Challenge: Safety impact of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) on human behavior is evaluated in this study.
Approach: They propose a safety-warning-based evaluation framework that encourages models to provide clear and informative safety warnings, rather than generic refusals.
Outcome: The proposed safety-warning-based evaluation framework encourages models to provide clear and informative safety warnings, rather than generic refusals.

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Can’t See the Forest for the Trees: Benchmarking Multimodal Safety Awareness for Multimodal LLMs (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have expanded the capabilities of traditional language models by enabling interaction through both text and images.
Approach: They propose a multimodal safety awareness benchmark to evaluate MLLMs across 29 safety scenarios with 1,500 carefully curated image-prompt pairs.
Outcome: The proposed model is able to identify unsafe content and avoid over-sensitivity that can hinder helpfulness.
USB: A COMPREHENSIVE AND UNIFIED SAFETY EVALUATION BENCHMARK FOR MULTIMODAL LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing safety benchmarks fail to provide reliable assessments due to limited risk coverage, insufficient scale and the oversight of complex modality combinations.
Approach: They propose a framework that covers 61 risk categories across four modality interactions to address this gap.
Outcome: The proposed framework covers 61 risk categories across four distinct modality interactions.
The Side Effects of Being Smart: Safety Risks in MLLMs’ Multi-Image Reasoning (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in multimodal reasoning may pose new safety risks . evaluators neglect reasoningbased safety, where harm emerges only through MLLMs .
Approach: They introduce a benchmark for multi-image reasoning safety that includes 2,676 instances . they find that models with more advanced multi- image reasoning are more vulnerable .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark consists of 2,676 instances covering 9 multi-image relations . the results show that models with more advanced multi- image reasoning are more vulnerable .
MLLM-Protector: Ensuring MLLM’s Safety without Hurting Performance (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: MLLMs are deployed on limited image-text pairs, which makes them more vulnerable to catastrophic forgetting of their original abilities during safety fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose a plug-and-play strategy that detects harmful visual inputs and transforms harmful ones into harmless ones.
Outcome: The proposed approach mitigates the risks posed by malicious visual inputs without compromising the original performance of MLLMs.
MTMCS-Bench: Evaluating Contextual Safety of Multimodal Large Language Models in Multi-Turn Dialogues (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing contextual safety benchmarks are mostly single-turn and miss how malicious intent can emerge gradually or how the same scene can support both benign and exploitative goals.
Approach: They propose a benchmark that evaluates contextual safety in multimodal large language models . they observe persistent trade-offs between contextual safety and utility .
Outcome: The proposed model combines multi-turn and multi-switch scenarios to evaluate safety in multimodal large language models.
SafeMT: Multi-turn Safety for Multimodal Language Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multi-turn dialogues pose a greater risk than single prompts, but existing safety benchmarks do not account for this situation.
Approach: They propose a benchmark that features dialogues of varying lengths generated from harmful queries accompanied by images.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces multi-turn Attack Success Rate (ASR) compared to existing guard models.
SALAD-Bench: A Hierarchical and Comprehensive Safety Benchmark for Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: SALAD-Bench is a safety benchmark specifically designed for LLMs . it provides a robust source for evaluating both attack and defense algorithms .
Approach: They propose a hierarchical safety benchmark specifically designed for LLMs . it uses a taxonomy of questions spanning three levels and a robust taxonomies based on a QA pair .
Outcome: The proposed safety benchmark shows that LLMs are resilient against emerging threats and the effectiveness of contemporary defense methods.
SURE: Safety Understanding and Reasoning Enhancement for Multimodal Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing multimodal large language models incorporate visual and textual information, but introduces new and complex safety risks.
Approach: They propose a safety reasoning framework that integrates visual modalities into multimodal models to help them resist jailbreak attacks.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves model safety while avoiding over-defense . it is based on a large-scale safety reasoning dataset .
SafeSteer: A Decoding-level Defense Mechanism for Multimodal Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing defense methods rely on fine-tuning or inefficient post-hoc interventions, limiting their ability to address novel attacks.
Approach: They propose a decoding-level defense mechanism that employs a lightweight discriminator to iteratively steer the decoding process toward safety.
Outcome: The proposed method improves safety performance by up to 33.40% without fine-tuning on multiple MLLMs.
SafetyALFRED: Evaluating Safety-Conscious Planning of Vision Language Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing safety evaluations focus on hazard recognition through disembodied question answering (QA) settings, but lack a critical gap in evaluating an agent.
Approach: They evaluate multimodal large language models with six categories of kitchen hazards . they propose a safety-based approach that prioritizes multi-step corrective actions .
Outcome: The proposed model can recognize hazards in QA settings, but average mitigation success rates are low . the proposed model is based on the embodied agent benchmark ALFRED .

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