world tasks.

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ToolRM: Towards Agentic Tool-Use Reward Modeling (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: lack of reliable reward models for tool-use tasks has limited progress toward agentic AI . recent advances in agentic artificial intelligence are driven by tool-using capabilities of large language models.
Approach: They propose a pipeline that constructs pairwise preference data using rule-based scoring and multidimensional sampling to build lightweight reward models.
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AgentV-RL: Scaling Reward Modeling with Agentic Verifier (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve LLM reasoning are limited in complex domains and lack external grounding makes verifiers unreliable on computation-intensive tasks.
Approach: They propose a framework that transforms reward modeling into a multi-turn, tool-augmented deliberative process.
Outcome: The proposed framework surpasses state-of-the-art ORMs by 25.2% under parallel and sequential TTS.
Agent-RewardBench: Towards a Unified Benchmark for Reward Modeling across Perception, Planning, and Safety in Real-World Multimodal Agents (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are developing but lack external feedback . there is no clear on how to select reward models for agents .
Approach: They propose a benchmark to evaluate agent reward modeling ability in MLLMs . they use multiple dimensions and real-world agent scenarios evaluation .
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WildReward: Learning Reward Models from In-the-Wild Human Interactions (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Prior work focused on collecting preference pairs, requiring substantial annotation efforts.
Approach: They propose a pipeline to extract reliable human feedback from in-the-wild interactions . they propose to use WildChat as an interaction source to train the model .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves comparable or even superior performance compared to conventional models with improved calibration and cross-sample consistency.
A Comprehensive Survey on Learning from Rewards for Large Language Models: Reward Models and Learning Strategies (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent developments in Large Language Models have shifted from pre-training to post-training and test-time scaling.
Approach: They present a comprehensive overview of learning from rewards from the perspective of reward models and learning strategies across training, inference, and post-inference stages.
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Exploring Reasoning Reward Model for Agents (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for agentic reinforcement learning rely on sparse outcome-based reward for training, leading to suboptimal results.
Approach: They propose an agent-based reward model that produces structured feedback for agentic trajectories, including an explicit reasoning trace and a focused critique.
Outcome: The proposed model produces structured feedback for agentic trajectories including an explicit reasoning trace, a focused critique, and an overall score that evaluates process performance.
Interpretable Preferences via Multi-Objective Reward Modeling and Mixture-of-Experts (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) is the primary method for aligning large language models with human preferences.
Approach: They propose to train an Absolute-Rating Multi-Objective Reward Model with multi-dimensional absolute-rating data.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the LLM-as-a-judge method on RewardBench . it achieves state-of-the-art performance on the benchmark .
Aligning Agents via Planning: A Benchmark for Trajectory-Level Reward Modeling (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve into agentic systems capable of autonomous tool invocation and complex reasoning.
Approach: They propose a trajectory-level preference benchmark to evaluate judges' ability to distinguish preferred versus distractor agent trajectories in tool-integrated environments.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates how well judges distinguish preferred versus distractor agent trajectories in complex tool-using scenarios.
Crossing the Reward Bridge: Expanding Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards Across Diverse Domains (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has been effective on structured tasks, but its reliance on simple, rule-based verifiers creates a bottleneck.
Approach: They propose a framework that uses a generative verifier to provide soft, probabilistic rewards.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing models up to 10x their size and can be scalable and effective.
Beyond Correctness: Confidence-Aware Reward Modeling for Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models have shifted the post-training paradigm from instruction tuning and human preference alignment to reinforcement learning (RL) based on rule-based evaluations of answer correctness, these models often receive rewards for speculative answers without generating coherent reasoning chains.
Approach: They propose a confidence-based reward model tailored for enhancing STEM reasoning capabilities.
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