Challenge: Large Reasoning Models often struggle with confidence calibration, authors say . authors: accurate confidence scores are essential to build trustworthy systems .
Approach: They propose a Reasoning Model Confidence estimation benchmark to assess LRM confidence . the benchmark is constructed from 347,496 reasoning traces from six popular LRMs .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark compares ten different representation-based methods on a wide range of architectures.

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AlgBench: To What Extent Do Large Reasoning Models Understand Algorithms? (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning fail to answer a critical question: do LRMs master algorithmic thinking? Empirical evaluations on leading LRM models reveal substantial performance heterogeneity, while models perform well on non-optimized tasks, accuracy drops sharply to around 49% on globally optimized algorithms.
Approach: They propose an algorithm-centric benchmark that evaluates large reasoning models under an algorithmic paradigm.
Outcome: Empirical evaluations on leading LRMs reveal substantial performance heterogeneity . models perform well on non-optimized tasks, accuracy drops sharply to around 49% .
All Roads Lead to Rome: Graph-Based Confidence Estimation for Large Language Model Reasoning (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for confidence estimation are primarily designed for factual QA tasks and fail to generalize to reasoning tasks.
Approach: They propose a set of training-free, graph-based confidence estimation methods tailored to reasoning tasks that exploit graph properties such as centrality, path convergence, and path weighting.
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A Survey of Confidence Estimation and Calibration in Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains, but they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations.
Approach: They summarize recent advances in LLM confidence estimation and calibration and outline their main lessons learned.
Outcome: The proposed methods can be used to assess the reliability of models and to calibrate them across tasks.
Red Teaming Large Reasoning Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have emerged as a powerful advancement in multi-step reasoning tasks, but they introduce safety and reliability risks, such as CoT-hijacking and prompt-induced inefficiencies.
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FinanceReasoning: Benchmarking Financial Numerical Reasoning More Credible, Comprehensive and Challenging (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Compared to existing benchmarks, FinanceReasoning provides three key advancements: (1) credibility; (2) comprehensiveness; (3) numerical precision; (4) complexity; (5) complexity; and (6) complexity.
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Safety in Large Reasoning Models: A Survey (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have a high level of advanced reasoning capabilities, but they are vulnerable and vulnerable.
Approach: This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of Large Reasoning Models . it explores the new safety risks, attacks, and defense strategies specific to LRMs based on reasoning .
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Confidence over Time: Confidence Calibration with Temporal Logic for Large Language Model Reasoning (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing confidence estimation methods reduce reasoning process to a single scalar score, ignoring how confidence evolves throughout generation.
Approach: They propose to characterize the stepwise confidence signal using Signal Temporal Logic (STL) based on a discriminative STL mining procedure, they find temporal formulas that distinguish correct and incorrect responses.
Outcome: The proposed method can distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning signals.
Calibrating the Confidence of Large Language Models by Eliciting Fidelity (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models with RLHF and RLAIF have good alignment but exhibit overconfidence post-alignment.
Approach: They propose a plug-and-play method to estimate the confidence of large language models.
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Revisiting Epistemic Markers in Confidence Estimation: Can Markers Accurately Reflect Large Language Models’ Uncertainty? (2025.acl-short)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in high-stakes domains, but their confidence is inconsistent in out-of-distribution scenarios.
Approach: They define "marker confidence" as the observed accuracy when a model employs an epistemic marker.
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Confidence-Driven Multi-Scale Model Selection for Cost-Efficient Inference (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized inference across diverse natural language tasks, with larger models performing better but at higher computational costs.
Approach: They propose a confidence-driven strategy that dynamically selects the most suitable model based on confidence estimates.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces token usage by approximately 60% and improves cost efficiency on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark.

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