Challenge: Recent studies have addressed this problem by building domain-specialized image-text data.
Approach: They propose a vision-language foundational model dedicated to agriculture and livestock . they propose combining contrastive and self-supervised learning to learn fine-grained features .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves 9.07% gain over standard CLIP training on 20 tasks.

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Getting More Juice Out of Your Data: Hard Pair Refinement Enhances Visual-Language Models Without Extra Data (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) is a standard for cross-modal image-text representation learning.
Approach: They propose a framework that enhances pre-trained CLIP models by exploiting challenging text-image pairs within existing datasets.
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Efficient Vision-Language pre-training via domain-specific learning for human activities (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Current vision-language models owe their success to large-scale pretraining on web-collected data.
Approach: They propose a domain-aligned pretraining strategy that aligns the downstream tasks to the downstream domain without additional data collection.
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Label Agnostic Pre-training for Zero-shot Text Classification (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to text classification assume a fixed set of labels . however, in real-world applications, there exists an infinite label space for describing a given text .
Approach: They propose two new methods that inject aspect-level understanding into pre-trained models at train time to improve zero-shot generalization.
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Gradient-Attention Guided Dual-Masking Synergetic Framework for Robust Text-based Person Retrieval (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large-scale visionlanguage pre-training framework is limited by the scarcity of large-sized annotated vision-language data . noise-resistant data construction pipeline is needed to filter and caption web-sourced images . noisy text tokens can be a problem for fine-grained representation learning .
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ASDOT: Any-Shot Data-to-Text Generation with Pretrained Language Models (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to data-to-text generation require limited training examples . a data-based approach is based on a set of pre-trained language models with optional finetuning.
Approach: They propose a data-to-text generation task that makes use of any given (or no) examples.
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Towards Difficulty-Agnostic Efficient Transfer Learning for Vision-Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable applicability across downstream tasks, including zero-shot image classification.
Approach: They propose an efficient transfer learning method that integrates visual prompts and text adapters with pre-trained VLMs to achieve optimal performance for any target domain.
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RecBase: Generative Foundation Model Pretraining for Zero-Shot Recommendation (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for addressing item-level user interests are lacking in cross-domain generalization . RecBase model is domain-agnostic and can be used to enhance recommender systems' effectiveness .
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microCLIP: Unsupervised CLIP Adaptation via Coarse-Fine Token Fusion for Fine-Grained Image Classification (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing UA methods for fine-grained image classification rely on coarse-grain visual tokens, which misses fine spatial details.
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RWKV-CLIP: A Robust Vision-Language Representation Learner (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using large image-text datasets, large-scale image-data sets have been used for visionlanguage pre-training.
Approach: They propose a framework that leverages Large Language Models to combine and refine information from web-based image-text pairs, synthetic captions, and detection tags.
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Retrieval-enriched zero-shot image classification in low-resource domains (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Low-resource domains are those where data or annotations are scarce.
Approach: They propose a retrieval-based method for low-resource domains that trains without training . they use web-crawled databases to retrieve relevant textual information from query images .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing training-based methods in low-resource domains . it retrieves relevant textual information from large web-crawled databases .

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