Challenge: Low-resource domains are those where data or annotations are scarce.
Approach: They propose a retrieval-based method for low-resource domains that trains without training . they use web-crawled databases to retrieve relevant textual information from query images .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing training-based methods in low-resource domains . it retrieves relevant textual information from large web-crawled databases .

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UniFine: A Unified and Fine-grained Approach for Zero-shot Vision-Language Understanding (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: supervised methods for vision-language tasks have been well-studied, but they lack the fine-grained information needed for semantics understanding.
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Zero-Shot Fine-Grained Image Classification Using Large Vision-Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Vision-Language Models have demonstrated impressive performance on vision-language reasoning tasks, but their potential for zero-shot fine-grained image classification remains underexplored.
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Revisiting Document Representations for Large-Scale Zero-Shot Learning (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for visual recognition use visual attributes carefully annotated by humans.
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A Thorough Examination on Zero-shot Dense Retrieval (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in dense retrieval (DR) models have been shown to be not as competitive as traditional sparse retrieval models in a zero-shot retrieval setting.
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A Representation Sharpening Framework for Zero Shot Dense Retrieval (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Zero-shot dense retrieval requires generic, pretrained DRs, which struggle to represent semantic differences between similar documents.
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Grasping the Essentials: Tailoring Large Language Models for Zero-Shot Relation Extraction (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing Relation extraction models require extensive annotated training data, which is costly and labor-intensive to collect.
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Text2Model: Text-based Model Induction for Zero-shot Image Classification (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to zero-shot learning are limited in two ways: Query-dependence and richness of language description.
Approach: They propose a task-agnostic approach to image classification using only text descriptions . they train a hypernetwork that receives class descriptions and outputs a multi-class model .
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Don’t Prompt, Search! Mining-based Zero-Shot Learning with Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has obtained strong zero-shot results by prompting language models.
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SERVAL: Surprisingly Effective Zero-Shot Visual Document Retrieval Powered by Large Vision and Language Models (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Visual Document Retrieval (VDR) relies on text-to-image retrieval using specialized bi-encoders . et al., 2022, 2024, 2021, 2023, 2026, 2030, 2040, 2050, 2060) document retrieval bridges human or artificial agents to the most relevant information, authors say .
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ELIOT: Zero-Shot Video-Text Retrieval through Relevance-Boosted Captioning and Structural Information Extraction (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Recent advances in video-text retrieval (VTR) have relied on supervised learning and fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose a zero-shot video-text retrieval framework that leverages off-the-shelf captioners, large language models, and text retrieval methods without additional training or annotated data.
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