Challenge: State-of-the-art multilingual machine translation relies on a universal encoder-decoder, which requires retraining the entire system to add new languages.
Approach: They propose an encoder-decoder approach that can be extended to new languages by learning their corresponding modules.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the universal encoder-decoder by 3.28 BLEU points on average while allowing to add new languages without retraining the rest of the modules.

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Three Strategies to Improve One-to-Many Multilingual Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that one-to-many multilingual translation cannot perform on par with the individually trained models.
Approach: They propose to exploit unique initial states for target languages and language-dependent positional embeddings to create hidden cells of the encoder to achieve comparable or even better performance than individually trained models.
Outcome: The proposed methods achieve comparable or even better performance than the individually trained models.
Breaking Down Multilingual Machine Translation (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Multilingual training is an essential ingredient in machine translation systems . but it has different effects in different multilingual settings, such as many-to-one, one-tomany and many- to-many learning .
Approach: They compare multilingual training settings with encoders and decoders initialized by multilingual learning . they find important attention heads for each language pair and compare their correlations during inference .
Outcome: The proposed models outperform the best models for high-resource languages and one-to-many models for low-resourced languages.
Learning Language-Specific Layers for Multilingual Machine Translation (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multilingual Machine Translation (MNMT) is a promising new approach to improve translation quality between non-English languages.
Approach: They propose a language-specific transformer layer to increase model capacity while keeping computation and parameters constant.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves translation quality by 1.3 chrF (1.5 spBLEU) over not using LSLs on a separate decoder architecture.
From Bilingual to Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Incremental Training (P19-2)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multilingual neural machine translation are based on task specific models and the addition of one more language is only possible by retraining the whole system.
Approach: They propose a training schedule that scales to more languages without modification of previous components.
Outcome: The proposed training schedule shows close results to state-of-the-art in the WMT task.
Improving Multilingual Neural Machine Translation by Utilizing Semantic and Linguistic Features (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing models do not differentiate between semantic and linguistic features, resulting in the entanglement of knowledge and linguistics within the model.
Approach: They propose to exploit both semantic and linguistic features to enhance multilingual translation by disentangling encoder representations and integrating low-level linguistic encoders.
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Multilingual Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation with Denoising Adapters (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual unsupervised machine translation is a computationally expensive and hard to tune approach . auxiliary parallel data is used to train translation systems from monolingual data .
Approach: They propose to use auxiliary parallel language pairs to train unsupervised machine translations . they propose to add auxiliary languages to pre-trained mBART-50 models with denoising adapters .
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Multilingual Unsupervised NMT using Shared Encoder and Language-Specific Decoders (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to train multiple languages with a shared encoder and multiple decoders are based on denoising autoencoding of each language and back-translating between English and multiple non-English languages.
Approach: They propose a multilingual unsupervised NMT scheme which trains multiple languages with a shared encoder and multiple decoders.
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Language-aware Interlingua for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual neural machine translation models fail to capture diversity and specificity of different languages, resulting in inferior performance against individual models that are sufficiently trained.
Approach: They propose to integrate a language-aware interlingua into an Encoder-Decoder architecture to learn a semantic representation from the semantic spaces of different languages while allowing for language-specific specialization of a particular language pair.
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Is Encoder-Decoder Redundant for Neural Machine Translation? (2022.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Encoder-decoder architecture is widely adopted for sequence-to-sequence modeling tasks.
Approach: They propose to combine bilingual and multilingual translations to train a language model to do translation.
Outcome: The proposed approach performs on par with the baseline encoder-decoder Transformer . the proposed approach is compared with the translation model in the target language .
Contrastive Learning for Many-to-many Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual machine translation approaches focus on English-centric directions, while non-English directions lag behind.
Approach: They propose a multilingual machine translation system with an emphasis on non-English directions.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on English-centric and non-English directions on multilingual translation benchmarks.

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