Challenge: Using a crowdsourcing platform, we collected 18,917 annotations for a less-resourced French regional language, Alsatian.
Approach: They developed a platform that allows people to gather part-of-speech annotations on a variety of corpora and train a first tagger specific to Alsatian.
Outcome: The proposed method is valid for Alsatian and can be adapted to other languages.

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Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging (D18-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages lack manual annotated data to learn basic models such as part-of-speech (POS) taggers.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual neural part-of-speech tagger that learns from disparate sources of distant supervision in a uniform framework.
Outcome: The proposed model scales to hundreds of low-resource languages without access to gold annotated data.
A Grounded Unsupervised Universal Part-of-Speech Tagger for Low-Resource Languages (N19-1)

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Challenge: Unsupervised part of speech (POS) tagging is often framed as a clustering problem, but taggers need to ground their clusters as well.
Approach: They propose an approach for low-resource unsupervised part of speech (POS) tagging that yields fully grounded output and requires no labeled training data.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves reasonable performance across languages, including Sinhalese and Kinyarwanda, with no labeled training data.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging for Truly Low-Resource Scenarios (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a limited set of translations into one or more high-resource languages are available for POS tagging . a bi-LSTM architecture that uses contextualized word embeddings improves performance .
Approach: They propose an unsupervised cross-lingual transfer approach for part-of-speech tagging . they use the Bible as parallel data to learn POS taggers for target languages .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves accuracy on 12 diverse languages . the Bible is used as a parallel corpus for the study .
Empowering Low-Resource Regional Languages with Lexicons : A Comparative Study of NLP Tools for Morphosyntactic Analysis (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a lack of human and financial resources makes integrating lexicon information to low-resource languages challenging.
Approach: They propose to use a bilingual lexicon to integrate lexical information to low-resource language . they compare a lexiconal approach to a neural approach that uses a larger lexicone .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves POS tagging while using different lexicon sizes.
What data should I include in my POS tagging training set? (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: POS tagging is a crucial task for descriptive linguistics and language documentation . POS tags are not available in all languages, but are used for training sets for understudied languages .
Approach: They compare POS tagging with in-context learning, active learning, and random sampling . they find that POS can deliver reasonable results for communities with limited resources .
Outcome: The proposed training set for Indigenous and endangered languages performs better than random sampling.
Part-of-Speech Tagging on an Endangered Language: a Parallel Griko-Italian Resource (C18-1)

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Challenge: a recent study examines POS tagging techniques on endangered languages . most natural language processing applications have been tested on only a handful of languages - a problem that is compounded by the lack of standard orthography.
Approach: They evaluate POS tagging techniques on an endangered language, Griko . they use a semi-supervised method with cross-lingual transfer to achieve better accuracy .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves 72.9% accuracy on a sample of 114 narratives in a language . the proposed method improves by 21 percentage points over previous methods .
A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
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Platforms for Non-speakers Annotating Names in Any Language (P18-4)

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Challenge: Traditionally, native speakers of a language have been asked to annotate a corpus in that language.
Approach: They propose two annotation platforms that allow an English speaker to annotate names for any language without knowing the language.
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Part-of-speech Tagging for Extremely Low-resource Indian Languages (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Modern natural language processing systems thrive when given access to large datasets, but a large fraction of the world’s languages are not privy to such benefits due to sparse documentation and inadequate digital representation.
Approach: They propose a parallel part-of-speech evaluation dataset for Angika, Magahi, Bhojpuri and Hindi.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves F1 scores by up to 8% on Angika, Magahi, Bhojpuri and Hindi while ignoring the tokenization challenge.
Crowdsourcing Natural Language Data at Scale: A Hands-On Tutorial (2021.naacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: a tutorial on crowdsourcing for efficient data annotation will introduce crowdsourcing and provide an overview of the technology.
Approach: This tutorial will introduce users to efficient data annotation via crowdsourcing marketplaces.
Outcome: This tutorial will introduce users to the use of crowdsourcing for data annotation.

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