Challenge: Low-resource language name tagging is an important but challenging task.
Approach: They propose a neural architecture that leverages multi-level adversarial transfer to improve name tagging for low-resource languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms previous approaches on CoNLL data sets.

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Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to improve cross-lingual transfer performance in low-resource languages with no labeled training data.
A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves competitive accuracy with just one-tenth of training data.
Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging (D18-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages lack manual annotated data to learn basic models such as part-of-speech (POS) taggers.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual neural part-of-speech tagger that learns from disparate sources of distant supervision in a uniform framework.
Outcome: The proposed model scales to hundreds of low-resource languages without access to gold annotated data.
Multi-Source Cross-Lingual Model Transfer: Learning What to Share (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer learning (CLTL) is a viable method for building NLP models for a low-resource target language . however, many languages lack the labeled training data necessary for training deep neural nets for varying NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual transfer learning method that leverages annotated data from other languages to build NLP models for a target language.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves significant performance gains over prior art over multiple text classification and sequence tagging tasks including a large-scale industry dataset.
Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Name Retrieval for Low-Resource Languages (D19-61)

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Challenge: a novel name retrieval method is proposed for languages with no annotations or training data.
Approach: They propose a method which relies on zero annotation or resources from the target language . they pre-train an orthographic encoder using Wikipedia inter-lingual links from dozens of languages .
Outcome: The proposed method shows 11.6% improvement over state-of-the-art methods.
A Multi-lingual Multi-task Architecture for Low-resource Sequence Labeling (P18-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies have shown that multi-task learning can boost the performance of related tasks such as MT and abstractive text summarization.
Approach: They propose a multi-lingual multi-task architecture to develop supervised models with a minimal amount of labeled data for sequence labeling.
Outcome: The proposed architecture achieves 4.3%-50.5% absolute gains compared to mono-lingual model . the proposed model is particularly effective in low-resource settings .
TransAdv: A Translation-based Adversarial Learning Framework for Zero-Resource Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for named entity recognition are limited by noise in translation . Existing approaches to named entities recognition are mainly based on labeled data .
Approach: They propose a framework to mitigate lexical and syntactic errors of translated data . they propose to use multi-level adversarial learning and multi-model knowledge distillation to mitigate noise .
Outcome: The proposed framework mitigates lexical and syntactic errors of translated data . it achieves competitive performance to state-of-the-art models .
A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
Outcome: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on cross-lingual tasks and can achieve a better multilingual alignment.
What Matters for Neural Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition: An Empirical Analysis (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models are challenging for languages with little training data.
Approach: They propose a simple and efficient neural architecture for cross-lingual named entity recognition models.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves competitive performance with the state-of-the-art on two transferable factors: sequential order and multilingual embedding.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging for Truly Low-Resource Scenarios (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a limited set of translations into one or more high-resource languages are available for POS tagging . a bi-LSTM architecture that uses contextualized word embeddings improves performance .
Approach: They propose an unsupervised cross-lingual transfer approach for part-of-speech tagging . they use the Bible as parallel data to learn POS taggers for target languages .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves accuracy on 12 diverse languages . the Bible is used as a parallel corpus for the study .

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