Challenge: Existing methods that map word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data or pre-training have been proposed that are limited in resources and perform poorly under resource-poor conditions.
Approach: They propose a model that maps monolingual word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data and generates multilingual embeddables without any pre-training.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing methods on word alignment tasks on low-resource conditions and with limited resources.

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A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages.
Approach: They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks.
Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings with Incremental Multilingual Hubs (N19-1)

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Challenge: Recent research has found that a shared bilingual word embedding space can be induced by projecting monolingual word embeds from two languages without any bilingual supervision.
Approach: They propose a framework for learning unsupervised multilingual word embeddings that mitigates instability issues for distant language pairs.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on two downstream tasks outperforming even supervised baselines.
Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for cross-lingual word mapping require cross-linguistic supervision, but this is not available for many low resource languages.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised method that learns transformation functions over corresponding word embedding spaces using a distributed distributional matching algorithm.
Outcome: The proposed method performs better on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity prediction datasets than other supervised and unsupervised methods.
Improving Low-Resource Languages in Pre-Trained Multilingual Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual language models are the foundation of many NLP approaches, but are often not well-supported by these models due to small available monolingual corpora.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised approach to improve cross-lingual representations of low-resource languages by bootstrapping word translation pairs from monolingual corpora and using them to improve language alignment.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves cross-lingual representations on low-resource languages using word retrieval and zero-shot named entity recognition.
Unsupervised Joint Training of Bilingual Word Embeddings (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for unsupervised bilingual word embeddings are limited by the dissimilarity between the word embedded spaces.
Approach: They propose a method that trains unsupervised bilingual word embeddings jointly on parallel data generated through unsupervised machine translation.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms unsupervised mapped bilingual word embeddings in cross-lingual NLP tasks.
Unsupervised Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Parallel Corpus Mining (2020.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing models of multilingual sentence embeddings require large parallel data resources which are not available for low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised method to derive multilingual sentence embeddings using monolingual data.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on two parallel corpus mining tasks and for other languages.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings (D18-1)

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Challenge: Prior art for learning UMWEs relies on a number of independently trained UBWEs to obtain multilingual embeddings.
Approach: They propose a fully unsupervised framework that exploits the relations between all language pairs to learn multilingual embeddings without cross-lingual supervision.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms supervised approaches on multilingual word translation and cross-lingual word similarity and beats a number of other approaches trained with cross-linguistic resources.
A robust self-learning method for fully unsupervised cross-lingual mappings of word embeddings (P18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to learn cross-lingual word embeddings have failed in more realistic scenarios . a fully unsupervised initialization and a robust self-learning algorithm are needed to improve the existing methods.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised initialization method that exploits structural similarity of embeddings and a robust self-learning algorithm that iteratively improves it.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves the best published results in standard datasets even surpassing previous supervised systems.
KIT-Multi: A Translation-Oriented Multilingual Embedding Corpus (L18-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual word embeddings are representations of words across languages in a shared continuous vector space.
Approach: They propose a multilingual word embedding corpus which is acquired by neural machine translation and is based on monolingual data.
Outcome: The proposed method is competitive with existing methods but on the cross-lingual document classification task, it obtains the best figures.

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