Challenge: This paper explores using Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to respond to student questions from online lectures . MLLM is a novel question answering task of real world significance .
Approach: They propose to use Multimodal Large Language Models to automatically respond to student questions from online lectures by using a dataset of 5252 question-answer pairs from 296 computer science videos.
Outcome: The proposed model can fine tune and fine tune questions from 296 computer science videos and show that students' preferences are important to the task.

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VQAGuider: Guiding Multimodal Large Language Models to Answer Complex Video Questions (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can grasp the intention of a question and decomposing it to a series of visual recognition sub-tasks to find out the answer with the help of an agent.
Approach: They propose a framework for multimodal large language models to grasp the intention of a question and decompose it into a series of visual recognition sub-tasks to find out the answer.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves the accuracy of complex video-related questions by 29.6% and 17.2% on CVQA and the existing VQA datasets.
VF-Eval: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs for Generating Feedback on AIGC Videos (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are used for video quality assessment, image captioning and video analysis.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to evaluate MLLMs on AIGC videos using coherence validation, error awareness, error type detection and reasoning evaluation tasks.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark evaluates 13 frontier MLLMs on AIGC videos.
EDU-CIRCUIT-HW: Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models on Real-World University-Level STEM Student Handwritten Solutions (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are a promising tool for traditional education but lack authentic and domain-specific benchmarks to accurately interpret student handwritten solutions.
Approach: They propose to use MLLMs to interpret unconstrained STEM student handwritten solutions with intertwined mathematical formulas, diagrams, and textual reasoning to bridge this gap.
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Visual Question Decomposition on Multimodal Large Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for question decomposition focus on unimodal language models, but question decomposing capability of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has yet to be explored.
Approach: They propose a finetuning dataset and a training objective for selective decomposition to enhance the model's question decomposing capability.
Outcome: The proposed dataset shows that existing models struggle to produce high-quality sub-questions.
FM2DS: Few-Shot Multimodal Multihop Data Synthesis with Knowledge Distillation for Question Answering (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods focus on single-hop, single-modality, or short texts, limiting real-world applications . despite advances in visual question answering, this multihop setting remains underexplored due to a lack of quality datasets.
Approach: They propose a framework for creating a high-quality dataset for multimodal multihop question answering . they use a 5-stage pipeline to acquire relevant multimodal documents from Wikipedia .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing methods on multimodal multihop question answering datasets.
SceMQA: A Scientific College Entrance Level Multimodal Question Answering Benchmark (2024.acl-short)

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Challenge: SceMQA focuses on core science subjects including Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Approach: They propose to use SceMQA to evaluate multimodal question answering at college entrance level.
Outcome: The proposed model provides specific knowledge points for each problem and detailed explanations for each answer.
Hurdles to Progress in Long-form Question Answering (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Long-form question answering (LFQA) involves retrieving documents relevant to a given question and using them to generate a paragraph-length answer.
Approach: They propose a long-form question answering system that relies on sparse attention and contrastive retriever learning to achieve state-of-the-art performance on the ELI5 LFQA dataset.
Outcome: The proposed system tops the public leaderboard on the ELI5 LFQA dataset, but it has several troubling issues.
CSLM: A Framework for Question Answering Dataset Generation through Collaborative Small Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Collecting high-quality question-answer (QA) pairs is vital for training large language models, but computational demands and associated costs often render such approaches prohibitive for the average researcher.
Approach: They propose a small-scaled, open-source solution that generates QA pairs from documents or raw corpora using large-scale models like Llama-70B.
Outcome: Experiments on domain-specific datasets show that the proposed model can generate high-quality QA pairs, making it accessible to a broader range of researchers.
EduAdapt: A Question Answer Benchmark Dataset for Evaluating Grade-Level Adaptability in LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing models produce outputs that are too advanced or vague for younger learners and there are no standardized benchmarks to evaluate their ability to adapt across cognitive and developmental stages.
Approach: They propose to use a benchmark to assess LLMs' ability to adapt to different grade levels and to use it to evaluate their model's performance.
Outcome: The proposed framework assesses the ability of large language models to adapt to grade levels across a range of subjects and grades.
Muffin or Chihuahua? Challenging Multimodal Large Language Models with Multipanel VQA (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multipanel images are a common form of visual representations, and humans can achieve approximately 99% accuracy on these questions.
Approach: They propose a benchmark that tests multipanel visual reasoning models with 6,600 triplets of questions, answers, and multipanel images.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark features 6,600 triplets of questions, answers, and multipanel images that challenge state-of-the-art Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) human users can attain approximately 99% accuracy on these questions, compared with previous benchmarks.

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