Challenge: Two-Tower Vision-Language models suffer from ineffective layer-by-layer utilization of uni-modal representations and cannot flexibly exploit different levels of unil-modal knowledge.
Approach: They propose a model architecture that gathers and combines the insights of pre-trained uni-modal experts at different levels to facilitate more comprehensive cross-modal alignment and fusion.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines with and without Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) with 4M VLP data.

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EfficientVLM: Fast and Accurate Vision-Language Models via Knowledge Distillation and Modal-adaptive Pruning (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Pre-trained vision-language models have achieved impressive results in a range of vision-linguistic tasks.
Approach: They propose a distilling then pruning framework to compress large vision-language models into smaller, faster ones.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces the size of a pre-trained large vision-language model and improves its performance on vision-linguistic tasks.
Fusion or Defusion? Flexible Vision-and-Language Pre-Training (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to vision-and-language pretraining (VLP) lack effectiveness and efficiency in downstream multimodal tasks.
Approach: They propose a flexible vision-and-language pre-training model by incorporating cross-modal fusions into a dual-encoder architecture and a cross-module knowledge transfer strategy to guide the training process.
Outcome: The proposed model is well-equipped with effectiveness and efficiency compared with other strong VLP models.
mPLUG: Effective and Efficient Vision-Language Learning by Cross-modal Skip-connections (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained vision-language models suffer from inefficiency and linguistic signal overwhelmed by long visual sequences in cross-modal alignment.
Approach: They propose a vision-language foundation model with cross-modal skip-connections that can be pre-trained end-to-end on large-scale image-text pairs with both discriminative and generative objectives.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on a wide range of vision-language downstream tasks, including image captioning, image-text retrieval, visual grounding and visual question answering.
Probing Multi-modal Machine Translation with Pre-trained Language Model (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Multi-modal machine translation (MMT) aimed at using images to help disambiguate the target during translation but recent studies showed that visual features are either negligible or incremental.
Approach: They propose to incorporate a visual language model on the source side to improve multi-modal translation quality significantly.
Outcome: The proposed model improves the translation quality significantly on the multi-modal dataset.
UNIMO-2: End-to-End Unified Vision-Language Grounded Learning (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for vision-language pre-training can only learn from aligned image-caption data and rely heavily on expensive regional features.
Approach: They propose an end-to-end unified-modal pre-training framework for joint learning . they propose to conduct grounded learning on both images and texts via a sharing grounded space .
Outcome: The proposed model improves visual and visual semantic alignment on images and texts.
TransferCVLM: Transferring Cross-Modal Knowledge for Vision-Language Modeling (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent large vision-language multimodal models pre-trained with huge amount of image-text pairs show remarkable performances in downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a method of efficient knowledge transfer that integrates pre-trained uni-modal models into a combined vision-language model without pre-training . they propose to fine-tune the model and transfer multimodal knowledge from a teacher vision-linguistic model to the CVLM for each task application.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing vision-language models in downstream tasks.
E2E-VLP: End-to-End Vision-Language Pre-training Enhanced by Visual Learning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing vision-language pre-training methods use a two-step training procedure to learn visual features from image-text pairs.
Approach: They propose a vision-language pre-trained model for V+L understanding and generation using a unified Transformer framework.
Outcome: The proposed model can learn visual representation and semantic alignments between image and text on visual-text pairs and on visual processing tasks.
TOWER+: Bridging Generality and Translation Specialization in Multilingual LLMs (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as the de facto solution for multilingual machine translation.
Approach: They propose a suite of LLMs that can be fine-tuned to deliver strong performance on translation and multilingual general-purpose text capabilities.
Outcome: The proposed models outperform existing models on translation and general-purpose tasks.
Distilled Dual-Encoder Model for Vision-Language Understanding (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that the proposed cross-modal attention distillation is crucial to the success of our framework.
Approach: They propose a framework that distills knowledge of fusion-encoder teacher into dual-encoding student model.
Outcome: The proposed model is competitive with the fusion-encoder teacher model in performance, but suffers from a lack of deep cross-modal interactions.
Expanding the Boundaries of Vision Prior Knowledge in Multi-modal Large Language Models (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research treats MLLMs as unified systems optimized through end-to-end training, but the impact of vision encoder’s prior knowledge is seldom investigated.
Approach: They propose a metric to quantify the effect of prior knowledge on MLLM performance by integrating prior knowledge at the vision encoder level into a training framework.
Outcome: The proposed training framework incorporates prior knowledge at the vision encoder level, and significantly boosts visual understanding capabilities of MLLMs.

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