Challenge: Neural machine translation systems usually require a large quantity of bilingual parallel data for training.
Approach: They propose an algorithm for extracting from monolingual data what they call partial translations . partial translation is a pair of source and target sentences that contain sequences of tokens that are translations of each other.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm extracts from monolingual data what we call partial translations . it takes only source and target monolingual datasets as input .

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Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation with Weight Sharing (P18-1)

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Challenge: Unsupervised neural machine translation (NMT) is a new approach for machine translation . the model uses only one shared encoder to map pairs of sentences from different languages to a shared-latent space .
Approach: They propose an unsupervised approach which trains the model without labeling data . they propose two independent encoders but share some partial weights to extract high-level representations of input sentences.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves significant improvements on English-German, English-French and Chinese-to-English translation tasks.
Extract and Edit: An Alternative to Back-Translation for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (N19-1)

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Challenge: Back-translation has been used in previous approaches for unsupervised neural machine translation, but pseudo sentences are of low quality as translation errors accumulate during training.
Approach: They propose an approach to extract and edit real sentences from monolingual corpora and introduce a comparative translation loss to evaluate the translated target sentences.
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Filtering Back-Translated Data in Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Current state of the art approaches for unsupervised neural machine translation (NMT) use only monolingual data for training.
Approach: They propose an approach to filter back-translated data as part of the training process of unsupervised neural machine translation (NMT) they propose a weight component based on the quality of pseudo parallel sentence pairs generated in back-translation phase.
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An Effective Approach to Unsupervised Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: a recent research line has managed to train both unsupervised and unsupervised machine translation systems using monolingual corpora only.
Approach: They propose to use monolingual corpora to train both unsupervised and unsupervised machine translation systems.
Outcome: The proposed system achieves 22.5 BLEU points in English-to-German WMT 2014, 5.5 points more than the previous best unsupervised system, and 0.5 points more in the (supervised) shared task winner back in 2014.
Phrase-Based & Neural Unsupervised Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine translation have reported near human-level performance on several languages, yet their effectiveness strongly relies on the availability of large amounts of parallel sentences.
Approach: They propose two models that leverage a careful initialization of the parameters and denoising effect of language models.
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Multilingual Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation with Denoising Adapters (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual unsupervised machine translation is a computationally expensive and hard to tune approach . auxiliary parallel data is used to train translation systems from monolingual data .
Approach: They propose to use auxiliary parallel language pairs to train unsupervised machine translations . they propose to add auxiliary languages to pre-trained mBART-50 models with denoising adapters .
Outcome: The proposed approach is on-par with back-translation and allows adding unseen languages incrementally.
Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: In this tutorial, we will cover the latest advances in NMT to enhance low-resource translation.
Approach: They will cover the latest advances in NMT approaches that leverage multilingualism . they will focus on topics such as language divergence, transfer learning and pivoting .
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Non-Parametric Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: kNN-MT is a non-parametric method that uses nearest neighbor retrieval to translate out-of-domain sentences, rare words, etc.
Approach: They propose a framework that directly uses in-domain monolingual sentences to build an effective datastore for k-nearest-neighbor retrieval.
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Generalised Unsupervised Domain Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation with Cross-Lingual Data Selection (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing work on unsupervised domain adaptation of neural machine translation assumes access to monolingual text in either the source or target language in the new domain.
Approach: They propose a method to extract in-domain sentences from a large generic monolingual corpus from 'missing' text.
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Pivot-based Transfer Learning for Neural Machine Translation between Non-English Languages (D19-1)

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Challenge: Using parallel corpora, we train a single, direct NMT model for non-English language pairs.
Approach: They propose three ways to increase the relation among source, pivot, and target languages in pre-training . they use additional adapter component to smoothly connect pre-trained encoder and decoder .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform multilingual models up to +2.6% BLEU in WMT 2019 French-German and German-Czech tasks.

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