| Challenge: | Cross-lingual word embeddings are representations of words across languages in a shared continuous vector space. |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual word embedding corpus which is acquired by neural machine translation and is based on monolingual data. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is competitive with existing methods but on the cross-lingual document classification task, it obtains the best figures. |
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A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages. |
| Approach: | They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks. |
Are the Best Multilingual Document Embeddings simply Based on Sentence Embeddings? (2023.findings-eacl)
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| Challenge: | obtaining document embeddings at document level is challenging due to computational requirements and lack of appropriate data. |
| Approach: | They compare methods to produce document-level representations from sentences based on LASER, LaBSE, and Sentence BERT pre-trained multilingual models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed methods produce document-level representations from sentences in 8 languages . the results show that a clever combination of sentence embeddings is usually better than encoding the full document as a single unit. |
On the Robustness of Unsupervised and Semi-supervised Cross-lingual Word Embedding Learning (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Cross-lingual word embeddings are vector representations of words in different languages where words with similar meaning are represented by similar vectors, regardless of the language. |
| Approach: | They propose to evaluate multiple cross-lingual word embedding models and compare their strengths and limitations to evaluate their effectiveness. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models perform well with noisy text and language pairs with major differences. |
Embedding Learning Through Multilingual Concept Induction (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for learning vector space representations of words are based on word-context information. |
| Approach: | They propose a method for estimating vector space representations of words by concept induction. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method performs better on crosslingual word similarity and sentiment analysis on a parallel corpus. |
Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embedding with Limited Resources using Neural Language Models (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods that map word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data or pre-training have been proposed that are limited in resources and perform poorly under resource-poor conditions. |
| Approach: | They propose a model that maps monolingual word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data and generates multilingual embeddables without any pre-training. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing methods on word alignment tasks on low-resource conditions and with limited resources. |
Multi-Adversarial Learning for Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have succeeded in inducing cross-lingual word embeddings without supervision, but their performance for distant languages is still not satisfactory. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-adversarial method that induces the seed cross-lingual dictionary through multiple mappings, each induced to fit the mapping for one subspace. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves performance on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual document classification on unsupervised bilingual linguistic induction. |
Multi-lingual Common Semantic Space Construction via Cluster-consistent Word Embedding (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | a new approach to multilingual word embedding is needed to achieve this goal . a multilingual common semantic space is a language-agnostic semantic continuous space . |
| Approach: | They propose a multilingual common semantic space where words from multiple languages are mapped into a shared space so that resources and knowledge can be shared across languages. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach achieves 14.6% absolute F-score gain over state-of-the-art methods on cross-lingual direct transfer. |
Analyzing the Limitations of Cross-lingual Word Embedding Mappings (P19-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for cross-lingual word embeddings have limited results . existing methods require little or no cross-linguistic signal to work . |
| Approach: | They compare offline mapping methods to an extension of skip-gram that jointly learns both embedding spaces. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method yields more isomorphic embeddings, is less sensitive to hubness, and achieves stronger results in bilingual lexicon induction. |
Improving Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings by Meeting in the Middle (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Cross-lingual word embeddings are becoming increasingly important in multilingual NLP. |
| Approach: | They propose to apply an additional transformation after initial alignment to align two disjoint monolingual vector spaces. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art models in monolingual and cross-lingual evaluation tasks. |
A Corpus for Multilingual Document Classification in Eight Languages (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | a subset of the Reuters corpus volume 2 is used to evaluate cross-lingual document classification . current best practice is to evaluate document classification on resources in one language and transfer it to another without additional resources. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a subset of the Reuters corpus to evaluate cross-lingual document classification . they propose to add Italian, Russian, Japanese and Chinese to the subset . |
| Outcome: | The proposed subset of the Reuters corpus has balanced class priors for eight languages. |