Challenge: Existing methods that use monolingual corpora for translation are not suitable for low-resource languages such as Estonian.
Approach: They propose unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) that relies on monolingual corpora to train a robust UNMT system and improve its performance.
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform conventional UNMT systems on several language pairs.

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Challenge: Unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) has attracted great interest in the machine translation community.
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Challenge: Unsupervised neural machine translation models can generate mistakes during training . however, the quality of pseudo-parallel sentences cannot be guaranteed .
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Challenge: Unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) has achieved impressive results, but there are still several challenges for the technology.
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Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Domains via Meta-Learning (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Unsupervised machine translation suffers from data-scarce domains, authors report . a meta-learning algorithm trains the model to adapt to another domain by utilizing only a small amount of training data.
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Challenge: Experimental results show that backtranslation improves UNMT performance by reducing the data gap between training and inference.
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An Effective Approach to Unsupervised Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: a recent research line has managed to train both unsupervised and unsupervised machine translation systems using monolingual corpora only.
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Reusing a Pretrained Language Model on Languages with Limited Corpora for Unsupervised NMT (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) models with limited data are ineffective when the two languages are not available for one language.
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Improving the Lexical Ability of Pretrained Language Models for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) use cross-lingual pretraining to align the lexical- and high-level representations of two languages.
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Unsupervised Bilingual Word Embedding Agreement for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Improving Non-autoregressive Neural Machine Translation with Monolingual Data (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation is usually done via knowledge distillation from an autoregressive (AR) model.
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