Challenge: Existing work has not evaluated LNMT models under challenging real-world conditions.
Approach: They propose a homograph disambiguation module and a model that integrates contextually rich information about unseen lexical constraints from pre-trained language models.
Outcome: The proposed model can cope with “homographs” and “unseen” lexical constraints.

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Integrating Vectorized Lexical Constraints for Neural Machine Translation (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on integrating discrete lexical constraints into neural machine translation models.
Approach: They propose to integrate constraints into NMT models by integrating them into keys and values . they show that their method outperforms representative baselines on four language pairs .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines on four language pairs, showing superiority .
Disambiguated Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Current approaches to LCNMT assume that pre-specified lexicon constraints are contextually appropriate.
Approach: They propose a framework that disambiguates constraints based on contexts at first and integrates them into LCNMT.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms baseline approaches on benchmark datasets and comprehensive experiments in multiple target constraints.
Improving Lexically Constrained Neural Machine Translation with Source-Conditioned Masked Span Prediction (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Accurate terminology translation is crucial for ensuring the practicality and reliability of neural machine translation systems.
Approach: They propose a method to preserve terminology in translations as lexical constraints with or without a term dictionary at test time.
Outcome: The proposed setup achieves consistent improvements on terminology and sentence-level translation for three domain-specific corpora in two language pairs.
End-to-End Lexically Constrained Machine Translation for Morphologically Rich Languages (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to enforce word forms in translations struggle to make them agree with the rest of the output.
Approach: They propose to train neural machine translation models with lemmatized constraints to infer correct word inflection.
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DictDis: Dictionary Constrained Disambiguation for Improved NMT (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to domain-specific neural machine translation (NMT) are lexically constrained and draw from domain- specific dictionaries.
Approach: They propose a lexically constrained neural machine translation system that disambiguates between multiple dictionary candidates.
Outcome: The proposed system disambiguates between multiple candidate translations derived from dictionaries on English-Hindi, English-German, and English-French datasets.
Fast Lexically Constrained Decoding with Dynamic Beam Allocation for Neural Machine Translation (N18-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to neural machine translation have computational complexities that are either linear or exponential in the number of constraints.
Approach: They propose an algorithm for lexically constrained decoding with a complexity of O(1) in the number of constraints.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm can place constraints and improve results in simulated post-editing tasks.
Neural Machine Translation Decoding with Terminology Constraints (N18-2)

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Challenge: Constrained neural machine translation systems can provide excellent quality but do not strictly enforce terminology.
Approach: They propose a framework for constrained neural decoding which supports target-side constraints as well as constraints with corresponding aligned input text spans.
Outcome: The proposed framework performs well on multiple translation tasks and motivates the need for constrained decoding with attentions to reduce misplacement and duplication when translating user constraints.
Improving the Lexical Ability of Pretrained Language Models for Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for unsupervised neural machine translation (UNMT) use cross-lingual pretraining to align the lexical- and high-level representations of two languages.
Approach: They propose to use type-level cross-lingual subword embeddings to enhance the bilingual masked language model pretraining with lexical-level information to align the two languages.
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LexFit: Lexical Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Models (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Transformer-based language models implicitly store a wealth of lexical semantic knowledge, but it is non-trivial to extract that knowledge effectively from their parameters.
Approach: They propose to expose and enrich lexical knowledge from transformer-based language models to serve as effective decontextualized word encoders even when fed input words "in isolation"
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The impact of lexical and grammatical processing on generating code from natural language (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Yin and Neubig (2018) identify four key components of importance for natural language to code translation.
Approach: They propose a seq2seq-based architecture that relies on a grammar-based decoder and a lexical substitution component for natural language to code translation.
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