Challenge: Existing models fail to handle the varied search intents inherent to disaster management scenarios, resulting in inconsistent and unreliable performance.
Approach: They propose a new series of dense retrieval models tailored for disaster management that train on a three-stage framework with unsupervised contrastive pre-training and difficulty-aware progressive instruction fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models by 13.3 times and 33 times over baselines with only 7.6% of their parameters.

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BMRetriever: Tuning Large Language Models as Better Biomedical Text Retrievers (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Developing effective biomedical retrieval models is important for excelling at knowledge-intensive biomedically tasks but still challenging due to the lack of sufficient publicly annotated biomedic data and computational resources.
Approach: They propose a series of dense retrievers for enhancing biomedical retrieval via unsupervised pre-training on large biomedically corpora, followed by instruction fine-tuning on a combination of labeled datasets and synthetic pairs.
Outcome: Experiments on 5 biomedical tasks across 11 datasets confirm the performance of the retrieval model on various biomedically demanding tasks.
Shall We Pretrain Autoregressive Language Models with Retrieval? A Comprehensive Study (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study shows that retrieval-augmented LMs can improve text generation quality and accuracy.
Approach: They propose a model that reproduces RETRO parameters while retrieving a text corpus . they find RETRO outperforms GPT on text generation with less repetition .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms standard retrieval-augmented GPT and retrieval augmented GTP on text generation and accuracy tasks.
Making Large Language Models Efficient Dense Retrievers (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that fine-tuning large language models for dense retrieval yields strong performance, but their substantial parameter counts make them computationally inefficient.
Approach: They propose a framework for developing efficient retrievers that performs coarse-to-fine compression through a coarse-grained coarse-tuning strategy.
Outcome: The proposed framework reduces model size and inference cost while preserving performance of full-size models.
ChatRetriever: Adapting Large Language Models for Generalized and Robust Conversational Dense Retrieval (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a conversational search system requires accurate interpretation of user intent from complex multi-turn contexts.
Approach: They propose a dual-learning approach that adapts LLMs for retrieval via contrastive learning while enhancing the complex session understanding through masked instruction tuning.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing retrieval methods on five conversational search benchmarks.
CodeRetriever: A Large Scale Contrastive Pre-Training Method for Code Search (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing code pre-training approaches often adopt (masked) language modeling as the training objective which targets on learning to predict (macked) tokens in a given code context.
Approach: They propose a code-text contrastive learning model which learns function-level code semantic representations through large-scale code corpus.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves new state-of-the-art with significant improvement over existing pre-trained models on eleven domain/language-specific code search tasks with six programming languages in different code granularity.
CoEvo: Coevolution of LLM and Retrieval Model for Domain-Specific Information Retrieval (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent methods to enhance queries by generating intermediary elements can degrade retrieval performance . combining LLMs and retrievers can be difficult, resulting in unreliable or irrelevant intermediaries .
Approach: They propose a framework that facilitates the coevolution of large language models and retrieval models.
Outcome: The proposed framework facilitates the coevolution of LLMs and retrieval models.
FunnelRAG: A Coarse-to-Fine Progressive Retrieval Paradigm for RAG (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is widely adopted in Large Language Models, but is flat and has limitations such as a significant burden on one retriever and constant granularity limits the ceiling of retrieval performance.
Approach: They propose a progressive retrieval paradigm with coarse-to-fine granularity for RAG, termed FunnelRAG, so as to balance effectiveness and efficiency.
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DPTDR: Deep Prompt Tuning for Dense Passage Retrieval (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that prompt tuning is unfriendly for industrial deployment in dense retrieval tasks.
Approach: They propose to apply prompt tuning to dense retrieval tasks to reduce deployment cost . they propose to use retrieval-oriented intermediate pretraining and unified negative mining .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models on MS-MARCO and Natural Questions.
LVLM-Aware Multimodal Retrieval for RAG-Based Medical Diagnosis with General-Purpose Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Using retrieval augmentation, large vision language models can be used for diagnostic accuracy, but multimodal retrieval-augmented diagnosis is challenging.
Approach: They propose a lightweight mechanism for enhancing diagnostic performance of retrieval-augmented LVLMs by fine-tuning a multimodal retriever and general-purpose backbone models.
Outcome: The proposed mechanism achieves competitive results without medical training compared to pre-trained models with extensive training.
Large Language Models as Foundations for Next-Gen Dense Retrieval: A Comprehensive Empirical Assessment (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models have limited generalization capabilities and performance challenges.
Approach: They evaluate 15 different backbone LLMs and non-LLMs to evaluate their performance . larger models and extensive pre-training consistently enhance in-domain accuracy and data efficiency .
Outcome: The results show that larger models and extensive pre-training enhance in-domain accuracy and data efficiency.

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