Challenge: Automated essay scoring (AES) is one of the earliest research problems in natural language processing.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to analyze and score written essays using four different prompts.
Outcome: The proposed models show comparable performance on four different prompts and a slight advantage over the state-of-the-art models.

Similar Papers

Unleashing Large Language Models’ Proficiency in Zero-shot Essay Scoring (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in automated essay scoring (AES) have relied on labeled essays, requiring tremendous cost and expertise for their acquisition.
Approach: They propose a zero-shot prompting framework that automatically decomposes writing proficiency into distinct traits and generates scoring criteria for each trait.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms straightforward prompting (Vanilla) on TOEFL11 and ASAP, while the small-sized Llama2-13b-chat significantly outperformed ChatGPT.
Rationale Behind Essay Scores: Enhancing S-LLM’s Multi-Trait Essay Scoring with Rationale Generated by LLMs (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing automated essay scoring relies on essay text without explanatory rationales for the scores.
Approach: They propose a rationale-based multiple trait scoring approach that integrates large language models with a smaller large language model to generate trait-specific rationales.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art models and vanilla S-LLMs on benchmark datasets.
Enhancing Automated Essay Scoring Performance via Fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models with Combination of Regression and Ranking (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent work on sentence prediction tasks uses shallow neural networks to learn essay representations and constrain calculated scores with regression loss or ranking loss.
Approach: They propose to use a pre-trained language model to learn text representations first and then to constrain the scores with regression loss or ranking loss.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on the Automated Student Assessment Prize dataset.
Are Large Language Model-based Evaluators the Solution to Scaling Up Multilingual Evaluation? (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in various tasks, but their evaluation, especially in languages beyond the top 20, remains inadequate due to existing benchmarks and metrics limitations.
Approach: They propose to use Large Language Models as evaluators to rank or score other models’ outputs by calibrating them against 20K human judgments across three text-generation tasks, five metrics, and eight languages.
Outcome: The proposed evaluation methods can be used to improve multilingual evaluation by calibrating them against 20K human judgments across three text-generation tasks, five metrics, and eight languages.
Beyond Agreement: Diagnosing the Rationale Alignment of Automated Essay Scoring Methods based on Linguistically-informed Counterfactuals (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing Automated Essay Scoring (AES) methods focus on sentence-level features, whereas Large Language Models (LLMs) are sensitive to conventions & accuracy, language complexity, and organization.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to aid in decision-making . they propose to analyze the reasoning of neural models by analyzing sentence-level features.
Outcome: The proposed method improves understanding of neural approaches to Automated Essay Scoring (AES) and can also apply to other domains seeking transparency in model-driven decisions.
Dr.Academy: A Benchmark for Evaluating Questioning Capability in Education for Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recognizing LLMs’ capability to generate educational content can lead to advances in automated and personalized learning.
Approach: They propose to evaluate the questioning capability in education as a teacher of large language models by evaluating their generated educational questions.
Outcome: The proposed model can generate educational content that aligns with human perspectives and is more apt as an interdisciplinary teacher.
Large Language Model as an Assignment Evaluator: Insights, Feedback, and Challenges in a 1000+ Student Course (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using large language models (LLMs) for automatic evaluation has become an important evaluation method in NLP research.
Approach: They use large language models (LLMs) for automatic evaluation to evaluate a sample . they propose several recommendations for integrating LLMs into future classroom evaluations .
Outcome: The proposed model is able to output high scores without meeting the evaluation instructions, the authors note . their model is not able for students to manipulate the model to output specific strings, they say .
Benchmarking Large Language Models for Persian: A Preliminary Study Focusing on ChatGPT (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a new study examines the efficacy of large language models (LLMs) for Persian . ChatGPT and LLMs have shown remarkable performance in English, but their efficiency for low-resource languages remains an open question.
Approach: They present a benchmarking study of large language models (LLMs) for Persian . they focus on GPT-3.5-turbo, but also GPT-4 and OpenChat-3.5 .
Outcome: The proposed model performs better in Persian than other low-resource languages . the study is the first comprehensive benchmarking of large language models .
EssayJudge: A Multi-Granular Benchmark for Assessing Automated Essay Scoring Capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems face three major challenges: reliance on handcrafted features that limit generalizability, difficulty in capturing fine-grained traits like coherence and argumentation, and inability to handle multimodal contexts.
Approach: They propose a multimodal benchmark to evaluate AES capabilities across lexical-, sentence-, and discourse-level traits without manual feature engineering.
Outcome: The proposed system can evaluate AES capabilities across lexical-, sentence-, and discourse-level traits without manual feature engineering.
ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learning (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have led to significant breakthroughs in the field.
Approach: They evaluate ChatGPT over multiple tasks with diverse languages and large datasets to provide more comprehensive information for multilingual NLP applications.
Outcome: The proposed model can process and generate texts for multiple languages due to its multilingual training data.

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