Challenge: a global majority of non-English speakers are underrepresented by large language models . however, most open LLMs are limited in their language coverage .
Approach: They propose a silver standard benchmark for basic open-ended question answering with 27.4k test questions across a typologically diverse set of 137 languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can answer questions in 27.4k questions across 137 languages.

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Don’t Trust ChatGPT when your Question is not in English: A Study of Multilingual Abilities and Types of LLMs (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that large language models can perform a wide variety of language tasks when presented in English.
Approach: They propose a method to evaluate the multilingual capabilities of large language models using a prompt back-translation method to find out how LLMs acquire their multilingual abilities.
Outcome: The proposed method shows that large language models can transfer learned knowledge across different languages, but struggle to provide accurate results in translation-variant tasks.
Can Multiple-choice Questions Really Be Useful in Detecting the Abilities of LLMs? (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in the evaluation of large language models (LLMs) however, there are concerns about whether MCQ can truly measure LLM’s capabilities.
Approach: They propose to use multiple choice questions to evaluate large language models (LLMs) to assess their capabilities.
Outcome: The proposed methods show that MCQs are less reliable than LFGQs in terms of expected calibration error.
Is Translation All You Need? A Study on Solving Multilingual Tasks with Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated multilingual capabilities, yet they are mostly English-centric due to the imbalanced training corpora.
Approach: They extend the evaluation to real-world user queries and non-English-centric LLMs . they show that translation into English can boost LLM performance on NLP tasks .
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Do Large Language Models have an English Accent? Evaluating and Improving the Naturalness of Multilingual LLMs (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly designed with English as the primary language, but many are still English-dominated.
Approach: They propose to use automatic corpus-level metrics to assess lexical and syntactic naturalness of LLMs in a multilingual context.
Outcome: The proposed method improves naturalness of LLMs in target languages without compromising performance on general-purpose benchmarks.
Multi-LMentry: Can Multilingual LLMs Solve Elementary Tasks Across Languages? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study focused on complex, high-level tasks, but LMentry is limited to English . a multilingual evaluation of large language models is needed to address this gap, authors say .
Approach: They propose a compact benchmark that enables systematic evaluation of large language models . they propose to use tasks that are trivial for humans but remain surprisingly difficult for LLMs .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark is limited to English, leaving its insights linguistically narrow.
LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks and languages . they also examine their performance, fine-tuning, instructions tuning, and close vs. open models .
Outcome: The proposed model can be used for speech and multimodal tasks across modalities, languages, and dialects.
How Accurate Are LLMs at Multi-Question Answering on Conversational Transcripts? (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for question answering over long contexts . high computational costs and latency hinder the process .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models to answer multiple questions based on the same conversational context.
Outcome: The proposed models outperform proprietary and public models in question answering . their results show that they can be cost-effective and transparent .
Multilingual Large Language Models Are Not (Yet) Code-Switchers (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual Large Language Models are not specifically trained with objectives for managing code-switching scenarios.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual Large Language Models to perform sentiment analysis, machine translation, summarization and word-level language identification to compare their performance to fine-tuned models of much smaller scales.
Outcome: The proposed models show that they underperform in comparison to fine-tuned models of much smaller scales.
Polyglots or Multitudes? Multilingual LLM Answers to Value-laden Multiple-Choice Questions (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are used to assess knowledge, reasoning abilities, and even values encoded in large language models.
Approach: They propose to test whether multilingual LLMs are consistent in their responses across languages . they also use human-translated questions aligned in 8 European languages to test their robustness .
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Getting More from Less: Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities, but most of them have very unbalanced performance across different languages.
Approach: They propose to use question translation data to enhance LLMs' multilingual capabilities by using mechanistic interpretability methods.
Outcome: The proposed method improves multilingual alignment even with unannotated answers in English and a wide range of languages even with instruction-tuned LLMs.

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