Challenge: In the Japanese language different levels of honorific speech are used to convey respect, deference, humility, formality and social distance.
Approach: They propose a method for controlling the level of formality of Japanese output . they use heuristics to identify honorific verb forms to classify Japanese sentences .
Outcome: The proposed model can produce Japanese translations in different honorific speech styles for the same English input sentence.

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Japanese-Russian TMU Neural Machine Translation System using Multilingual Model for WAT 2019 (D19-52)

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Challenge: Using parallel corpora of different language pairs as training data is effective for multilingual neural machine translation model in extremely low resource situations.
Approach: They propose to use Japanese-English and English-Russian parallel corpora as training data for their system to improve JapaneseRussian news translation.
Outcome: The proposed system improves translation quality for JapaneseRussian language pairs in low resource situations.
Compact and Robust Models for Japanese-English Character-level Machine Translation (D19-52)

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Challenge: In recent years, neural machine translation (NMT) has made a great progress, and its translation quality has far surpassed the conventional statistical machine translation.
Approach: They propose a character-level translation model which is mid-gated and multi-attention model for Japanese-English translation and propose to train them using a relatively narrow beam of width 4 or 5 .
Outcome: The proposed models can translate the word containing Katakana by coining out a close word, and the model can produce tolerable results for noised sentences.
JCoLA: Japanese Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Neural language models have exhibited outstanding performance in downstream tasks, yet there is limited understanding regarding the extent of their internalization of syntactic knowledge.
Approach: They introduce a dataset that analyzes sentences annotated with binary acceptability judgments from linguistic textbooks and handbooks and splits them into in-domain and out-of-domain data.
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Japanese Predicate Conjugation for Neural Machine Translation (N18-4)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) has a drawback in that it can generate only high-frequency words owing to the computational costs of the softmax function in the output layer.
Approach: They propose two methods to generate low-frequency words and deal with unknown words using Japanese predicate conjugation information without discarding linguistic information.
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Encouraging Lexical Translation Consistency for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show document-level neural machine translation improves lexical consistency . inconsistent translations tend to confuse readers in some cases .
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Outcome: The proposed approach improves translation consistency on ChineseEnglish and EnglishFrench translation tasks.
Effective Use of Target-side Context for Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train NMT systems with noisy data are not sufficient . et al., 2018) found that NMT models can learn with multiple types of corpora .
Approach: They propose a Japanese-English news corpus that is content-equivalent . they extend a domain-adaptation method to train NMT models with clean corpus .
Outcome: The proposed corpus improves translation quality and is more efficient than existing methods.
JASS: Japanese-specific Sequence to Sequence Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) requires large parallel corpora for training robust and high quality models.
Approach: They propose a Japanese-specific sequence to sequence pre-training alternative to MASS for NMT . they use Japanese as the source or target language to train their models .
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Sentence-Level Agreement for Neural Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: Empirical results show that a sentence-level agreement module can significantly improve the performance of neural machine translation (NMT)
Approach: They propose a sentence-level agreement module to minimize the difference between the representation of source and target sentences.
Outcome: Empirical results show the proposed agreement module significantly improves translation performance.
Bridging the Gap between Training and Inference for Neural Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation generates target words sequentially while at inference it has to generate the entire sequence from scratch.
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Outcome: Experiments on Chinese->English and WMT’14 English->German translation tasks show that the proposed model can achieve significant improvements on multiple datasets.
Prevent the Language Model from being Overconfident in Neural Machine Translation (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation models are based on partial translation and a language model that predicts the next token based only on partial.
Approach: They propose a Margin-based Token-level Objective and a Sentence-level Goal to maximize the Margin . they propose to model the next token based on partial translation .
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