Challenge: Existing multilingual evaluation datasets that evaluate lexical semantics "in-context" have various limitations, including limited coverage of high-resource languages and superficial cues.
Approach: They propose to use a set of pretrained language models to evaluate lexical semantics in context.
Outcome: The proposed set shows that current models lag behind human performance in interpreting word meaning in cross-lingual contexts.

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Challenge: Existing models that represent different senses of words in context are not accurate for polysemous words.
Approach: They propose a multilingual dataset that evaluates the ability of models to accurately represent different lexical-semantic relations such as homonymy and synonymy.
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Bootstrapping Multilingual AMR with Contextual Word Alignments (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) is a sentence-level graph that is biased towards English.
Approach: They propose a technique for foreign-text-to-English AMR alignment using contextual word alignment between English and foreign language tokens.
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Combating the Curse of Multilinguality in Cross-Lingual WSD by Aligning Sparse Contextualized Word Representations (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to handle knowledge acquisition bottlenecks in multilingual training are limited due to the curse of multilinguality.
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DWUG: A large Resource of Diachronic Word Usage Graphs in Four Languages (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for graded contextual word meaning annotation have not been implemented yet.
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Cross-lingual Multi-Level Adversarial Transfer to Enhance Low-Resource Name Tagging (N19-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource language name tagging is an important but challenging task.
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Accounting for Language Effect in the Evaluation of Cross-lingual AMR Parsers (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual AMR evaluation metrics are not available for cross-lingual parsers . existing studies show that source language has a dramatic effect on cross-linguistic AMRs .
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Evaluating Contextualized Representations of (Spanish) Ambiguous Words: A New Lexical Resource and Empirical Analysis (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Few studies have systematically compared LMs’ contextualized word embeddings for languages beyond English.
Approach: They evaluate Spanish ambiguous nouns in context in a suite of Spanish-language monolingual and multilingual BERT-based models.
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Global MMLU: Understanding and Addressing Cultural and Linguistic Biases in Multilingual Evaluation (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Reliable multilingual evaluation is difficult and culturally appropriate evaluation is even harder to achieve.
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Speakers Fill Lexical Semantic Gaps with Context (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Lexical ambiguity is widespread in language, allowing for the reuse of economical word forms and thus making language more efficient.
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Do Context-Aware Translation Models Pay the Right Attention? (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Context-aware machine translation models fail to leverage contextual information to resolve ambiguous words and pronouns.
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