Challenge: Existing models do not differentiate between semantic and linguistic features, resulting in the entanglement of knowledge and linguistics within the model.
Approach: They propose to exploit both semantic and linguistic features to enhance multilingual translation by disentangling encoder representations and integrating low-level linguistic encoders.
Outcome: The proposed model improves zero-shot translation while maintaining performance in supervised translation on multilingual datasets.

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Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: In this tutorial, we will cover the latest advances in NMT to enhance low-resource translation.
Approach: They will cover the latest advances in NMT approaches that leverage multilingualism . they will focus on topics such as language divergence, transfer learning and pivoting .
Outcome: This tutorial will cover the latest advances in NMT to enhance low-resource translation models.
Neural Machine Translation for Bilingually Scarce Scenarios: a Deep Multi-Task Learning Approach (N18-1)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation requires large amount of parallel training text to learn a reasonable quality translation model.
Approach: They propose a multi-task learning approach that leverages monolingual linguistic resources in the source side of a machine translation task.
Outcome: The proposed approach is effective on three translation tasks: English-to-French, English- to-Farsi, and English-à-Vietnamese.
From Bilingual to Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Incremental Training (P19-2)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multilingual neural machine translation are based on task specific models and the addition of one more language is only possible by retraining the whole system.
Approach: They propose a training schedule that scales to more languages without modification of previous components.
Outcome: The proposed training schedule shows close results to state-of-the-art in the WMT task.
Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) are weak, and lack robustness to support language pairs with varying typological characteristics.
Approach: They propose to deepen NMT models to support language pairs with varying typological characteristics by random online backtranslation.
Outcome: The proposed approach narrows the performance gap with bilingual models and improves zero-shot performance by 10 BLEU, approaching conventional pivot-based methods.
Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Auxiliary Source Languages (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Prior work has shown that translating from multiple source languages improves translation quality.
Approach: They propose to exploit multiple source sentences from auxiliary languages to improve multilingual translation in a more common scenario by using synthetic multi-source corpora.
Outcome: Extensive experiments on Chinese/English-Japanese and a large-scale multilingual translation benchmark show that the proposed model outperforms the baseline model significantly by +4.0 BLEU.
Monolingual Adapters for Zero-Shot Neural Machine Translation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing adapter layers are more parameter-efficient and provide better performance than bilingual ones.
Approach: They propose to use monolingual adapter layers instead of bilingual ones to compose them and generalize to unseen language pairs.
Outcome: The proposed adapter layer formalism achieves a median improvement of +2.77 BLEU points over a 20-language multilingual Transformer baseline trained on TED talks.
Improving Zero-Shot Multilingual Translation with Universal Representations and Cross-Mapping (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing model structure and training scheme cannot ensure universal representations and cross-mappings because of lacking explicit constraints.
Approach: They propose a state mover’s distance model to model the difference of the representations output by the encoder and a agreement-based training scheme to minimize the proposed distance to learn universal representations.
Outcome: The proposed model can translate between languages unseen during training, i.e., zero-shot translation.
Multilingual Machine Translation: Closing the Gap between Shared and Language-specific Encoder-Decoders (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: State-of-the-art multilingual machine translation relies on a universal encoder-decoder, which requires retraining the entire system to add new languages.
Approach: They propose an encoder-decoder approach that can be extended to new languages by learning their corresponding modules.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the universal encoder-decoder by 3.28 BLEU points on average while allowing to add new languages without retraining the rest of the modules.
A Comparison of Transformer and Recurrent Neural Networks on Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (C18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that multilingual NMT models can handle more than one translation direction with a single system.
Approach: They propose a multilingual neural machine translation model that can handle more than one translation direction with a single system.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well in low-resource settings against bilingual systems.
Adaptive Token-level Cross-lingual Feature Mixing for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual neural machine translation models can translate multiple language pairs in a single model but lacks ability to capture language-specific features.
Approach: They propose a token-level feature mixing method that captures different features and dynamically determines feature sharing across languages.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines and can be extended to zero-shot translation.

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