Challenge: Hallucinations and off-target translations remain unsolved problems in machine translation, especially for low-resource languages and massively multilingual models.
Approach: They propose two methods to mitigate hallucinations and off-target translations with a modified decoding objective without retraining or external models.
Outcome: The proposed methods reduce translation errors with segment-level chrF2 below 10 by 67-83% on average across 57 tested translation directions.

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Contrastive Decoding Reduces Hallucinations in Large Multilingual Machine Translation Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Hallucinations occur when the target side sentence is detached from the source side sentence, or in other words, when there is a low contribution of the source sentence to the generation of the target sentence.
Approach: They propose to use Contrastive Decoding to maximise the log-likelihood difference between a model and the same model with reduced contribution from the encoder outputs.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm maximises the log-likelihood difference between a model and the same model with reduced contribution from the encoder outputs.
Mitigating Hallucinated Translations in Large Language Models with Hallucination-focused Preference Optimization (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Machine Translation (MT) systems based on fine-tuned large language models (LLMs) are at a higher risk of generating hallucinations, which can severely undermine user’s trust and safety.
Approach: They propose a method that intrinsically learns to mitigate hallucinations during the model training phase.
Outcome: The proposed method reduces hallucinations by 89% on an average across three unseen target languages while preserving translation quality.
Regularized Contrastive Decoding with Hard Negative Samples for LLM Hallucination Mitigation (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models are prone to generate hallucinations, which can undermine their reliability in high-stakes applications.
Approach: They propose a method to capture hallucination signals for mitigating hallucis in large language models by regularizing the model's internal signals to a weaker model .
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Mitigating Hallucinations of Large Language Models in Medical Information Extraction via Contrastive Decoding (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Medical Information Extraction (MIE) tasks are a fundamental component of medical NLP.
Approach: They propose an alternative adaptive constraint strategy to adjust the scale and scope of contrastive tokens.
Outcome: The proposed approach selectively enhances the identification and classification capabilities while minimizing the influence of other inherent abilities in LLMs.
Paying More Attention to Source Context: Mitigating Unfaithful Translations from Large Language Model (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models lack explicit alignment between source and target contexts, leading to unfaithful translations.
Approach: They propose three learning strategies to encourage LLMs to pay more attention to source context . they use a dataset to test the effectiveness of their model across multiple language pairs .
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Critic-Driven Decoding for Mitigating Hallucinations in Data-to-text Generation (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Hallucination of text lacking grounding in input data is a problem in neural data-to-text generation.
Approach: They propose to combine probabilistic output of a generator language model with the output of an “text critic” classifier which guides the generation by assessing the match between the input data and the generated text.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on the WebNLG and OpenDialKG benchmarks.
Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models with Instruction Contrastive Decoding (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent research in large vision-language models has shown promising results, but the issue of hallucination remains.
Approach: They propose an instruction-based method to reduce hallucinations in large vision-language models . they use disturbance instructions to exacerbate hallucinosity in multimodal fusion modules .
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Alleviating Hallucinations of Large Language Models through Induced Hallucinations (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that large language models generate inaccurate or fabricated information, a phenomenon known as hallucinations.
Approach: They propose a simple strategy to induce-then-contrast decode LLMs to enhance their factuality . they first induce hallucinations from the original model and penalize them .
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On the Hallucination in Simultaneous Machine Translation (2024.acl-short)

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Challenge: Currently, there are no studies which systematically analyze hallucination in SiMT.
Approach: They conduct a comprehensive analysis of hallucination in simultaneous machine translation (SiMT) they find that halluciation is extremely severe, especially as latency increases .
Outcome: The results show that it is possible to alleviate hallucination by decreasing the over usage of target-side information for SiMT.
Detecting and Mitigating Hallucinations in Machine Translation: Model Internal Workings Alone Do Well, Sentence Similarity Even Better (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that without artificially encouraging models to hallucinate, existing methods fall short . hallucinations are cases when the model generates output that is partially or fully unrelated to the source sentence.
Approach: They propose a method that evaluates the percentage of the source contribution to a generated translation.
Outcome: The proposed method improves detection accuracy for the most severe hallucinations by a factor of 2.

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