Challenge: Existing speaker adaptation algorithms for BLSTM-CTC AMs are lacking . TED-LIUM corpus shows speaker adaptation provides 11-20% word error rate reduction over baseline model built on raw filter-bank features.
Approach: They propose to use feature-space adaptation techniques for bidirectional long short term memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural network based acoustic models trained with the connectionist temporal classification objective function to improve speaker adaptation.
Outcome: The proposed approach provides up to 11-20% of word error reduction over baseline models on the TED-LIUM corpus.

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Challenge: Existing approaches to connectionist temporal classification (CTC) are based on pre-trained language models (LMs)
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Challenge: Using connectionist temporal classification (CTC) for speech-to-text translation is counter-intuitive due to its monotonicity assumption.
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Challenge: Developing techniques to support end-to-end speech translation is non-trivial because of the speech-text modality gap.
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