Challenge: Pretrained language models are the de facto backbone of most state-of-the-art NLP systems.
Approach: They propose a family of domain-specific pretrained PLMs for French focusing on three important domains: transcribed speech, medicine, and law.
Outcome: The proposed models perform better on transcribed speech, medicine, and law domains than state-of-the-art models on a diverse set of tasks and datasets.

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DrBERT: A Robust Pre-trained Model in French for Biomedical and Clinical domains (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that pre-trained language models improve performance on a wide range of NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose to use pre-trained language models to train medical domains on French language to compare performance with specialized ones.
Outcome: The proposed models can take advantage of existing biomedical models in a foreign language by further pre-training them on our targeted data.
DrBenchmark: A Large Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmark for French Biomedical Domain (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for pre-trained language models are limited to only a few languages . a limited number of tasks are evaluated on non-standardized protocols .
Approach: They propose to aggregate diverse downstream tasks into a benchmark to assess PLMs' qualities . they evaluate 8 pre-trained masked language models on general and biomedical-specific data .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark assesses pre-trained language models on 20 diversified tasks.
Exploiting Language Characteristics for Legal Domain-Specific Language Model Pretraining (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Pretraining large language models has resulted in tremendous performance improvement for many natural language processing tasks.
Approach: They propose to incorporate pretraining objectives that explicitly exploit domain specific language characteristics into the model.
Outcome: The proposed objectives target token-level feature representation and incorporate sentence level semantics.
Cross-domain Analysis on Japanese Legal Pretrained Language Models (2022.findings-aacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies do not care the performance of domain-adapted PLMs for a generic domain.
Approach: They propose to use pretraining strategies to build pretrained language models specialised in the legal domain to improve their performance.
Outcome: The pretrained language models can learn domain-specific and general word meanings simultaneously and can distinguish them.
AdminSet and AdminBERT: a Dataset and a Pre-trained Language Model to Explore the Unstructured Maze of French Administrative Documents (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models are used to analyze documents but administrative texts are unstructured and do not perform well.
Approach: They propose a French pre-trained language model for the administrative domain . they compare it with a general domain language model and a large language model .
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance on administrative and general domains.
Recent Advances in Pre-trained Language Models: Why Do They Work and How Do They Work (2022.aacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models are language models that are pre-taught on large-scaled corpora in a self-supervised fashion.
Approach: This tutorial provides a broad and comprehensive introduction to pre-trained language models . it focuses on emerging methods that enable PLMs to perform diverse downstream tasks .
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Evaluating Pretraining Strategies for Clinical BERT Models (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing generic language models in specialized domains may be sub-optimal due to domain differences.
Approach: They propose various strategies for adapting a generic language model to the target domain and various forms of vocabulary modifications to fine-tune it.
Outcome: The proposed strategies outperform a general-domain language model but little difference in performance between the models.
LaoPLM: Pre-trained Language Models for Lao (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models (PLMs) can capture different levels of concepts in context . previous work on Lao has been hampered by the lack of annotated datasets .
Approach: They construct a text classification dataset to alleviate the resource-scarce situation of Lao . they evaluate them on two downstream tasks: part-of-speech tagging and text classification .
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mDAPT: Multilingual Domain Adaptive Pretraining in a Single Model (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing domain-specific multilingual pretraining data is difficult to obtain due to regulations, legislation, or simply a lack of language- and domain- specific text.
Approach: They propose to continue pretraining a language model on domain-specific unlabelled text . this allows for better modelling of text for downstream tasks within the domain .
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms the general multilingual model and performs close to its monolingual counterpart.
Revisiting Pre-trained Language Models and their Evaluation for Arabic Natural Language Processing (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained language models are not well-explored and are not reproducible in the literature.
Approach: They propose to improve existing Arabic language pre-trained language models using a more methodical approach.
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