Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) requires large parallel corpora for training robust and high quality models.
Approach: They propose a Japanese-specific sequence to sequence pre-training alternative to MASS for NMT . they use Japanese as the source or target language to train their models .
Outcome: The proposed approach can give competitive results over MASS and BRSS, and significantly surpass the individual methods.

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Challenge: Sequence-to-sequence (S2S) pre-training with large monolingual data is not always available for the languages of interest (LOI).
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Challenge: Pre-trained sequence-to-sequence models have significantly improved Neural Machine Translation (NMT) this paper demonstrates that pre-training a sequence- to-squence model with a bidirectional decoder can produce notable performance gains for both Autoregressive and Non-autoregressive NMT tasks.
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Challenge: Using parallel corpora, we train a single, direct NMT model for non-English language pairs.
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Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation (2020.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to pre-train models focus on only English corpora, but this is not common in machine translation.
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Challenge: Using parallel corpora of different language pairs as training data is effective for multilingual neural machine translation model in extremely low resource situations.
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Challenge: democratization of AI aims to create a world where everyone can use AI . pre-trained models with high performance in Japanese are lagging in non-English-speaking communities .
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Jointly Masked Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: masked language models have been used for natural language processing tasks but few studies have adopted it in the sequence-to-sequence models.
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Japanese Predicate Conjugation for Neural Machine Translation (N18-4)

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Challenge: BERT is a promising technique to improve NMT, but how it outperforms standard NMT is understudied.
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Evaluating Pre-training Objectives for Low-Resource Translation into Morphologically Rich Languages (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a lack of parallel data is a major limitation for Neural Machine Translation systems, especially for morphologically rich languages.
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