Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks and languages . they also examine their performance, fine-tuning, instructions tuning, and close vs. open models .
Outcome: The proposed model can be used for speech and multimodal tasks across modalities, languages, and dialects.

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of large language models and their generation strategies in 11 different languages using 3 NLP tasks and 4 open-source LLMs.
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LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languages (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages such as those in the Finno-Ugric family are underrepresented in large language models.
Approach: They propose to develop large language models for extremely low-resource languages . they focus on Vro, Livonian, and Komi, which are underrepresented .
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Everything you need to know about Multilingual LLMs: Towards fair, performant and reliable models for languages of the world (2023.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Responsible AI issues such as fairness, bias and toxicity will be discussed in this tutorial .
Approach: This tutorial will describe various aspects of scaling up language technologies to many of the world’s languages by describing the latest research in Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs).
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Data and Model Centric Approaches for Expansion of Large Language Models to New languages (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs mainly support English alongside a handful of high resource languages . this leaves a major gap for most low-resource languages despite increasing pace of research .
Approach: This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . they look at tokenizer training, pre-training, instruction tuning, alignment, evaluation, etc.
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The Language Barrier: Dissecting Safety Challenges of LLMs in Multilingual Contexts (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that malicious prompt instructions could solicit objectionable content from LLMs.
Approach: They compare how state-of-the-art LLMs respond to malicious prompts in different languages . they find that LLM's generate unsafe responses more often when a prompt is written in a lower-resource language .
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MM-LLMs: Recent Advances in MultiModal Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: MultiModal Large Language Models (MM-LLMs) have undergone significant advances in the past year . traditional MM models incur substantial computational costs, especially when trained from scratch .
Approach: They propose a taxonomy encompassing 126 MM-LLMs and summarize key training recipes to enhance their potency.
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High-quality Data-to-Text Generation for Severely Under-Resourced Languages with Out-of-the-box Large Language Models (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Pretrained large language models (LLMs) can bridge the performance gap for under-resourced languages by substantial margins, as measured by both automatic and human evaluations.
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How Do Large Language Models Capture the Ever-changing World Knowledge? A Review of Recent Advances (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are impressive in solving tasks, but they can quickly be outdated after deployment.
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Better as Generators Than Classifiers: Leveraging LLMs and Synthetic Data for Low-Resource Multilingual Classification (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multilingual capabilities, making them promising tools in both high- and low-resource languages.
Approach: They use a multilingual LLM to generate synthetic datasets covering 11 languages and 4 classification tasks and use them to train smaller models.
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It’s All About In-Context Learning! Teaching Extremely Low-Resource Languages to LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages, especially those written in rare scripts, remain unsupported by large language models due to lack of training data.
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