Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) can simulate non-native-like English use observed in human second language (L2) learners interfered with by their native first language (N1) knowledge.
Approach: They use large language models to simulate non-native-like English use observed in human second language (L2) learners, and then compare their outputs to real L2 learner data.
Outcome: The proposed models replicate L1-dependent patterns observed in human second language (L2) learners, with distinct influences from various languages.

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Challenge: linguists have discovered patterns which hold across virtually all known natural languages . lingulists are able to learn languages by comparing their learning curves to those of humans .
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