Challenge: a recent study examines POS tagging techniques on endangered languages . most natural language processing applications have been tested on only a handful of languages - a problem that is compounded by the lack of standard orthography.
Approach: They evaluate POS tagging techniques on an endangered language, Griko . they use a semi-supervised method with cross-lingual transfer to achieve better accuracy .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves 72.9% accuracy on a sample of 114 narratives in a language . the proposed method improves by 21 percentage points over previous methods .

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Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging for Truly Low-Resource Scenarios (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a limited set of translations into one or more high-resource languages are available for POS tagging . a bi-LSTM architecture that uses contextualized word embeddings improves performance .
Approach: They propose an unsupervised cross-lingual transfer approach for part-of-speech tagging . they use the Bible as parallel data to learn POS taggers for target languages .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves accuracy on 12 diverse languages . the Bible is used as a parallel corpus for the study .
A Grounded Unsupervised Universal Part-of-Speech Tagger for Low-Resource Languages (N19-1)

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Challenge: Unsupervised part of speech (POS) tagging is often framed as a clustering problem, but taggers need to ground their clusters as well.
Approach: They propose an approach for low-resource unsupervised part of speech (POS) tagging that yields fully grounded output and requires no labeled training data.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves reasonable performance across languages, including Sinhalese and Kinyarwanda, with no labeled training data.
POS Tagging for the Endangered Dagur Language (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a recent study has focused on the so-called "dominant" languages, but it has not been inclusive in terms of language equality.
Approach: They propose to use POS tagging to automatically annotate Dagur, an endangered Mongolic language . they use a manually annotated corpus to test transfer of models from other languages .
Outcome: The proposed method can be used to document and revitalize endangered languages . the proposed model can be trained on Buryat, the only Mongolic language included in the corpus .
Part-of-speech Tagging for Extremely Low-resource Indian Languages (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Modern natural language processing systems thrive when given access to large datasets, but a large fraction of the world’s languages are not privy to such benefits due to sparse documentation and inadequate digital representation.
Approach: They propose a parallel part-of-speech evaluation dataset for Angika, Magahi, Bhojpuri and Hindi.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves F1 scores by up to 8% on Angika, Magahi, Bhojpuri and Hindi while ignoring the tokenization challenge.
Agettivu, Aggitivu o Aghjettivu? POS Tagging Corsican Dialects (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a series of experiments towards POS tagging Corsican are presented . POS tags are used to tag a less-resourced language spoken in corsica .
Approach: They present a series of experiments towards POS tagging Corsican . they first contribute to the first gold standard POS-tagged corpus for Corsica .
Outcome: The proposed model is the first POS tagger for Corsican, reaching an accuracy of 93.38%.
Toward a Lightweight Solution for Less-resourced Languages: Creating a POS Tagger for Alsatian Using Voluntary Crowdsourcing (L18-1)

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Challenge: Using a crowdsourcing platform, we collected 18,917 annotations for a less-resourced French regional language, Alsatian.
Approach: They developed a platform that allows people to gather part-of-speech annotations on a variety of corpora and train a first tagger specific to Alsatian.
Outcome: The proposed method is valid for Alsatian and can be adapted to other languages.
Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging (D18-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages lack manual annotated data to learn basic models such as part-of-speech (POS) taggers.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual neural part-of-speech tagger that learns from disparate sources of distant supervision in a uniform framework.
Outcome: The proposed model scales to hundreds of low-resource languages without access to gold annotated data.
Albanian Part-of-Speech Tagging: Gold Standard and Evaluation (L18-1)

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Challenge: a corpus of more than 31,000 tokens is used for part-of-speech tagging in Albanian . a large number of multi-word units are difficult to tally, especially when they have articles or particles as their first part.
Approach: They propose a gold standard corpus for Albanian part-of-speech tagging and perform evaluation experiments with different statistical taggers.
Outcome: The proposed corpus can accurately represent the syntagmatic aspects of Albanian . the results show that the standard is accurate on both the full and coarse tagsets .
What data should I include in my POS tagging training set? (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: POS tagging is a crucial task for descriptive linguistics and language documentation . POS tags are not available in all languages, but are used for training sets for understudied languages .
Approach: They compare POS tagging with in-context learning, active learning, and random sampling . they find that POS can deliver reasonable results for communities with limited resources .
Outcome: The proposed training set for Indigenous and endangered languages performs better than random sampling.

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