Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multilingual capabilities, making them promising tools in both high- and low-resource languages.
Approach: They use a multilingual LLM to generate synthetic datasets covering 11 languages and 4 classification tasks and use them to train smaller models.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the large generator in low-resource languages and tasks.

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Synthetic Data Generation with Large Language Models for Text Classification: Potential and Limitations (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies have explored using large language models to generate synthetic datasets . however, the effectiveness of the LLM-generated synthetic data is inconsistent across different classification tasks.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate synthetic datasets to better understand factors that moderate the effectiveness of LLM-generated synthetic data.
Outcome: The results show that subjectivity is negatively associated with the performance of the model trained on synthetic data.
A Rigorous Evaluation of LLM Data Generation Strategies for Low-Resource Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of large language models and their generation strategies in 11 different languages using 3 NLP tasks and 4 open-source LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed generation strategies and their combinations yield strong results across 11 languages, including several extremely low-resource ones.
Scaling Low-Resource MT via Synthetic Data Generation with LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that LLM-generated synthetic data can improve low-resource machine translation performance . traditional data augmentation techniques like back-translation preserve the human-written target and synthesize the other .
Approach: They construct a document-level synthetic corpus from English Europarl and extend it via pivoting to 147 additional language pairs.
Outcome: The proposed model can significantly improve low-resource machine translation performance even when noisy.
LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks and languages . they also examine their performance, fine-tuning, instructions tuning, and close vs. open models .
Outcome: The proposed model can be used for speech and multimodal tasks across modalities, languages, and dialects.
On LLMs-Driven Synthetic Data Generation, Curation, and Evaluation: A Survey (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) provide a data-centric solution to alleviate limitations of real-world data with synthetic data generation.
Approach: They propose a generic workflow for LLM-driven synthetic data generation.
Outcome: The proposed workflows highlight gaps in existing research and outline avenues for future studies.
Seed-Free Synthetic Data Generation Framework for Instruction-Tuning LLMs: A Case Study in Thai (2024.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Xue et al., 2024) have demonstrated that large language models can perform at human level across multitudes of tasks and domains.
Approach: They propose a seed-free framework for generating synthetic instruction-tuning data that incorporates fluency, diversity, and cultural context.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves competitive performance using only 5,000 instructions compared to state-of-the-art Thai LLMs trained on hundreds of thousands of instructions.
How Can Synthetic Data Improve Multilingual Language Model Pretraining? A Data Quality Perspective (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages are a long-tail problem for multilingual LLMs due to limited high-quality training data.
Approach: They propose a method that translates high-quality, knowledge-rich English data into low-resource languages . they propose SynRank, which leverages synthetic data as positive samples to train a classifier .
Outcome: The proposed method matches handcrafted rule-based filtering by human experts and significantly improves knowledge-intensive tasks with less data.
Evaluating Language Models as Synthetic Data Generators (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Prior studies have focused on developing effective data generation methods, but lack systematic comparison of different LMs as data generators in a unified setting.
Approach: They propose to use a benchmark to compare language models' data generation abilities against a set of standardized settings and metrics.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark provides standardized settings and metrics to evaluate LMs’ data generation abilities.
Demystifying Synthetic Data in LLM Pre-training: A Systematic Study of Scaling Laws, Benefits, and Pitfalls (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large-scale empirical study compares natural web data, diverse synthetic types, and mixtures of natural and synthetic data.
Approach: They conduct a large-scale empirical study on large-volume LLMs using a unified protocol and scaling laws.
Outcome: The proposed method is faster than pre-training on natural web data, the authors show . their results are consistent with previous studies on rephrased text and textbooks .
High-quality Data-to-Text Generation for Severely Under-Resourced Languages with Out-of-the-box Large Language Models (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Pretrained large language models (LLMs) can bridge the performance gap for under-resourced languages by substantial margins, as measured by both automatic and human evaluations.
Approach: They propose to use pretrained large language models to bridge this gap by automating and evaluating data-to-text generation in under-resourced languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can set the state of the art for under-resourced languages by substantial margins, as measured by both automatic and human evaluations.

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