Challenge: Existing confidence estimation methods reduce reasoning process to a single scalar score, ignoring how confidence evolves throughout generation.
Approach: They propose to characterize the stepwise confidence signal using Signal Temporal Logic (STL) based on a discriminative STL mining procedure, they find temporal formulas that distinguish correct and incorrect responses.
Outcome: The proposed method can distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning signals.

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Challenge: Existing methods for confidence estimation are primarily designed for factual QA tasks and fail to generalize to reasoning tasks.
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A Survey of Confidence Estimation and Calibration in Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across a wide range of tasks in various domains, but they can be unreliable due to factual errors in their generations.
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How Reliable are Confidence Estimators for Large Reasoning Models? A Systematic Benchmark on High-Stakes Domains (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Reasoning Models often struggle with confidence calibration, authors say . authors: accurate confidence scores are essential to build trustworthy systems .
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DateLogicQA: Benchmarking Temporal Biases in Large Language Models (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: DateLogicQA examines temporal biases in Large Language Models (LLMs) 190 questions are curated by humans to examine temporal reasoning across date formats and contexts .
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Confidence-Driven Multi-Scale Model Selection for Cost-Efficient Inference (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized inference across diverse natural language tasks, with larger models performing better but at higher computational costs.
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Think Just Enough: Leveraging Self-Assessed Confidence for Adaptive Reasoning in Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large reasoning models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in complex tasks such as mathematical problem solving and code generation.
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Do Language Models Have a Common Sense regarding Time? Revisiting Temporal Commonsense Reasoning in the Era of Large Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Temporal reasoning is a vital component of human communication and understanding, yet remains an underexplored area within the context of Large Language Models (LLMs).
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AdapTime: Enabling Adaptive Temporal Reasoning in Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for temporal reasoning are limited and apply a fixed pipeline to all questions.
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Confidence Leaps in LLM Reasoning: Early Stopping and Cross-Model Transfer (2026.eacl-short)

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Challenge: Large Language Models build confidence gradually during reasoning, but internal dynamics of how confidence evolves during this reasoning process remain poorly understood.
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Towards Benchmarking and Improving the Temporal Reasoning Capability of Large Language Models (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent time-dependent question answering datasets tend to be biased in either their coverage of time spans or question types.
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